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英语阅读技巧 ENGLISHREADINGSKILLS 英语阅读技巧内涵 1Facts事实 2MainIdea主旨 3Sequence顺序 4Context语境 5Conclusion结论 6Inference推论 PartOne FACTS who what where when how why FactsvsOpinions Afactisanythingthatcanbevalidatedorproved Ifastatementcanbeprovedrightorwrongbyverifiablemeasurementortesting itisafact Factsareallaroundyou Thebeachismadeofsand Thatisafact Wateriswet Thatisanotherfact Statementsoffact Statementsoffactpresentinformationwithoutinterpretingit Theyimplyneitherjudgmentnorevaluation Unlikestatementsofopinion statementsoffactcanbeverifiedinrecords tests orhistoricalorscientificdocuments eg BritishColumbiareceives47inchesofrainyearly Thetemperatureintheovenis35 MyfriendJimisaresidentofBeijing Hediedin1520 E T hasgrossedmoremoneythananyotherfilminhistory It ssunnyoutside Foreachofthesestatements youcanverifytheaccuracybygoingtosourcebooks measurements orevenpersonalexperience Thus thesearestatementsoffact Whatareopinions Anopinioncannotbevalidated Ifnovalidationcanbearrivedat ifnorightorwrongcanbeestablished thestatementisanopinion eg Catsaremorelovingthandogs It sbetterwheneatenhot StatementsofOpinion Keepinmindthatanopinionisnotnecessarilyincorrect butithasn tbeenproved Anopinionmayseemtrue butifithasn tyetbeenproved itisanopinion Statementsofopinionexpressanauthor simpressions beliefs andjudgmentsaboutsomething Thoseopinionscannotbejudgedtrueorfalse rightorwrongbecausetheyarethatauthor sindividualimpressionsaboutsomething Thistruthgivesrisetothefamiliarstatement Youhavetherighttoyourownopinion eg Fishingrelaxesyoubetterthansleeping TorontoisthebestcitytovisitinNorthAmerica Thesesentencespresentstatementsofopinionaboutrealthings buttheyarestillunverifiableopinions RememberTheseGuidelines Inlastnight sclass Dr JoanKaywellspokeonmethodsofteachingEnglish factoropinion 1 Statementsdealingwithpersons places objects occurrences orprocessesthatexistordidexist andthatcanhavetheirtruthorfalsityproved arefacts Factsoropinions Three hundredtwenty seventeachersfromforty nineschoolsattendedtheschool boardmeeting It ssunnyoutside 2 Statementswhosetruthorfalsitycanbeprovedordisprovedarestatementsoffactevenwhentheycouldbeinerrorandprovedfalse Afact then isnotalwaysaccurateorcorrect Notenoughpeoplecareaboutthepoliticalsituationtoensureanychange factoropinion Theremarkmaybetrue butitisopinionbecauseitcannotbeprovedbyobjectivemeans Statementsofopinionareoftenpresentedinanauthoritativevoice don tbeconfused Ifitcannotbeproved itisstillopinionnomatterhowdefiniteitsounds 3 Statementsthatdealwithevaluations attitudes orprobabilitiesarestatementsofopinionbecausetheycannotbeprovedtrueoffalse Eventually consumptionofwaterwillbestrictlyregulatedbythefederalgovernment factoropinion 4 Statementsaboutfutureeventsareopinionevenwhenthoseeventsseemveryprobable 5 Statementsoffactoftenusemoreconcretewordsreferringtothings events ormeasurablecharacteristics Wordssuchasblue rock bottle tenyears 130poundsareallconcretewords 6 Statementsofopinionmayrelyonabstractwords Abstractwordsrefertothingsthatcan tbetouchedormeasured suchasfaith love hope courage patriotism health Becausethesewordscannotbespecificallydefinedandlimited peopleusethemtomeandifferentdegreesofthesamethings oroftentomeansomethingcompletelydifferent Asweallknow thewordlovemaymeanonethingtoonepersonbutnotnecessarilythesamethingtoanother 7 Watchforcluewordsandphrasesinstatementsofopinion Frequentlyyoucanspotvalue judgmentwordssuchasgood bad unattractive necessary quality oropinionphrasessuchasIbelieve itappears wesuggestinyourreading Thesewordsandphrasesshouldtipyouofftothestrongprobabilitythatopinion