外文翻译细粒方铅矿和闪锌矿的絮凝浮选.docx

附录 相关文献原文及译文英文原文：fine-grained galena and sphalerite flotation flocculationabstract:in this paper, the formation of floc in the conduct of fine-grained galena and sphalerite flotation, flocculation and flotation that. by potassium amyl xanthate and kinetic energy change caused by the hydrophobic flocculation of mineral to form floc. the study is the monomer-20m trace minerals flotation and floc size determination. of ph, potassium amyl xanthate (pax) concentrations, kerosene dosage and mixing intensity and other parameters on the flocculation flotation. the results show that the floc size on the effect of flocculation flotation great influence. the appropriate operating conditions, galena and sphalerite flocculation flotation recovery rate 100%, while the conventional flotation recovery rate of only 40%. the experiment also found that adding a small amount of kerosene to improve the flotation, which greatly reduces the amount of pax. also used in mexico reydeplata disseminated sulfide minerals (lead, zinc, silver and gold) for the flocculation flotation test. the results show that not only reduces the loss of valuable metals in tailings, and the selection efficiency has been greatly improved concentrate grade and recovery rate is much higher than conventional flotation the former may be due to the high rate of fine useful minerals, which may be due to floc formation and the addition of kerosene to make useful minerals flotation faster.keywords:sulfide minerals fine dressing flocculation foam flotationsummary:froth flotation ore only a narrow particle size fraction is more effective on the other flotation of ore particle size fraction effect is greatly reduced (gaudin, et al, 1931; colins and jamesion, 1976; arbiter, 1979). the effective grain size with the flotation of mineral types and pharmaceutical systems change, for example, the effective flotation of galena grain size for the 6-70m, sphalerite for the 8-90m, chalcopyrite for the 15-60m, yellow iron ore for the 20-150m (trahar and warren, 1976). generally considered difficult to flotation of fine mineral was mainly due to the quality of small and large specific surface area, leading to mineral particles and the small probability of bubble collision and adhesion. however, if the ore particle surface composition, oxidation, mineralogical composition and the concentration of soluble ions and other factors also affect the fine mineral flotation (somasundaran, 1980).there are two difficulties to improve the flotation of fine mineral methods: the particle size increased flotation and reducing bubble size. the former is by selective flotation particles together, then formed floc flotation of fine particles, the law shall flocculation flotation. the latter is represented by the vacuum flotation and electrolytic flotation. in the flocculation flotation, flocculation interactions instead of fine particles and bubbles, fine particles and air bubbles to avoid the collision and adhesion of the small chance of problems. the floc is usually formed through hydrophobic flocculation can lead to mineral particles of hydrophobic and kinetic energy changes (xu and yoon, 1989; warren, 1992; song and lu, 1994; lu, et al, 1999). coagulation with the electrolyte and polymer floc comparison, hydrophobic floc foam flotation is more suitable because of their hydrophobic surface, the structure is more compact, more intense flocculation. with selective hydrophobic flocculation of fine mineral-based flocculation flotation shown in figure 1. flocculation flotation is the core of fine-grained selective hydrophobic flocculation of minerals, including decentralization, selective and hydrophobic hydrophobicity of the formation of floc. add mixed with ph adjustment agent dispersion effects dispersant can play the role, to prevent condensation of fine minerals, which reduces the efficiency of mineral separation. in addition to the natural hydrophobicity of minerals, the selectivity generally by hydrophobic adsorption of collector on the flotation of the particles formed. hydrophobic floc is formed by mechanical agitation, by the hydrophobicity of mineral particles enter the kinetic energy to overcome the energy barrier to form. hydrophobic flocculation depends on the degree of hydrophobic particles, adding non-polar oil (capes and germain, 1982; song, et al, 1999) or hydrophobic coarse particles (chia and somasundaran, 1983) and bubble (drzymala, et al, 1986 ) greatly enhanced through the hydrophobic flocculation.fig 1: basis of selective hydrophobic flocculation flotation diagram. arrows indicate the composition of the process of flocculation-flotation methodflocculation and carrier flotation flotation has long used the shear flocculation flotation. carrier through hydrophobic flocculation flotation to fine particles adhesion on the basis of coarse particles, and coarse particle flotation. for example, the use of coarse particles as carrier, tall oil and fuel oil for flotation, flotation of anatase from kaolin effect has been greatly improved (seeton, 1961; greene and duke, 1962). another example is coarse-grained hematite and hematite mineral mud sodium and kerosene oil is available for collectors to separate (cristoveanu and meech, 1985). shear flocculation and flotation for the first time disseminated in scheelite ore flotation experiments (koh and warren, 1977), fine-grained scheelite flocculation is due to the adsorption of oleic acid and the application of strong shear stress caused. this method has been successfully used in sweden yxjoberg scheelite ore dressing plant production, with fatty acid as collector (grasburg and mattson, 1979). flocculation flotation not only for fine mineral separation, but also for coal washing test (song and lopez-valdivieso, 1998). flocculation flotation in order to reduce energy consumption during the high, song and trass (1997) proposed that the hydrophobic flocculation