【内部】英美文学常识.doc

Puritanism: stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from Gods grace Stressed hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety 以伊甸园传说为基础Transcendentalism(超验主义)marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first renaissance spirit and individual and nature；American Puritanism + European RomanticismRealism: broadly defined as “the faithful respentation of reality” or “verisimilitude”.Naturalism: a term created by Emile Zola(法国女作家)； men are weak; philosophical pessimists A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.Modernism: cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss; refused to accept the traditional valuesFree verse: poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhythm/line length; depends on natural speech rhythms & the counterpoint of stressed and unstressed syllables The Gilded Age(镀金时代 1865-1914)：Mark Twain 内战后的普遍disillusionment & frustration 工业化成果 & Gold Rush 特点：1. Straightforward 2. Focus on commonness of common peoples lives 3. Objective 4. Present moral visions 5. Usually open endingLost Generation: Paris, a term created by Gertrude Stein(美国女作家) Hemingway 代言人 Young writers who were cut off from old values and yet unable to handle the new eraJazz Age(1920s)/the Roaring Twenties: exciting acceleration; restless pursuit of stimulus and pleasure disillusionement(幻灭) with ideas and civilization F. Scott Fitzgerald1. Benjamin Franklin(富兰克林 1706-1790): The Autobiography自传：simplicity, frankness & wit; American Dream2. Thomas Paine(潘恩1737-1809 政治宣传册): Common Sense常识：独立革命时期最佳政治宣传册 The American Crisis: 16本系列宣传册；3. Philip Freneau(弗伦诺1752-1832 诗人): Father of American Poetry; Poet of the American Revolution The Wild Honeysuckle野金银花；4. Thomas Jefferson(杰斐逊 1743-1826): the 3rd President The Declaration of Independence 起草者之一三、American Romanticism/Renaissance浪漫主义文学(18世纪末-19世纪中后期) individualism fold stories as an escape from the civilized society and were rich in mystic color; against rationalism1) Pre-Romanticism(1770-1830):5. Washington Irving(欧文1783-1859): 美国首位国际闻名作家 & 美国文学之父 the author of the first American short stories; the first prose stylist of American Romanticism文风：American indigenous humor; mild and prone；simplicity, lucidity, poise and ease flowThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow；Rip Van Winkle: German legend；an escape from society and return to nature； Essay: The Sketch Book见闻札记: 美国浪漫主义开端6. James Fenimore Cooper(库珀 小说家): one of the first authors to write about the American Westward Movement. 发展了三类小说：the revolutionary past- The Spy; sea novels -The Pilot领航者; the American frontier novels Leather Stocking Tales: frontier novels - The Pioneer拓荒者(the first true romance of American frontier)；The Pathfinder探路者; The Prairie大草原; The Deerslayer杀鹿者; The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人(成就最高)2) Post-Romanticism(1830-1860)7. Ralph Waldo Emerson(爱默生 思想家，散文家&诗人)：father of American literature 超验主义代表;主题 - nature & meditationEssays: Nature论自然：超验主义圣经(manifesto) ； Self-Reliance论自立； The TranscendentalistThe American Scholar论美国学者：美国知识分子独立宣言 文化独立&文学地位; 8. Henry David Threau(梭罗 1817-1862 思想家): Walden瓦尔登湖; 9. Nathaniel Hawthorne(霍桑 1804-1864 小说家): 美国首位杰出小说家 道德伦理问题; human soul 文风：the most ambivalent; mystical; criticism of life; soft, flowing and almost feminine The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Scarlet Letter: Hester Prynne, Chillingworth & Dimmesdale The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇；The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子：family decadence Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔10. Herman Melville(梅尔维尔 1819-1891小说家)：Moby Dick白鲸: the first American prose epic; Ishmael as the narrator, steeped in symbolism One of the worlds greatest masterpieces to get to know the 19th century American The voyage = the search for the truth; Moby Dick = 宇宙的神秘；自然的强大；世间的邪恶11. Edgar Allan Poe(爱伦坡1809-1849 诗人,小说家&批评家): 首位美国职业作家；美国侦探小说之父Poems: To Helen The Raven； Annabel Lee(哥特风)小说：The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌; The Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格街谋杀案 12. Walt Whitman(惠特曼 1819-1892 诗人)：democratic poet , Free verse weekly newspaper: the Long IslanderLeaves of Grass草叶集：Democratic Bible；the birth of truly American poetry & the end of the American romanticismSong of Myself自我之歌; I hear America Singing；I sit and look out; beat! beat! drums!13. Emily Dickinson(迪金森 1830-1886 女诗人)：theme religion, life and death, love and marriage, nature, immortality文风: Abundant use of dashes, and irregular and often idiosyncratic punctuation and capitalization and clear-cut and delicately original imagery, precise diction and fragmentary pattern; ImagismBecause I Could Not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神； Im Nobody. Who Are You?我是无名小卒！你是谁？This is My Letter to the World; I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died我死时听到一只苍蝇叫对比：惠特曼- society at large 迪金森- life on individuals四、The Age of Realism现实主义(19世纪中期-20世纪初) 南北战争 废奴小说 - 现实主义起点 温和现实主义：William Dean Howells 大贵族大资产阶级 vs. 乡土小说：Mark Twain 底层社会14. William Dean Howells(豪威尔斯 1837-1920): The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯 拉帕姆的发迹; A Modern Instance现代例证; A Hazard of New Fortunes新财富的危害：三部曲15. Henry James(詹姆斯1843-1916 小说家): the founder of psychological realism 文风：highly refined languageDaisy Miller: an outrage to American girlhood；the heroine = the free spirit of the New World The Ambassadors;The Bostonians波士顿人; The American; The Portrait of a Lady; The Wings of the Dove; The Golden Bowl； 评论集：French Poets and Novelists; Hawthorne; Partial Portraits不完整的画像16. Mark Twain(马克吐温 1835-1910): 美国文学里程碑 the true father of our national literaturerealists and humorists ；local color fiction: mixed with plots with realistic description Life on the Missippi;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆索耶历险记; The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利费恩历险记：western literature and civilization, all of modern American literature comes from mk; a masterpiece of American realism that is one of the great books of world literature. The Innocents Abroad傻瓜出国记：newspaper articles about his European trip；The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County卡拉韦拉斯县有名的跳蛙; The Gilded Age镀金时代; 17. Theodore Dreiser(德莱赛 1871-1945 小说家): 自然主义代表 Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘; The “Genius”; Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹：the purposelessness of life; An American Tragedy; Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲: The Financier; The Titan; The Stoic五、the Age of Modernism 现代主义 (一战后 至今) 现代诗歌繁荣(1912-1922)1) 小说： Lost Generation - Hemingway vs. 南方文学 Faulkner18. F. Scott Fitzgerald(菲茨杰拉德 1896-1940): leader of the Jazz Age/Lost Generation； Tales of the Jazz AgeThis Side of Paradise人间天堂; Tender Is the Night夜色温柔; The Last Tycoon最后的巨头 The Great Gatsby: irony and disillusionment of the American Dream; Nick Carraway视角短篇小说：Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦 The Crack-up崩溃(自传体文集)19. Ernest Hemingway(海明威 1899-1961): 1953 Pulitzer Prize & 1954 Nobel Prize Hemingway s code hero theme courage to tragedy 文风：spare, laconic, yet intense prose with sort sentences and very specific details The Old Man and the SeaThe Sun Also Rises: 迷惘一代的写照; A Farewell to Arms(Lieutenant Henry); For Whom the Bell Tolls;短篇小说： The Winners Take Nothing； Deat