notfact ispresent UseanFtoidentifystatementsoffact anOtoidentifystatementsofopinion 1 ThedrinkingageinFloridaistwenty one2 IthinkthedrinkingageinCaliforniaistwenty one 3 Theonlygoodreasonforgoingtocollegeistolearn 4 Forty eightpercentofimmigrantschangedtheirnameswhentheycametothiscountry 5 BillCosbyisapositiverolemodelfortelevisionwatchers 6 FloridagetsconsiderablyhotterinJulythanCaliforniadoes andthat swhypeoplemovefromFloridatoCalifornia 7 Mydaughteroncesecretlykeptakittenhiddeninherbedroomfornearlythreeweeks UseanFtoidentifystatementsoffact anOtoidentifystatementsofopinion 8 Hitchhikingisafrequentmethodoftravelingforcollegestudents 9 Thebestwaytoeatcoldchickenistodipitinmayonnaise 10 Anexpensivesuit pairofshoes shirt andtiearenotalwaysappropriateforwork 11 Pollutionofvarioussortsaffectseveryoneinsomeway 12 Marigoldsareusuallygold orangeandareenjoyedbyeveryone 13 SheishavingafiftiethbirthdayJanuary31andwillbeemotionallyupset 14 Timespentinthesun tanning causescancerbutnotineveryone 15 Atune upwillcostyou 26atthecornerstationandwillmakeyourcarrunbetter 16 Christmasischaracterizedasatimewhenpeoplefeelbetter butformanyitisthereverse TryIt Readthisstory Ithasfactsaboutwhatpeopleusedtothinkalongtimeago TheEarthandtheSun Longagoamanwasthinkingaboutthesky Hehadbeenwatchingthesunfordays Hebegantoseeitinanewway Theearthisgoingaroundthesun hesaid Atthattimemostpeoplethoughtthesunwentaroundtheearth Theythoughttheearthwasthebiggestandbestthinginthesky Themansaid Imustwriteabook Itmightmakepeopleangry ButImusttellthetruth Themandidwriteabook Butheneversawitprinted Hediesin1543 Thebookwasprintedlaterthatyear Peoplewereangrywhentheyreadthebook Theywantedtothinkthateverythingwentaroundtheearth Buttodaypeopleknowthatthemanwasright Trytofindthefactsinthestory Fact1Themanhadbeenwatchingthe fordays moon earth sun Fact2Themandiesintheyear 1543 1453 1457 Fact3Themansaid Imustwritea letter story book sun 1543 book Teachyourstudents Tofindfactsyoumustknowwhattolookfor ForFact1youmustlookforathingthemanwatched ForFact2youmustlookforadate ForFact3youmustlookforwhatthemansaid Readthestoryagain Drawalineunderthewordssun 1543 andbook TheyaretherightanswersforFacts1 2 and3 Tofindthefacts readthestoryverycarefully IfyourSscannotrememberthefacts readthestoryagain TryIt RememberingThings Whatifyougotoastorebutforgetyourshoppinglist Youmaynotknowwhattobuy Hereisawaytorememberthingswithoutalist Standinaroominyourhome Lookatthethingsintheroom Thenthinkofthethingsyouneedtobuy Theremaybeayellowchairintheroom Itcanhelpyourememberbananas Awhitepillowcanhelpyouremembermilk Whenyougettothestore thinkaboutthethingsintheroom Youshouldbeabletorememberwhattobuy Youmayevenbeabletogoshoppingwithoutalist UseYourHead Torememberthingswithoutalist A goshopping B standinaroom C sitinachair AwhitepillowcanhelpyourememberA cookies B butter C milk B C PartTwo MAINIDEA Themainideaisthepointawritertriestomake Youwilllearnaboutmainideas Whatdoyouthinkofwhenyousayhome Thereisafencearoundthishouse Thehousealsohasabigfrontporch Thehomeisthemainidea Thefenceandtheporcharedetails Theyhelpmakethishouselooklikeahome WhatIsaMainIdea Themainideaofastorytellswhatthewholestoryisabout Eachstoryhasamainidea Itisusuallyonesentencesomewhereineachstory Whydostorieshavesentencesotherthanthemainideasentence Theothersentencesaredetails Theytellyoumoreaboutthemainidea Theyalsomakethestorymorefuntoread Theexamplebelowmayhelpyouthinkaboutmainideas Allthedetailsadduptothemainidea details details details mainidea3 4 5 12 The3 4 and5arelikedetails Theyadduptothemainidea Themainideaislikethe12 