隐喻教学课件 - 复制.doc

Chapter Two Orientational MetaphorsI definitionA kind of metaphors which organize a whole system of concepts with respect to one another. Since most of them have to do with spatial orientation: up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral, we call them orientational metaphors. These spatial orientations arise from the fact that we have bodies of the sort we have and that they function as they do in our physical environment. Such metaphorical orientations are not arbitrary. They have a basis in our physical and cultural experience. Though the polar oppositions up-down, in-out, etc., are physical in nature, the orientational metaphors vary from culture to culture.II General metaphorical extensions1 Quantity 1.1 Experiential groundingIf more of a substance or of physical objects is added to a container or pile, the level goes up.1.2 Realizations of the Metaphor Increase/Drop in salary / costs/ prices/ inflation/ temperature /speed /volume /pitch of voice工资上调 消费下降 物价上涨 抑制通货膨胀 温度上升 声音上扬 数量下降2 Social Hierachy 2.1 Experiential groundingIn ancient society, a mans status is associated with his physical strength, the latter in turn is typically correlated with his physical size. In modern society, social status is typically correlated with social power. The higher the status, the more the power. 2.2 Realizations of the Metaphor Architecture: the halls in the Forbidden City symbolize the emperors status and power in peoples eyes and are therefore raised far above the ground level. Rituals: the throne of the emperor was always situated at a place several steps higher than the seats for his ministers. Within family households, the seat for the patriarch was also situated at a higher place or at a place considered to be higher. Common people kowtow in front of officials to acknowledge their humbleness. The rebellious were forced to kneel down on their knees to repent of their sin. Social practices: In a name list, the names of VIPs come at the top of a page. In the prize-giving ceremonies of sports games, the champion stands a step higher than the second place, who in turn stands a step higher than the third place. Such is also the arrangement with their national flags.上调 下放 上级 上司 上座 下属 上流社会 贫下中农 3 Time 3.1 the past is the time that has gone by the stationary observer. The present is the time at the same location as the observer. The future is the time that is moving toward the observer.过去 去年 当前 未来 来日 走过四季 未来的路还很长 前景上次 下半年 上一代 下一代 代代相传 4 statesStates are locationsChange of states is change of locationsPurposes are destinations境地 处境 地步 步入佳境 达到最高境界上德 下意识 上品 下贱 上市 下品上班 下市 考上大学 下班 走上前来 丢下孩子 上议院 下议院III Exercises 1 他是个正直高尚的人。 这事太下作了。 那个新晋父亲的年轻人仿佛背上了过重的压力。 那个名模衣着随意，所以街上没人认出她来。 他默默等候，直到笑声消失。 对不起，旅馆房间被订满了。 这商店将永久歇业，所以全场半价。 骨子里他是个骄傲的人。2 抓住经济重整的契机才是上上之策。 国外话剧争先恐后地上演。 这部歌剧为她20年的演艺生涯画上了一个圆满的句号。 如果他当上市长，很可能会造福人民。 这一事件令韩国总统面临上台以来最大的一次考验。 赤道圈的雨林已减少了30%以上。 营业额在一千万马克以上的购物中心大约有一百家。3 久而久之，我的学习成绩下降了。 家庭装修队多为散兵游勇且水品低下。 这事已在私下层面做过讨论。 我们得商量个不会让她丢脸的下台方式。 下岗的女工们显然已经有了风险意识。 他们都在贝克的麾下接受训练。 IV A list of the English words which encode the concepts UP and DOWN. Above abyss altitude ascend(ant) ascent Below beneath boost bottom climb decline deep depress Descend dip down downward droop drop elevate fall high Jump lift lofty low mount peak pinnacle plateau plunge profound Raise shallow short sink soar stoop subside summit suspend Tall top towering under underneath up uplift upper upward Chapter 3 Ontological MetaphorsI definition Just as the basic experiences of human spatial orientations give rise to orientational metaphors, so our experiences with physical objects (especially our own bodies) provide the basis for an extraordinarily wide variety of ontological metaphors, that is, ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances.II Main purposes ontological metaphors can serve1 Referring My fear of insects is driving my wife crazy. That was a beautiful catch. The middle class is a powerful silent force in American politics. The honor of our country is at stake in this war.2 Quantifying It will take a lot of patience to finish this book. Youve got too much hostility in you. Pete Rose has a lot of hustle and baseball know-how.3 Identifying Aspects The ugly side of his personality comes out under pressure. His emotional health has deteriorated recently. We never got to