专业八级54篇改错练习与答案解析.docx

。可可英语专八改错练习-可编辑修改-第一期About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk _1pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking University. _2The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children _3within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their _4families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by _5the United Nations Childrens Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high risk categories. _6The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of _7maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of _8pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the _9mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than two years apart._10第二期Home, sweet home is a phrase that express an essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _1has great importance for many people.This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream, dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _2for ones family, and started a farm. These small households were _3portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children,even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to _4support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _5of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _6is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth.When U.S soldiers came home before World War, for example, _7they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _8a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _9a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their way of life._10第三期We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _1that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _2with comparable education in Western Europe.There are a lot of kids who know everything about computershow to build them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _3them to explain about the rinciples of physics that have gone into creating the _4computer, you dont have faintest idea. _5The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _6creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _7technology. Lots of people dont differ between the two. Science is the production of _8new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a faculty for the others. _9 Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology,its not necessarily harmful. No society has yet earned to forecast the consequences of new technology, which can be enormous._10第四期What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question,as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon _1are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is _2a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can _3escapenot even light. But we cant see a black hole. A black hole _4exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only spaceor thus we think. How can this happen? _5The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs.The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of _6its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the _7size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger _8gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. _9And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. _10第五期The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which _1have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome _2monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People _3found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat from one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as _4“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of England was designated “the Kings fish” because it automatically belonged to the Crown.Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of _5wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. _6Even though some species are protected by the regulations of the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale hunting is regulated, but the earths stock of whales is still being _7depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now _8there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and _9awe-inspiring creature that always fed mans imagination and made the world a more exciting place_10 第六期We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, _1languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know _2more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language _3is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from _4animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language _5and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we _6understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, _7language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of language is that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. _8Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few _9of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel the necessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most people have probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater than some people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which takes language as its object of investigation._10 第七期Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you cant help being strucked by the _1appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too short_2 ;their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous.The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. _3There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created _4by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men _5have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their _6style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down _7on the law and women around the world run to obey. The _8decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial.Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and _9waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. _10第八期Demographic indicators show that Americans in the post war period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height _1after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the baby boom. _2These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but temporary _3reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a ounger age than their _4Europe counterparts. _5Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who formed_6families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a _7postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of _8couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. Since the United States _9maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world,the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. _10Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.第九期When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked a lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the _1way they occupied the space around themfor example, when such a person walks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never _2bump into other people. However, a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, _3it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited _4to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American _5hasnt been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had _6 known about American food, he might have behaved better. _7Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to him, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that _8it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, _9said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest. _10And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners.第十期A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is _1going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of _2prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of _3seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is _4the scale. Descriptions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very _5dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City todaythe poor can still be numbered _6in millions.The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies _7two myths; the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants _8from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the _9country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, sends them flood _10-ing out again to the suburbs.第十一期Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect_1while at the same time capturing an identifiable likeness and suggests the essence _2of the personality or character beneath the surface. The humor lies in the fact _3the caricature is recognizable, and yet exaggerated.From their origin in Europe as witty sketches, caricature grew through _4the eighteenth and nineteenth century, becoming enormously popular in _5the United States early in this century. In 1920s and 1930s especially, this lively form of illustration was appeared in newspapers and _6magazines throughout the country. The caricaturists in this era drew his _7portraits of important figures primary to entertain. In spirit their work was _8close to the humor of the fast-developing comic strip and gag cartoon than to the _9string of political satire. Their subjects were more often amusing than offended _10by amiable attacks.第十二期Most people would describe water like a colorless liquid. They _1would know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid calledice and that when heating on a fire it becomes a vapor called steam. _2However, water, they would say, is a liquid. We have learned thatwater consists of molecules composed with two atoms of hydrogen _3and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O.This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam.Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, andthe solid, all of which is made up of molecules with the formula H2O. _4This is true of other chemical substances; most of them can exist asgases or as liquids or as solids. We may normally think of iron as asolid, but if we will heat it in a furnace, it will melt and become a _5liquid, and at very high temperatures it will become a gas. Nothing very permanent occurs when a gas changes into a liquid or a solid.Everyone knows that ice, which has been made by freezing water, can be melted again by warmed and that steam can be condensed _6on a cold surface to become liquid water. In fact, it is only becausewater is so a familiar substance that different names are used for _7the solid, liquid and gas. Most substances are only familiar with _8us in one state, because the temperatures requiring to turn them _9into gases are very high, or the temperatures necessary to turn theminto solids are so low. Water is an exception in this respect, which is another reason why its three states have given three different names. _10第十三期Classic Intention MovementIn social situations, the classic Intention Movement is “the chair-grasp”. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an ppointment to keep and can get away. His urge _1to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his guest. If he did _2not care of his guests feelings he would simply get up out of his chair _3and to announce his departure. This is what his body wants to do, _4therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him _5raise. It is at this point that he performs the chair-grasp Intention _6Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. _7This is the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not _8hesitating, it would only last the fraction of the second. He would lean, _9push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it. It is as if his _10body had frozen at the get-ready moment.第十四期The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human _1ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods _2An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one-half emphasize gathering plants foods,one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters,Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherers calories come from _3plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible _4calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. _5Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no _6one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence _7of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult). _8If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly _9could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. _10第十五期There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronun-ciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, and orthography _1is learnt deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds _2like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when we _3firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voi