carried out in the centrifugal mill to reduce the number of mixing drum sets. although there are a large number of fine particles on the flocculation and flotation of the reports, but only a small number of researchers studying the hydrophobic flocculation and coagulation of metal sulfide minerals flotation. our previous papers (song, et al, 2000,2001) has reported galena and sphalerite in the hydrophobic flocculation. has also been found that by kinetic energy changes, pentyl xanthate (short hydrocarbon chain collector) can lead to strong hydrophobic flocculation fine particles by adding a small amount of non-polar oils can also be a strong increase in hydrophobic flocculation effect. flocculation of the fine particle size range and the effective size of conventional flotation almost. in this study, we investigated when using amyl xanthate as the collector when the flocculation of galena and sphalerite flotation characteristics. the aim is to study the flocculation and flotation for the beneficiation of galena and sphalerite in the feasibility and parameters of coagulation and the relationship between flotation, ru xu group size, ph, the concentration of amyl xanthate, kerosene dosage and mixing strength. in addition, would like to flocculation flotation for mexicos rey de plata ore (metal sulfide minerals). 1 pilot1.1 materialsgalena and sphalerite single taken from the naica mine chihuahua, mexico. ore crushing hammer hand first, and then hand-selected purification. first fine grinding using a vibrating mill, and then obtained a gravity-20m particle size of the fine galena and sphalerite, the grain-level products used for flotation of flocculation and coagulation. with a shimadzu sald-1100 determination of their dispersion, and then particle size analysis, tests showed that galena d50 and d80 of the grain size was 4.4m and 12.8m, d50 and d80 of sphalerite grain size was 2.5m and 9.7m. test was 98.2% galena containing the pbs, sphalerite containing 93.4% of zns.rey de plata ore samples collected from mexico, guerrero, rey de plata mine. which contains 340g/tag, 1.3g/tau, 2.49% pb, 10.1% zn and 0.49% cu. useful minerals well-galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite, associated with silver and gold. some useful minerals were embedded in fine cloth, so they need finely ground to produce a large number of fine particles.single mineral tests used in the potassium amyl xanthate (pax) from mexico, quimica industrial companies, and in our laboratory for purification. from jtbarker of analytical pure hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide for adjusting ph. kerosene from fisher scientific without further purification, using ultrasonic processing, are used emulsion. the ph adjusting agent from jtbarker lime, znso4, na2so3, inhibitors nacn, and were analytically pure cuso4 activator for the rey de plata ore trial. cytec industries provided by the collector aerophine242 and aerophine3418 (dithiophosphate), from mexico, quimica industrial companies collector x-350 (xanthate) and foaming agent teuton-100. single mineral tests with distilled water first, and then resin and 0.2m pore filter processing, the residual conductivity of less than 1s/cm. rey de plata ore in the experiment, using a distilled water.1.2 method1.2.1 hydrophobic flocculationhydrophobic flocculation of fine mineral test is diameter 10cm, width 2cm 4 baffle mixing tank conducted. stirring shaft equipped with a width of 6cm, height 2cm of the s-shaped impeller. 1g 100ml water mineral and suspension ph values adjusted with hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide, and then a strong presence in the pax mixing, is sometimes added to kerosene emulsion. then, the suspension transferred to the particle size analyzer for particle size determination of floc, or transfer to hallimomd flotation flotation tubes to trace.1.2.2micro-flotationdispersion or flocculation flotation pulp of trace nitrogen in the dark into the tube for flotation hallimond. mineral suspension was transferred to the flotation tube first, and then diluted to 130ml. then, with the rate of bubbling nitrogen 29.2ml/min, flotation 1min. float float and not be filtered and dry, respectively. according to float the weight of the product divided by the total weight of the two parts to measure the effect of floating minerals.1.2.3 reydeplata ore flocculation-flotation rey de plata ore flocculation and flotation as shown in figure 2. ore zinc sulfate, sodium sulfide and sodium cyanide (inhibition of sphalerite and pyrite) in the ball mill grinding. then the pulp with lime to ph value adjusted to 8.5, and then add aerophine241, aerophine3148 and kerosene mixed in the tank speed 900r/min strong stirring 15min, then add foaming agent teuton-100 for roughing. crude concentrate, without adding any pharmaceutical under the conditions of two selected, zinc flotation tailings into the cycle. lead, silver and copper minerals in the enrichment of the lead concentrate. zinc flotation cycle with lime to ph value adjusted to 10.5, add copper sulfate activator, collector x-350 and kerosene emulsion mixture in the tank speed 900r/min strong stirring 15min. add a foaming agent teuton-100 for zinc roughing and three times selected. in the selection, the pulp ph value adjusted to 11.5. test finally be a lead concentrate, a zinc concentrate, 2 lead ore, 3 zinc mine and a tailingsfigure 2: rey de plata ore flocculation flotation1.2.4floc size determination in the study, with a semiconductor laser light source with shimandzu sald-1100 laser diffraction particle size analyzer dispersed mineral particles and flocculation of the mineral particle size distribution. this instrument measured the optical diameter, rather than the equivalent stokes diameter. in order to prevent floc destruction in the measurement, the measurements without ultrasonic treatment suspension.1.2.5 contact angle measurements with a