Itisbiggerthanthedetails Itismadeupofmanysmallerparts Alwaysoneortwosentencescanstandforthemainidea MainIdea details details details details Howtorecognizethemainidea Youmayrecognizethemainideainaparagraphorapassageinseveralways 1 Thesignificanceofitscontentortheforcewithwhichitisexpressed eg NoeventhashadgreaterinfluenceonthisnationthanthetragicdeathofJohnF Kennedy 2 Summationofthepassage scontent eg Thesestatementsallprovethatuseofthedeathpenaltyisnotadeterrentinanywaytocrimesofviolence 3 Anideaexpressedasawell said formal soundingstatementandacompletethought eg Airpollutioninourbigcitieshasbecomethenumberoneurbanhealthproblem 4 Ifthepassageseemstohaveonlyonegeneralpoint itincludesthemainidea Ifithastwoormoreseeminglyequalgeneralpoints therelationbetweenthemincludesthemainidea Firstgeneralpoint Wehaveamajorshortageoflarge denominationpapercurrencyinthiscountry Secondgeneralpoint Drugdealersarehoardinglarge denominationbills Mainidea Becausedrugdealersarehoardinglarge denominationbills wehaveashortageofthesebillsincirculationintheUnitedStates TheTopic theTopicSentence andtheMainIdea 1 Thetopicisthesubjectthatthepassageisaboutinthemostgeneralsense Itmaybeexpressedinawordoraphrase War civilrights watersafety pain thesearealltopics notmainideas 2 Thetopicsentenceinaparagraph orthethesisstatementinalongpassage includesthemainidea Itisthesentenceinthepassagethatbestexpressesthesubjectthattheentirepassageisabout Thetopicsentencealwaysmentionsthetopicandthenmakesastrongstatementoraclaimaboutthetopic Generally thetopicsentenceiseasilyidentifiedbecauseitsticksoutbysummingupthemainideainthepassage Itisamistake however toassumethatoneoftheanswerchoicesonatestwillbeaword for wordduplicationofatopicsentence Alsorememberthatunfortunately andcontrarytowhatweusedtobetaught thetopicsentenceisnotalwaysthefirstsentenceintheparagraph Itmaybethefirstsentence butitcouldbeanywhere Itmaynotevenbestated itmaybeimplied 3 Themainideaisalwaysexpressedasacompletethoughtinacompletesentence Thisprimaryideaofthepassage themainidea mayalsobestatedindifferentwordsandinmanylocations Themainideaistheimportantone nomatterhowitisexpressed Theimportanceofsummarizing Theveryusefulskillofsummarizingisoftenhelpfulindeterminingthetopic thetopicsentence orthemainideainareadingselection Summarizingisatoolforunderstandingbecauseitfocusesonthenecessaryandeliminatestheunnecessaryinapassage Thesearethesixstepsincreatingagoodsummaryofanythingyouread 1 Eliminateunnecessarymaterial Anythingthatistrivialshouldbedeleted 2 Eliminatematerialwhichisimportantbutwhichisredundant Itmaybeimportant butdon tkeepincludingit Onceisenough 3 Useasummarywordinsteadofalistofitems Ifawriterdiscussesaseriesofrelatedthings suchascars trucks andbuses substitutethewordvehicles 4 Useanencompassingwordforaseriesofactionsorevents Forexample Alicegotupandtookashower Shegotdressed Shegotinthecaranddrovedowntown canbesummarizedas Alicewenttowork 5 Selectatopicsentenceforeachparagraph Ifyoufindatopicsentence itisusuallytheauthor ssummary Butlessthanathirdofallexpositoryparagraphshavetopicsentences Fictionseldomincludestopicsentencesbecausenarrativemovesinatime ordersequenceandwritersfeelthattopicsentencesslowdownthenarrative 6 Ifthepassagehasnotopicsentence createyourown Threekeyquestions Whenyouarenotsurewhichisthemainidea italwayshelpstoaskyourselfthreequestions 1 Whatisthispassageabout Whatisthetopic Forexample youmightconcludethatthetopicinareadingselectioniscars 2 Whatisthepurposeindiscussingthissubject cars Youmaydeterminethatthepurposeistodescribeowningaspecificmodelandyear a1964Corvette 3 Whatisthemainideathattheauthorwantsyoutoknowaboutthisspecificsubject 