饲料分类英文课件Chapter_4_Silage.ppt

Chapter4Silage 青贮饲料 4 1Introduction 1 DefinitionSilageisthematerialproducedbythecontrolledfermentationofacropofhighmoisture Silagemaybedefinedasfermentedforageplants 2 HistoryofsilageItisaveryoldmethodofpreservingfeed ColumbusfoundthattheIndiansusedpitsortrenchesinwhichtostoretheirgrain and centuriesearlierintheOldWorld siloswereusedasameansofpreservingbothgrainandgreenforage ThefirsttowersilobuiltintheUSAbythewhitemanissaidtobeerectedbyF MorrisinMarylandin1876 4 1Introduction 3 ThereasonofmakingsilageSilagemakingisoneofthe3commonmethodsofutilizingforagecrops Pasturingistheleastexpensiveofthe3methods butitisseasonalinnature Weatherconditionarenotalwaysfavorabletohaymaking Ensilingcanbedoneininclementweather Also ithastheaddedvirtuesofsucculenceandofpreservingahigherproportionofthenutrientsoftheplantsthancanbeaccomplishedinhaymaking 4 1Introduction 4 Haylage low moisturesilage 半干青贮 Haylageismadefromgrassorlegumethatiswiltedto40 55 moisturecontentbeforeensiling Itissimilartosilageexceptitislowerinmoisture Properlymadehaylagehasapleasantaromaandisapalatable high qualityfeed AnimalsusuallyreceivemoreDMandnetfeedvalueinhaylagethaninsilagemadefromthesamecut 4 1Introduction 5 KindsofcropsusedforsilagePracticallyanycropmaybemadeintosilage provideditcontains AnappropriatelevelofmoistureAdequateamountsofreadilyfermentablecarbohydratesAdequatelevelsofothernutrientsProvideditcanbepackedsufficiently CornMostextensivelyusedsilagecrop Cornsilageisunexcelledinquality 4 1Introduction ForagesorghumMostareveryhighyieldingbutdonotproducethebestsilage Itinclinedtocontainexcesswaterandacid henceisnotverypalatableornutritious GrainsorghumGrainsorghumsilageisbetweencornsilageandforagesorghumsilageinpalatability HigherDMcontent 4 1Introduction 4 2Theensilingprocess 4 2 1AerobicactivityThelivingplantcellsoftheforagecontinuetorespire Theplantforagecarrieswithitalargenumberofaerobicfungiandbacteria Theactivityofaerobicmicroorganismgraduallyceasedwiththedevelopmentofanaerobicconditions Aerobicyeastsandmoldsthriveandmultiply 4 2 2AnaerobicactivityYeastsandmoldsdie Anaerobicbacteria chieflyacid formingandproteolytic 蛋白质分解的 multiplyataprodigious 惊人的 rate Thesebacteria orenzymesproducedbythem andenzymesfromthecutplantmaterial attackthesugarsandothermaterial breakingthemintoorganicacids principallylactic acetic 乙酸 andformic 甲酸 someethylalcohol 乙醇 somegaseslikeCO2 CH4 CO NO NO2 4 2Theensilingprocess 4 2 2Anaerobicactivity Muchofsugarsischangedtoorganicacids andsomeofitisusedforthebacteriaandisbuiltupintocompoundsintheirbodies Smallquantitiesoftheproteinsarebrokendownintoammonia aminoacid amines 胺 andamides 酰胺 4 2Theensilingprocess 4 2 2Anaerobicactivity SomeoftheproteinsarebrokendownintoAA butinbadlypreservedmaterialtheAAarebrokenfurthertovariousaminessuchastryptamine 色胺 putrescine 腐胺 histidine 组氨酸 phenylethylamine 苯基乙醇胺 etc whichathigherconcentrationmaybeharmfultotheconsuminganimals Yeasts followedbymolds willagainbecomeactiveifsilageisexposedtoair 4 2Theensilingprocess 4 2 3OptimumpHTheacidityfinallyreachesapointwherethebacteriathemselvesarekilledandthesilage makingprocessiscompleted TheformationofapHof3 5 4 5isthekeytogoodwiltedsilagepreservation Excellentlow moisturesilage 45 60 moisture isfrequentlymadeinthepHof4 0 4 5 andevenupto5 0 4 2Theensilingprocess 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage Usingasoundsiloofpropersize HarvestattheproperstageofmaturityCuttoproperlengthControlthemoisturecontentAnadditiveorpreservativewhenneededFillrapidlyDistributeforageuniformlyinthesiloSealortop offthesilo 4 3 