rame-hart nrl-100-00-type angle was determined by measuring the size of the contact angle, the measurement of the details described in the past have been reported (song, et al, 2000).2 results and discussion2.1flocculation of fine mineral flotation2.1.1 ph flocculation of galena and sphalerite for flotation with pak floatability when the relationship with ph shown in figure 3. pharmacy same ore system in the same conditions, by conventional methods galena and sphalerite flotation results also indicated that in the diagram. in conventional flotation, suspension, transfer to hallimond in the flotation tube just prior to mixing with a magnetic stirrer with pax to moderate stirring. the results showed that the flotation of fine hydrophobic flocculation efficiency as greatly improved. in a given pharmaceutical system and operation conditions, when compared with conventional flotation, when the ph value of 5-8, the flocculation and flotation can galena and sphalerite flotation efficiency increased by 30% and 50% . obviously, flocculation flotation is the recovery of fine sphalerite galena and effective way. can see from the chart, flocculation and flotation effect of changes in ph, similar to conventional flotation. can see from figure 3-a, galena floatability decreased with increasing ph. this decrease in the alkaline range than in the acidic range is more apparent. for flocculation, flotation, can float in the ph value of the difference between 4 and 10 to 40%. can see from figure 3-b, flocculation flotation in the relatively stable between ph4-8, in this range, the mineral can be greatly reduced float. the ph range and fuerstenau report (1982) using amyl xanthate as a collector when the maximum sphalerite flotation efficiency is the same. figure 3: pax as collector with the flocculation of galena (a) and sphalerite (b)the floatability of the relationship with phconventional mineral flotation results indicated in the figure2.1.2 amyl xanthate (pax) concentration figure 4 shows the pax concentration on the flocculation of fine galena and sphalerite flotation effect. thus, with the pax concentration increased galena, sphalerite recovery rate will increase until the pax concentration reached 2 10-3mol / l (galena), 1 10-2mol / l (flash zinc). in pax low concentrations, the recovery rate of increase of mineral medium, but when more than the critical pax concentration (1 10-5mol / l (galena), 1 10-4mol / l (sphalerite), the mineral recovery increased dramatically. according to song, et al reported (2000.2001), these observations on the mineral surface with pax adsorption amount and the size of the mineral surface contact angle with the pax concentration is similar. that flocculation flotation on the mineral surface with pax closely related to the adsorption, although the mineral surface hydrophobic. because of the hydrophobic particles formed in the hydrophobic flocculation plays a major role (song and lu, 1994; song, et al, 2000), so pax flocculation flotation concentration of income increases with age enhanced not only because of the extent of hydrophobic flocculation increased, but also because the increase of floc size. figure 4: the flocculation of galena and sphalerite floatability of the relationship between concentration and pax2.1.3 amount of kerosene pax caused by the fine galena and sphalerite in the flocculation of recovery and kerosene consumption relationship shown in figure 5. can be seen from the figure, when the increase in kerosene consumption, galena and sphalerite floatability also increased, until the amount of kerosene, respectively, 200mg / l and 250mg / l. operating conditions in the figure, there is no time to add kerosene, galena and sphalerite flocculation flotation recoveries were 64% and 67%. obviously, a small amount of kerosene will be able to significantly improve the floatability of floc. figure 4 and figure 5 can be found, kerosene substitute for part of the pax. in order to fully use the flocculation flotation galena flotation, when no kerosene, the need to use 2 10-3mol / l of pax, if using a 200mg / l of kerosene, just with 1 10-4mol / l of pax. for sphalerite, no kerosene, you need to 1 10-2mol / l of pax, if using a 250mg / l of kerosene, just use the 5 10-4mol / l of pax. whether to add two cases of kerosene, used by the pax galena reduction 384mg / l, sphalerite pax used to reduce the 1919mg / l. because pax is more expensive than kerosene, add kerosene can greatly save the cost of flocculation and flotation. figure 5: pax cause flocculation of fine-grained galena and sphalerite floatability of the relationship between consumption and keroseneflocculation and flotation of non-polar oil on the improvement may be due to floc size and density increase, and the floc and the bubbles increase the adsorption strength. water suspension of non-polar oil is always absorption in the hydrophobic particles, and then form a film. film can increase the hydrophobic particles, particles in the reunion will be bridged together. oil bridging flocculation greatly enhanced hydrophobic adsorption strength of particles (or floc strength), leading to flocculation in turbulent flow under the strong force is not broken (song, et al, 1999). these two factors add non-polar hydrophobic oils can enhance flocculation, resulting in non-polar oil than not to join a larger, more dense floc.2.1.4 mixing strength as previously mentioned, the slurry mixing machine on a change from the hydrophobic particles of kinetic energy to overcome the energy barrier to particles close to the hydrophobic flocculation occurred. figure 6 indicated that the flocculation caused by the pax grained galena and sphalerite floatability of phase with the hydrophobic flocculation stirring rate (or mixing intensity) relationship. can be seen from the figure, mineral recovery increased with the increase of stirring intensity to the maximum, then decreased. given operating conditi