1964Corvettes The1964Corvettesprovidetheirownerswithprideofownershipunmatchedbyanyothercar Themainidea Beawareofanswersthatmayconfuseyou Veryoften theexaminationanswerchoicesthemselvesmaytripyouup Misleadinganswerchoices oftenintentional liketheseareoftenincluded 1 Apartialstatementofthemainidea 2 Areferencetothemainidea butnotthemainidea 3 Areferencetoanideainthepassagethatisexpandedintheanswerwithinformationnotinthepassage 4 Amisinterpretation oftenslight ofmain ideainformationinthepassage givingthefeeloftruth WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsraelHospital A Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse B Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight C Theprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatient D Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient shealthconditionseveryday AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientandconstructsafull scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohisemotionalstate Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthepatient sillnessbutwhichalsoincludeseverythingelsethatisnecessary Theprimarynursestayswiththepatientthroughhishospitalization keepingtrackwithhisprogressandseekingfurtheradvicefromhisdoctor IfapatientatBethIsraelisnotrespondingtotreatment itisnotuncommonforhisnursetoproposeanotherapproachtohisdoctor WhatthedoctoratBethIsraelhadintheprimarynurseisatruecolleague TheanswerisA 1993 6 PracticeExercises Exercise1 Eachgroupofwordsismadeupofatopicandfiveideawordsthatwouldhelpdevelopthattopic Decidethetopicwordineachline 1 fishing longwalks vacation picnics campfires2 education college elementaryschool highschool graduateschool3 hockey golf baseball tennis football Sports4 earthquake fire disasters hurricane tornado drought5 clothes shirts dresses socks jackets Exercise2Intheseexercises pickthetopic andlabelitT thetopicsentence TS andthesentencesthatserveasillustrationsorexamplesforthemainidea EX GroupA 1 Plattersofchickenorspareribs bowlsofpotatosaladorpastasaladallhadtheiradmirersstandingnearby 2 thechurchpicnic 3 Chocolatecakes spongecakes andfragrantbrownieswerelinedupthreedeep 4 Thechurchpicnicgavetheparishionersachancetoshowofftheirskillatcookingandbaking EX T EX TS GroupB 1 Sugaroftenreplacesnourishingfoodinadiet 2 Sugarcontributesnoprotein fat vitamins orminerals 3 Eatingsugarcanbeworsethaneatingnothing 4 sugarasan antinutrient EX EX TS T GroupC 1 countrysquaredancing 2 EverySaturdaynightthetownhallfillsupwithscoresofsquaredancers allhavingagoodtime 3 Thewomen sbrightdressescompeteforattention 4 Eventhechildrenareincludedinthestompingandtwirling T TS EX EX GroupD 1 problemsinAmerica 2 Useofillegaldrugshasincreased 3 Ahighpercentageofinner citychildrenneverfinishelementaryschool 4 Americatodayhasprofoundproblemswithdrugs poverty andilliteracy T EX EX TS GroupE 1 today stechnology 2 Oneofeverytwohomeshasavideocassetterecorder VCR andamicrowaveoven 3 Thehighlydevelopedtechnologyofthe1980shasresultedinmanydiscoveriesthatcanmakelifemoreenjoyable 4 Electronicalarmsystemsmakeourhomessafe T EX TS EX Exercise3Underlinethewordorphrasethatbestidentifiesthetopicineachoftheseparagraphs 1 Crowdinghumanbeingsandmotorvehiclesintosmallgeographicareascanhaveseriouseconomicconsequences NewYorkCityhasapopulationdensityof77 000persquaremileinoneofitsboroughs Highpopulationdensityoftenresultsinhighcrimerates overcrowdedhousing serioustrafficproblems andhighdiseaserates A NewYorkCityB highpopulationdensityC motorvehiclesD disease B 2 Wedonotknowhowlifebegan butthefactthatweexistprovesthattherightingredients