PersuasiveSpeech说服性演讲.ppt

PersuasiveSpeech 说服性演讲 Contents DefinitionofPersuasiveSpeechInformativevs PersuasiveAudienceAdaptationTypesofPersuasiveSpeechMonroe sMotivatedSequenceTipsforSuccessfulPersuasionAssignment DefinitionofPersuasiveSpeech Thekindofspeechwhereyouusereasoning emotionalappealsoryourcredibilitytoconvincethelistenerstoagreewithyouortoinspirethemtoaction WaysofPersuasionreasoning emotionalappeals credibilityPurposetoinfluencetheattitudes beliefs values andactsoftheaudienceandothersRoleofspeakeranadvocate Informativevs Persuasive Inaninformativespeech thespeakerconveysfactsanddetails todefine toexplainandtoclarifyInapersuasivespeech thespeakertriestoshape influencethelisteners ideas beliefs attitudes orbehavior AudienceAdaptation Persuasivespeech MENTALDIALOGUEwiththeaudience AudienceAdaptation Aspeakershouldadaptthecontentandstrategytotheaudience TheirpositionTheirmajorobjectionsTheirquestionsTheirfavoritestyleofcommunicationTipsforaudienceadaptationSetaparticularpartofthewholeaudienceasyourTARGETAUDIENCE Tailoryourspeechtofitthevaluesandconcernsofyourtargetaudience TypesofPersuasiveSpeech Persuasivespeechesonquestionsoffact事实问题Persuasivespeechesonquestionsofvalue价值问题Persuasivespeechesonquestionsofpolicy方法问题 1 QuestionsofFact Questionsoffactarequestionsaboutthetruthorfalsityofanassertion Qsoffactcanbeansweredwithcertaintye g HowfarisNYtoBeijing e g WhoisthefirstAfricanAmericanpresident Qsoffactcannotbeansweredwithcertaintye g WillNAUenrollEnglishmajordoctorsin10years time e g Aredailymegadosesofvitaminsbeneficialtohumanhealth 每天大量服用维生素有益健康 Attention Persuasivespeechesonaquestionoffactcomeaboutinasituationwheretheaudiencehasseriousdoubtaboutthefactoracase Informativespeechescomeaboutinsituationswheretheaudiencewantstolearnaboutthefacts OrganizationbytopicsEachmainpointwillpresentareason whyagree Subdividethetopiclogicallyandconsistently Example 1 SpecificPurposeTopersuademyaudiencethatanearthquakeof9 0oraboveontheRichterscalewillhitXi aninthenexttenyears MainpointsI Xi anislongoverdueforamajorearthquake II Manygeologicalsignsindicatethatamajorearthquakemayhappensoon III ExpertsagreethatamajorearthquakecouldhitXi ananyday Example 2 SpecificPurposetopersuademyaudiencethatgeneticallyengineeredcrops GEC poseseriousdangerstotheenvironmentandtohumanhealth CentralIdeaGECshavethepotentialtocreatemajorenvironmentalandhealthhazards MainPointsI GECswillcreateenvironmentalhavocbyharmingbeneficialinsectswhilecreatingsuperbugsandsuperweedsthatwillbeverydifficulttocontrol II GECswillcreatehealthproblemsbyintroducingharmfultoxinsandallergensintofoodswithouttheknowledgeofcustomers 2 QuestionsofValue Questionsofvaluearequestionsabouttheworth rightness moralityandsoforthofanideaoraction e g Isitjustifiabletoclonehumanbeings e g Whataretheethicalresponsibilitiesofjournalists Organizationestablishingstandardsforthevaluejudgmentapplyingthosestandardstothespeechtopic Persuasionisbasedonyourjudgmentaboutwhatisrightorwrong goodorbad moralorimmoral etc Speakerneedstojustifyher hisvaluejudgmentinlightofaclearlydefinedsetofstandards Example 1 SpecificPurposeTopersuademyaudiencethatcapitalpunishmentiswrong MainPointsI Capitalpunishmentviolatesthebiblicalcommandment Thoushaltnotkill II Capitalpunishmentviolatestheconstitutionalbanon cruelandunusualpunishment Example 2 SpecificPurposetopersuademyaudiencethatbicycleridingistheidealformoflandtransportation CentralIdeaBicycleridingistheidealformoflandtransportationbecauseitisfasterthanwalkingorrunning doesnotexploitanimalsorpeople isnonpolluting andpromotesthehealthoftheriders MainPointsI Anidealformoflandtransportationshouldmeetfourmajorstandards fasterthanrunningorwalking notexploitinganimalsorpeople nonpolluting andbeneficialforthepersonwhousesit II Bicycleridingmeetsallthesestandardsforanideaformoflandtransportation fasterthanrunningorwalking notexploitinganimalsorpeople nonpolluting andbeneficialforthepersonwhousesit 3 QuestionsofPolicy Questionsofpolicyarequestionsaboutwhetheraspecificcourseofactionshouldorshouldnotbetaken e g Shouldsame sexmarriagesbelegalized e g