feel thrill of victory in Vietnam.4 Identifying Causes He did it out of anger. Im changing my way of life so that I can find true happiness. Our influence in the world has declined because of our lack of moral fiber.5 Setting goals and Motivating Actions He went to New York to seek fame and fortune. She saw getting married as the solution to her problems. The FBI will act quickly in the face of a threat to national security. III The Great Chain of beings宇宙 ：最高级的属性和行为（如超自然的神圣及宗教属性）延伸的大存在链 社会：更高级的属性和行为（如种族、社会和政治属性） 人类：高级的属性和行为（如思想和性格等） 动物：本能的属性和行为基本的大存在链 植物：生物的属性和行为 复杂的物体：结构上的属性和功能上的行为 自然物理的事物：自然物理的属性和自然物理的行为IV Some typical examples 1 Container metaphors How did Jerry get out of washing the windows? Outside of washing the windows, what else did you do? How did you get into window-washing as a profession? Hes immersed in washing the windows right now. There is a lot of satisfaction in washing windows. Hes in love. / Were out of trouble now. Hes coming out of the coma. Im slowly getting into shape. / He fell into depression. He finally emerged from the catatonic state he had been in since the end of finals 2 personification This fact argues against the standard theories. Inflation is eating up our profits. His religion tells him that he cannot drink fine French wines. Inflation has attacked the foundation of our economy. Inflation has pinned us to the wall. Inflation has robbed me of my savings. Inflation has outwitted the best economic minds in the country. Inflation has given birth to a money-minded generation. V ExercisesIDEAS ARE_The theory of relativity gave birth to an enormous number of ideas in physics.He is the father of modern biology. Whose brainchild was that?IDEAS ARE_His ideas have finally come to fruition. Thats a budding theory. He views chemistry as a mere offshoot of Physics. Mathematics has many branches. The seeds of his great ideas were planted in his youth.IDEAS ARE_Were really turning (churning, cranking, grinding) out new ideas. Weve generated a lot of ideas this week. We need tot take the rough edges off that idea, hone it down, smooth it out. Its rough, and needs to be refined.IDEAS ARE_ Its important how you package your ideas. He wont buy it. That idea just wont sell. There is always a market for novel idea. I wouldnt give a plugged nickel for that idea.IDEAS ARE_He ran out of ideas. Dont waste your thoughts on small projects. Lets pool our ideas. That idea has been used up.IDEAS ARE_Let me put in my two cents worth. He has a wealth of ideas. That book is a treasure trove of ideas.IDEAS ARE_Semiotics has become quite chic. The idea of revolution is no longer in vogue in the U.S.A. Old-fashioned notions have no place in todays society.VI Metaphors related with humans1 construction of words and phrasesBald head oval( horse) face forked beard thick eyebrows double chin whiskey nosebrainless faceless nosey toothy handy cheeky leggy hearty heady bloody brainy earful skinny headlight lip-read mouth-organ skin-deep leg-pull bone-dry waist-deep spine-chiller body-building blood-lust heartland trunk-road backcloth bosom friendover ones head a thick skull knit ones brow by a nose seal ones lips with half an ear on the face of it be all eyes down in the mouth tongues wag keep your hair on have hollow legs feel in ones bones fresh blood beat ones breast have sth on the brain put a foot wrong after ones own heart with tongue in cheek turn ones stomach body and soil heart and soul work ones fingers to the bone be no skin of ones nose cut ones teeth on sth2 roots from Latin Cap- head Cape capital capitalize captain decapitate Carn- flesh Carnage carnal carnation carrion carnivore Cord-heart Accord accordance cordial core courage Corp- body Corpse corporal corporeal corpulent corpus Dent- tooth Dental dentate dentist interdental Man, manu- hand Manacle manage manipulate manual manuscript Ped- foot Pedal pedate centipede triped Lingu- tongue Linguistic lingual 3 N VHead the list eye me with suspicious nose out the cake mouth cursesScalp the boy back a car be arming shoulder the backpack No car, so we have to leg it elbow me out of the way knee the door open back the manTo cheek finger the wallet stomach his blame brain an animal breast the trouble nail the thief muscle in the project flesh the article out 4 At first/second hand sweet heart At/in/on ones