intherightamount andarrangedinthecorrectway didcometogetheratsometimeinthepast Thebestapproximationisthatithappenedatleast2 5to3billionyearsago A thepastB evolutionC timeD originoflife D 3 Whatistheresultofthemilitaryexperiencefortheindividualmale Itmakesamanoutofhim ofcourse Sloganssuchas TheArmywillmakeamanoutofyou and Themarinestakeonlyafewgoodmen provideampletestimonytotheculturalnotionthatthemilitaryexperienceturnsboysintomen A militaryexperienceB thearmyC theMarinesD turningmenintoboys A 4 Searchforfoodoccupiedmostoftheancienthunter sday Ifhuntersbaggedsmallanimals thefamilyorbandwouldfeastforaday thenmoveon killingamammothoramastodonwasawindfallforthehuntingbandbecauseitprovidedfoodforseveraldays A thesearchforfoodB huntingC theancienthunter sdayD mammothhunting C Exercise4Rememberthattopicsentencesmayappearanywhereintheparagraph Intheseparagraphs identifythenumberofthesentencethatactsasthetopicsentence Note Sometimesatopicsentenceprovidesthemainideaformorethanoneparagraph 1 Itisknowntodaythatmostsuicidalpersonalitieshavesomecommonpsychosocialcharacteristics Themainoneisdifficultyinrelatingsatisfactorilywithothersonasustainedemotionalbasis Thisseemstoresultfromtheirfrequenttendencytobeoverlysensitivetolossandrejection topoorself esteem and often toexcessiveexpectationsforthemselvesandothers Asaresult theycanaccumulateanger andinturn becomelonersandalienatethemselvesfromsociety However theygenerallyremainambivalentintheirsuicidalpropensities and whilemanyrejecthelpbyprofessionals theystilldesperatelywishtheycouldmakeit wishthatsomeonewouldbeacceptingandnicetothem Topicsentenceis 2 AsurveybytheCouncilofEducationin1980foundthatfreshmanstudentsarebecomingmuchmorematerialistic Beingwellofffinancially wasconsideredan important or essential goalby28percentmoremenand77percentmorewomenthanin1970 Over15percentofthewomenand18percentofthemenplannedbusinesscareers ascomparedto4percentand17percentin1970 Althoughaglutofbusinessgraduatesishittingthejobmarket careeropportunitiesarestillgreatforstudentswithbusinesseducationandtraining Oneoutofeverytenemployeesisamanager Also firmshirebusinessgraduatesastraineesformanagementandrelatedpositions Topicsentenceis 3 WhenAimtoothpastewasdevelopedtotakeonCrest whatdidmanagementneedtoknowinordertopositionitsgeltoothpasteappropriatelyagainstsuchawell entrenchedleader InorderforBurgerKingtoattackMcDonald s itneededtoknowwhatconsumersfelttheywerenotgetting MillerLiteBeertookadiscardedproduct low caloriebeer andbuiltanewproductcategoryusingadvertisingandpositioning Whatwasintheirsituationanalysisthatallowedthemtoseewhatnootherfirmhadseen ASthefirststepindevelopingacampaign thesituationanalysisisvital Ifitisdonepoorly theentirecampaigncaneasilygoastray Topicsentenceis 4 Smallfirmsproducetwo and a halftimesasmanyinnovationsaslargefirmsrelativetothenumberofpeopleemployed Thefirstautomobile airplane jetengine helicopter officecopyingmachine instantcamera andairconditionerwereamongthebreakthroughsthatsprangfromtheworkshopsofsmallbusinesses Otherimportantinnovationsincludetheaerosolcan foamfireextinguishers heartpacemakers quick frozenfoods thesafetyrazor thevacuumtube andthezipper Topicsentenceis 5 DuringtheaverageworkdayintheUnitedStates oneworkerisinjuredeveryfourteenseconds andoneworkeriskilledeverythirty sevenminutes Eachyear over14 000workersarekilledinjob relatedactivities and2 4millionworkersareseriouslyinjured atacostofover 12billioninlostwages reducedoutput andotherlosses Whilebusinessisdoingmuchtoimprovethissituation theOccupationalSafetyandHealthActof1970 OSHAct hasspeededuptheseactivitiesbyestablishingaregu