ShouldNAUpayteachersbytheirresearchoutput Speechestogainpassiveagreement Aim toconvincetheaudiencethatagivenpolicyisdesirablewithoutencouragingtheaudiencetotakeactioninsupportofthepolicy Example Tryit Topersuademyaudiencethatthereshouldbestrictersafetystandardsonamusement parkrides Topersuademyaudiencethattheauthorityshouldprohibitnetbarsfromopeningnearschools Speechestogainimmediateaction Aim togettheaudiencetodosthinsupportofthepolicy Specificrecommendationsshouldbemadeforaction Example Tryit Topersuademyaudiencetodonatemoneyforastudentwhoiscriticallyill Topersuademyaudiencetostartaregularexerciseprogram Topersuademyaudiencetotakepartinmorepublicspeakingactivities Monroe sMotivatedSequence Anorganizationalpatternforplanningandpresentingpersuasivespeechesthatinvolvesfivesteps 门罗五步法 AttentionNeed maketheaudiencefeelaneedforchangebystatingtheproblemclearlywithsupportmaterials Satisfaction satisfytheneedbyprovidingasolutionVisualization visualizethebenefitsofyourplanAction callforaction Step1 Attention Apersuasivespeechshouldbeginbygettingtheaudience sattentionTheattentionstepaddressescoreconcernsoftheaudience makingthespeechhighlyrelevanttothem Step2 Need TheneedstepisolatesanddescribestheissuetobeaddressedinthepersuasivespeechIfyoucanshowtheaudiencethattheyhaveanimportantneedthatmustbesatisfied theyhaveareasontolistentoyourpropositions Step3 Satisfaction ThesatisfactionstepidentifiesthesolutionThisstepofferstheaudienceaproposaltoreinforceorchangetheirattitudes beliefs andvaluesregardingtheneedathand Step4 Visualization ThepurposeofthevisualizationstepistocarrytheaudiencebeyondacceptingthefeasibilityofyourproposaltoseeinghowitwillactuallybenefitthemThevisualizationstepinvokesneedsofself esteemandself actualization Step5 Action Theactionstepinvolvesmakingadirectrequestoftheaudiencetoactaccordingtotheiracceptanceofthemessage TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion 1 Increasingcredibility ethosExplainyourcredibilitye g I vebeenshoppingbooksonbothdangdangandjoyomanytimes soletmetellyouwhichoneisbetter e g MyinformationcomesfromtheworkofDr HongZhaoguang themostwell knowncardiovascularexpertinChina Showcommongroundwithyouraudience e g I mfor againsttheindependentenrollment andIknowalotofyouarenotwithme Iaskonlythatyouhearmeoutandseeifmyargumentshaveanymeritwhatsoever Thoughwemaydisagreeonthissubject youandIhaveatleastonethingincommon Wewanttomakeouruniversityenrollmentsystemafairone 2 ProvidingevidenceChooseevidencefromreliable reputablesources Provideavarietyofevidence e g Accordingtoaninterviewconductedbymewith20students 60 ofthepeopleareagainsttheindependentenrollment TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfallacy 1 HastygeneralizationAconclusionreachedonthebasisofinsufficientevidence Itisoftenincludeswordslikealways never allandnone e g Chinaistheonlycountryintheworldwherestudentshavetostudyveryhardforoneexamthatwilldecidetheirfuture thecollegeentranceexam TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfallacy 2 RedherringA argumentdistractslistenersfromtherealissueandleadsthemtowardanirrelevantissue 转移注意力的事 话题e g Yes thecurrentuniversityenrollmentsystemhasproblems butsodoesourmedicalcaresystem andhousingsystem Whydon twereformthem TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfallacy 3 Attackonapersoncriticizinganopponentratherthantheopponent sargumente g ItisknownthatEdgarAllenPoewasanalcoholic Hisstoriesarenothingbutthefantasiesofadrunkenmind TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfallacy 4 Falsecause posthoc assumesthatbecauseAoccursbeforeB AcausesB e g Thecrimeratehasincreasedsincethegovernortookoffice I mcertainlynotgoingtovoteforhimagain TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfallacy 5 Buildingonanunprovenassumption beggingthequestion e g Sincedistancelearningwithacomputerismoreeffectivethantraditionalclassroomeducation allofyoushouldtakeyourcollegecoursesonyourhomecomputers 6 Falseanalogye g Hewillmakeawonderfulpresident Justlookatthecontrolheexertsoverhisownchildren TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfall