烟叶初烤炕房温度控制系统的设计.doc

烟叶初烤炕房温度控制系统的设计1 前言 1.1选题背景与意义 目前国内外对于烤烟生产上推广的多为自然气流上升，下降式烤房，在一定程度上限制了升温，排湿的灵敏度。主动式烟叶烘烤自动控制系统在地洞进风口，天窗上安装动力通风排湿设备并应用控制理论将单片机技术引入，将不同品种和部位烟叶烘烤工艺曲线固化于单片机芯片中，在烟叶烘烤过程中实现全程温度控制。 实现了小烤房烘烤过程的自动控制，为了提高烟叶烘烤质量，改善劳动条件，减轻劳动强度，烟叶烘烤系统需由人工模糊控制向系统智能控制转变，这要求系统具有抗干扰能力强，传感器精度高等特点。在烘烤烟叶的过程中系统需要实时采集烤房内的温度数据，当温度不符合用户所定指标时，系统需要对其进行自动调整以达到设定值。 1.2 选题的目的和意义 目前，烟叶的生产已经从传统的零散型向集约型转变，烤房也由传统的土炕向大型烤房方向发展。烟区已经广泛推广烟叶初考的三段式工艺，并且大多数炕房已经加装热风循环装置。但是，温度测量仍然是传统的玻璃管温度计，风门的控制仍然采用人工控制，这种测量和控制方法已成为制约烟叶烘烤质量提高的瓶颈问题。 在烟叶初烤中最重要的环节就是温度，温度是工业生产中主要的被控参数之一，有些工艺过程对其温度的控制效果直接影响着产品的质量。与之相关的各种温度控制系统广泛应用于冶金、化工、机械、食品等领域。烟叶初烤炕房温度智能测控系统是为了改变烟叶的初烤过程中出现的烟叶烘烤质量不高，控制不精确，温度采集不稳定等诸多方面的问题。烟叶初烤过程中，烤房开始由用户设定温度，温度设定后，烤房内温度的准确测量和有效控制是烘烤的核心和烟叶质量的根本保证。 本次设计是以单片机为核心的智能温度测控系统，实现烤烟过程中温度的自动控制，解决温度测量不准、温度计使用不便及人工启闭回风门(用于排湿)、火门或鼓风机(控制火炉火势)等问题。它实际上就是一个温度智能控制系统，用来解决人为操作所带来的麻烦和不必要的失误，以此来增加对烟叶初烤的质量的保证，当然实际应用中也只能在一定程度上接近所指定的指标。 本次设计的系统在工业中实现了烟叶烘烤全过程的自动控制与普通的烤房相比较，烤后烟叶色泽饱满，鲜艳，叶片颜色均匀，上等烟比例高。并且大幅度降低烟叶烘烤强度，减少用工，提高了烟叶综合效益。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 1.3系统概述 随着科技的发展，温度控制电路在日常生活中以及工业生产中的应用越来越广泛，尤其是温度控制在工业生产中的广泛运用给社会带来极大的福利。本次设计以单片机为核心，在温度控制中，采用DS18B20作为传感器，LCD1602A作为温度显示器。温度采集经传感器DS18B20到单片机，传输到LCD1602A液晶显示器上来显示，于此同时单片机处理接受的数据，控制电机的正反转，可以实现温度的自动控制。它完成了从温度设定，键盘操作，液晶显示，和温度控制一系列的任务，测量了温度，对其进行设定和调整，设计的有效温度测控范围:2080?;温度测量精度:?0.5?;温度控制精度:?1.0?;显示分辨率:0.1?。于此同时还设计了报警系统，在没有达到设定的温度范围的时候进行报警。 owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -hat the value of statesure teconomic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, enulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of win principle, in the framework of national policies and reg-ries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winces. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industesouralienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of r brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition off the ngth. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage olish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive stree the brand. To estabtheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot2prise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.evelopment, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterrial dout social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industore competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research abre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance cquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-uction of highintrodve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the e of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improof cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sens 济南大学毕业设计 2 方案的确定 2.1 温度测控系统的总体设计目标 1)技术要求:有效测控范围:2080?;温度测量精度:?0.5?;温度控制精度:?1.0?;显示分辨率:0.1?。 2)档位设置:在3543?温度范围内分9档，以供选择。 3)执行机构:风门由电动执行器驱动，运行时间为80s;电源:220V，50Hz。 4)自动控制:当湿球温度值超过设定值0.5?时，进风门自动开启5s;当湿球温度值在设定值?0.5?时，进风门状态保持。当湿球温度值低于设定值0.5?时，进风门自动关闭5s。 5)报警:当温度偏离设定值1?，蜂鸣器报警。 2.2 烟叶初烘烤炕房温度测试系统方案设计 本次设计以单片机为核心，外加传感器，温度测量电路，自动控制等。在烟叶烘烤过程中，烤房内的温度的准确测量和有效控制是烘烤的核心和烟叶质量的根本保证，设计以单片机为核心的温度控制系统，实现烤烟过程中温度的自动控制，解决温度测量不准，温度计使用不便及人工起闭回风门难以精确控制的问题。 方案1: 采用热电阻CU，作为传感器，经过AD转换传送到单片机，可以实现温度的50检测控制，通过对实际烟叶炕房的温度测量，再与设定值相比较，判断是否符合设定要求，来实现对炕房的温度控制。但采用CU作为传感器，温度测量电路过于复杂，50可能会造成连接不稳定，并且温度精度不高，所设计的系统难以满足课题的要求。在实际的工业生产中很难得到使用。 方案2: 根据以上具体要求，本系统以AT89S51单片机作为控制单元，炕房温度由DS18B20传感器检测送给单片机AT89S51处理，传送给LCD1602A液晶显示器进行温度显示，于此同时单片机根据给定的温度与实际温度对比。来控制电机的正反转实现温度的温度，基本实现烤烟过程中温度的自动控制。总之，利用单片机可以实现对各个功能的控制，达到用户所需的要求。 综上所述，用单片机可以实现对各个功能的控制，来达到用户所需的要求。目前单片机的应用已经很成熟了，用它来实现对各个电路的控制非常的简单方便，而且它的精度能够达到要求。应用单片机来研发产品，降低了成本，缩短了研发时间，与传- 3 -their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.统工艺相比较，它具有高精度，高可靠性，操作方便，价格便宜，智能化等特点。DS18B20利用单总线的原理可以方便的实现多点温度的测量，轻松的组建传感器网络，系统的抗干扰能力好，适合在恶劣的环境下也可以进行现场温度控制。根据以上的分析我们选用第二种方案来实现烟叶初烤的温度控制设计。 设计了以AT89S51单片机为核心的温度自动控制系统，温度控制采用了温度积分分离PID控制算法，显示采用液晶LCD显示器，所设计的系统有以下功能;2080?;温度测量精度:?0.5?;温度控制精度:?1.0?;显示分辨率:0.1?;实现了可以升温，可以降温;实时显示当前温度值;按键控制;报警功能。 整个系统的原理图如图2.1所示。 