1HarvestattheproperstageofmaturityThecropforsilagemakingisgenerallyharvestedatthefloweringstagewhenithasthemaximumamountofnutrients Whencutattheproperstageofmaturity cornandsorghumforagepossessjusttherightamountofsugarfortheproductionofgoodsilage Ifcutwhentooimmature thesecrops beinghighinsugarandwater maycauseexcessiveacidformationandresultinanunpalabable 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage 4 3 1HarvestattheproperstageofmaturitySilagematerialscontaininglessthan25 DM morethan75 moisture willformverysoursilage PlantsforsilagemakingmaybeallowedtomaturetilltheDMcontentattains35 40 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage 4 3 1Harvestattheproperstageofmaturity 1 Blacklayertest canbeappliedquicklyandeasilytodeterminewhentoharvestcornformaximumyieldandnutrientquality Thegrainsaredented 凹痕 andglazed 光滑明亮 Thelower4to6leavesofthecornplantarebrown Theplantcontains60 67 moisture Itcanbecut3to4weekspastthisstagewithverylittlelossindrymatterorinfeedingvalue 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage 4 3 1Harvestattheproperstageofmaturity 2 Sorghumshouldbecutforsilagewhentheseedsarehard 3 Grasssilageforages grasses legumes andcerealcrop shouldbecutatthesamestageatwhichtheywouldmakethebesthay 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage Effectofstageofmaturityofforagesorghumsilageonitsfeedingvalue FromBlacketal 1980 Drymatterbasis 4 3 3CuttoproperlengthThelengthofthecutsectionaffectsthepackingandqualityofthesilage 2 Theproperlengthofcutvarieswiththecropandthemoisturecontent 3 Increaseliberationofsugars 4 Affectsvoluntaryintake 5 Eliminatingmostairpockets 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage Only20 ofparticlesarelongerthan3 4centimeters 4 3 3Cuttoproperlength 6 Chopthesilagesuchthatonly20 ofparticlesarelongerthan3 4centimeters Grasssilagesshouldnotbemorefinelychoppedthancornorsorghumsilage Wiltedanddryforageandforagewithhollowstemsshouldbechoppedmorefinelythanforageofhigh moisturecontent 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage 4 3 4Controlthemoisturecontent 1 60 67 isthebestmoisturecontentformostcropstobeensiled 2 Lowmoisturesilageof40 60 moistureisnowbeingpreservedsuccessfullyinOxygen limitingsilos Tallconventionalsilosthatareproperlytopped offwithheavy wetforageorsealedwithaplasticcover 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage 4 3 4Controlthemoisturecontent 3 Foragecontainingmorethan67 moistureIsheavierandmorecostlytohandle Isapttoproduceslimy putrid 腐烂的 silage duetothepresenceofbutyric 丁酸 andotherundesiredacid Willhaveexcessiveseepage 渗流 ofthejuicesandsomelossofnutrients Willresultinexcessivedeteriorationinthesilowallsduetothehighacidity 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage 4 Withwettercondition clostridia 梭菌 actontheaminoacidnormallyresultingfromproteolysis 蛋白质水解 inthesilagetoproduceamines ammoniaandFAandCO2 WiltingAddingdryhayorstrawAddingadrypreservative 防腐剂 Groundgrains cornandcobmeal driedmolasses Combininghighandlowmoisturecrops 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage 5 Methodofmoisturetest TwistmethodThestemsmaybetwistwithoutbreakingThelimp 柔软的 leavesshouldshownosignsofdryness Cannotbeusedforsuchcoarsecropsassweetclover 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage Thegrabtest squeezemethod Takingahandfulofthecroppedforage Hardsqueezeforabout30seconds Openthehandslowly notetheconditionoftheballofforageinthehand Theoven dryingmethod 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage Determiningforagemisturecontentbythegrabtest 6 HowtoincreasethemoisturecontentCuttingshorterandpackingmorethoroughly