hands the heart of the matter/ subject An old/green /heavy/helping hand at heart Bind/tie sb hand and foot heart to heart Bite the hand that feeds one have ones heart in mouth Cap in hand cry/sob ones heart out Change hands sing ones heart out Gain an upper hand eat ones heart out Get a free hand have ones heart in ones boots Get a big hand wear ones heart on ones sleeve Hands off a heart of gold/ stone Hand to hand steel ones heart against Have ones hands full break ones heart Have sb in the palm of ones hand search ones heart An iron hand in a velvet glove give ones heart to sb Know like the back of ones hand bare/pour out ones heart Live from hand to mouth a change of heart Make money hand over fist lose heart/ lose ones heart On every hand put fresh heart into Out of hand allow the heart to rule the head Overplay ones hand have a heart Show ones hand set ones heart on sth Sit on ones hands take heart at sth Take ones courage in both hands open ones heart to sb Take ones life in hands after ones own heart Try ones hand near to sbs heartWait on sb hand and foot cross ones heart Wash ones hands of sth with all ones whole heart 5 Accordance and inaccordanceEyeball over ones headFootnote pull ones leg Heartstring be even-handedBackpack make ones blood boilArrowhead a busy bodyRiver mouth draw bloodThe eye of a needle have a cheekThe foot of a wall hand to hand fightingSecond-hand set on footBrainwashing on an empty stomachLose face handA lazy-bone yellow-liveredHeartland eye-toothUnder ones nose headphone Chapter four Structural MetaphorsI DefinitionMetaphors based on simple physical conceptsup-down, in-out, object, substance, etc. which are as basic as anything in our conceptual system and without which we could not function in the worldcould not reason or communicate are not in themselves very rich. But as we saw with ARGUMENT IS WAR metaphor and the various personification metaphors, they not only allow us to elaborate a concept (like the ARGUMENT) in considerable detail but also to find appropriate means for highlighting some aspects of it and hiding others. Structural metaphors provide the richest source of such elaboration. Structural metaphors allow us to do much more than just orient concepts, refer to them, quantify them, etc., as we do with simple orientational and ontological metaphors; they allow us, in addition, to use one highly structured and clearly delineated concept to structure another.II Elaboration of ARGUMENT IS WARThe metaphor allows us to conceptualize what a rational argument is in terms of something that we understand more readily, namely, physical conflict. Animals fight to get what they wantfood, sex, territory, control, etc.because there are other animals who want the same thing or who want to stop them from getting it. The same is true of human animals, except that we have developed more sophisticated techniques for getting our way. Even though we have over the ages institutionalized physical conflict and have employed many of our finest minds to develop more effective means of carrying it out, its basic structure remains essentially unchanged.1 a domestic quarrel Because Im bigger than you. Because if you dont, Ill Because Im the boss.Because you are stupid.Because you usually do it wrong.Because I have as much right as you do.Because I love you. Because if you will, IllBecause you are so much better at it.2 the academic, legal, or even diplomatic world Its plausible to assume that It would be unscientific to fail to As Shakespeare stated, The work lacks the necessary rigor for The work will not lead to a formalized theory. Lest we succumb to the error of positivist approaches, He does not present any alternative theory. Your position is right as far as it goes, In his stimulating paper, he raises some interesting issuesIII Functional varieties 1 filling lexical gaps 94,630,000,000,000 kms- a light-year My cry for help was the cry of the rat when a terrier shakes it. 2 explanation and modeling Computer- human brain In England you put it under the pillow, and a fairy will come and give you two and a half P. 3 reconceptualization The crust of bread- shell Property is theft 4 argument by analogy and/or false reasoning The fine crystal is sooner crazed than the hard marble, the greenest beech burnth faster than the driest oak 5 ideology, t