温度设定 传感器 恒流源 温度显示 AT89S51 报警电路 单片机 风门 正转 执复位电路 行反转 器 图2.1 系统框架图 温度采集电路以数字量形式将现场温度传至单片机。单片机结合现场温度和用户设定的目标温度，按照温度积分分离PID控制算法计算出实时控制量，以此来控制风门的工作状态，使烤房内温度逐步稳定与用户设定的目标值。在温度达到设定的目标温度后，由于自然冷却而使温度下降时，单片机通过采样回的温度和设置的目标温度作比较，作出相应的控制。系统运行过程中的实时温度参量均由LCD实时显示。 ore competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research abre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance cquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-uction of highintrodve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the e of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improof cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sensowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -hat the value of statesure teconomic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, enulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of win principle, in the framework of national policies and reg-ries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winces. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industesouralienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of r brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition off the ngth. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage olish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive stree the brand. To estabtheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot4prise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.evelopment, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterrial dout social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of indust 济南大学毕业设计 3 硬件设计 3.1 单片机最小系统 3.1.1 AT89S51单片机特点介绍 设计的主要任务是完成温度测量与显示的同时控制电机的正反转，以此带动执行机构来控制风门的开启与关闭，来达到温度控制的目的，而单片机的在输入输出的精度上完全可以达到这个要求，同时单片机控制操作简单，系统成本低，因此选用51系列的单片机来作为硬件的核心，并且51系列的单片机技术已经日趋完善，性能可靠。 在系统中，单片机处于CPU的作用，接收传感器传来的温度信号，经过处理传送给LCD1602A液晶显示器显示当前的实时温度，同时比较用户设定的温度，决定电机的运作，达到控制风门的作用，同时控制报警电路决定蜂鸣器是否工作组成一个简单的温度控制反馈调节系统。 AT89S51是一个低功耗，高性能CMOS 8位单片机，片内4k Bytes ISP(In-system programmable)的可反复擦写1000次的Flash只读程序存储器，器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术制造，兼容标准MCS-51指令系统及80C51引脚结构，芯片内集成了通用8位中央处理器和ISP Flash存储单元，AT89S51在众多嵌入式控制应用系统中得到广泛应用。 它的主要性能特点有: 1、4k Bytes Flash片内程序存储器; 2、128 bytes的随机存取数据存储器(RAM); 3、32个外部双向输入/输出(I/O)口; 4、5个中断优先级、2层中断嵌套中断; 5、6个中断源; 6、2个16位可编程定时器/计数器; 7、2个全双工串行通信口; 8、看门狗(WDT)电路; 9、片内振荡器和时钟电路; 1 0、与MCS-51兼容; 11、全静态工作:0Hz-33MHz; 12、三级程序存储器保密锁定; 13、可编程串行通道; - 5 -their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.14、低功耗的闲置和掉电模式。 AT89S51的管脚图如图3.1所示: 图3.1 AT89S51引脚图 VCC:电源电压输入端。 GND:电源地。 P0口:P0口为一个8位漏级开路双向I/O口，每脚可吸收8TTL门电流。当P1口的管脚第一次写1时，被定义为电阻输入。P0能够用于外部程序数据存储器，它可以被定义为数据/地址的第八位。在FIASH编程时，P0 口作为原码输入口，当FIASH进行校验时，P0输出原码，此时P0外部必须被拉高。 P1口:P1口是一个内部提供上拉电阻的8位双向I/O口，P1口缓冲器能接收输出4TTL门电流。P1口管脚写入1后，被内部上拉为高，可用作输入，P1口被外部下拉为低电平时，将输出电流，这是由于内部上拉的缘故。在FLASH编程和校验时，P1口作为低八位地址接收。 P2口:P2口为一个内部上拉电阻的8位双向I/O口，P2口缓冲器可接收，输出4个TTL门电流，当P2口被写“1”时，其管脚被内部上拉电阻拉高，且作为输入。并因此作为输入时，P2口的管脚被外部拉低，将输出电流。这是由于内部上拉的缘故。P2口当用于外部程序存储器或16位地址外部数据存储器进行hat the value of statesure teconomic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, enulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of win principle, in the framework of national policies and reg-ries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winces. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industesouralienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of r brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition off the ngth. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage olish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive stree the brand. To estabtheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot6prise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.evelopment, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterrial dout social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industore competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research abre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance cquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-uction of highi