Watercanbeadded Shouldbemixedwithverygreen freshlycutmaterial 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage 4 3 5Anadditiveorpreservativewhenneeded 1 Addnutrients 2 Providefermentablecarbohydrates 3 Furnishadditionalacidstoincreaseacidcondition 4 Inhibitundesirabletypesofbacteriaandmolds 5 Reducethemoisturecontentofthesilage 6 Reducetheamountofoxygenpresent 7 Absorbsomeacidwhichmightbelostinseepage 8 IncreaseNcontent 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage Silageadditivesandpreservatives Feedsadditives Chemicaladditives Corn and cobmeal Groundcorn barley oats Beetpulp 甜菜粕 Choppedcorncoborhay Molasses Driedwhey Mineralacid 无机酸 suchasphosphoricacid lowerthepHimmediately Organicacid suchasformicacid propionicacid 丙酸 etc Commonadditivesandpreservatives 1 MolassesToimprovethequalityofsilagebyincreasinglacticandaceticacidproduction Increasethepalatabilityandnutritivevalueofthesilage Maybeadded3 5 4 0 ofthegreenweightoftheforage 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage Commonadditivesandpreservatives 2 Urea0 5 1 0 3 Limestone0 5 1 0 groundlimestonebufferssomeoftheacids bycontinuingthefermatationlonger increasesthelacticandaceticacidcontents 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage 4 OrganicacidsPropionic 丙酸 andformicacid 甲酸 areusedforenhancingpreservationofforageswithoutthelossofpalatability 5 Sodiummetabisulphite 焦亚硫酸钠 SO2isaveryantibacterialpreservative Italsoimprovescarotenecontent 6 BacterialculturesAcid formingbacterialikeLactobacillusacidophilus 乳杆菌 Torulopsissp 球拟酵母 andBacillussubtilis 枯草芽孢杆菌 4 3Howtomakegoodsilage Effectoftreatingcornandwheatsilagewithformicacid FromBaxteretal 1980 4 4Useofsilageandhaylageasalivestockfeed 1 Silageandhaylageareusedprimarilyinbeefanddairyfeeds aspart orall oftheroughageandalsobefedtosheep 2 Silageisagoodappetizerandtendstokeepcattleonfeedduringhotweatherorwinter 3 Oncefeedwithdrawalhasbegunfromaconventionalsilo itisbesttocontinuefeedingfromthatsiloonanuninterruptedbasisuntilitisempty otherwise therewillbeconsiderablespoilageoftheexposedsurface 4 Inthewintertime aminimumof1 5inchesofsilageshouldberemoveddailyfromatowersilo inthesummertime 3inches 4 4Useofsilageandhaylageasalivestockfeed 4 5Advantagesofsilageandhaylage 1 Itretainsahigherproportionofthenutrientsofplantsthancanbeaccomplishedbyhaymaking Grasssilagepreserves85 ormoreofthefeedofcrop whereashaymakingunderthebestofconditionwillpreserveonly80 andunderpoorconditiononly50 60 2 Itisabettersourceofproteinandofcertainvitamins especiallycarotene 3 Fewerlossesfromshattering leaching 雨水冲洗 orbleaching 日晒 4 Lesswasteinfeeding eventhecobs shucks 苞皮 andcoarseststemsareeaten 5 Evenweedycropssometimesmakegoodsilage 6 Lessfirehazardthanwithhay 4 5Advantagesofsilageandhaylage 6 Itmakespossibletheproductionofthemaximumquantityoffeedperacreoflandandincreasesthelivestockcarryingcapacityofthefarm 7 Itrequireslessstoragespaceperpoundofdrymatterthandryhay 8 Ithelpstocontrolweeds whichareoftenspreadthroughhayorfodder 9 Duringthemonsoon 雨季 months itbecomesexceedinglydifficultwithdrygrassesformakinghay 4 5Advantagesofsilageandhaylage 10 Itischeapestforminwhichagoodsucculentfeedcanbeprovidedonmostfarms 11 Itisaverypalatablefeedandslightlylaxativeinnature 12 Itmaybecompletelymechanizedasafeedingsystem therebyeliminatingmuchlaborandtime 4 5Advantagesofsilageandhaylage 13 Itoffersmanyadvantagesoverpasture includingNofencingrequiredApproximatelyone thirdmoreforagefromthesameacreageHarvestingatoptimummaturityMoreuniformqualityLittleornobloat 4 5Advantagesofsilageandhaylage 4 6Disadvantages