生物质外文翻译.doc

Chinas Biomass Energy China leads the world in its energy reservation and is the second largest energy producer and consumer in the world. It is estimated that China has 4000 billion tons of potential primary energy reservation. However, per capita energy resource quantity and consuming quantity is far smaller than the world average level. The main characteristics of Chinas energy exploration and utilization are as follows.1. Coal is the primary energy; exploration and utilization of renewable resources is supplementary. Chinas explored reserves of coal resource accounts for over 90% of the primary energy total, such as coal, oil, natural gas, water energy and nuclear energy. Coal is dominant id Chinas energy production and consumption.on.2. Energy consumption volume is increasing while energy utilization efficiency is comparatively low. As the economic scale expands, Chinas energy consumption is on the constant increase. Under the influences of capital, technology, energy price, etc, Chinas energy utilization efficiency is far lower than that of the developed countries. Energy comprehensive utilization efficiency is 32% and the overall energy systematic efficiency 9.3%. These numbers are only half of the developed country level.3. With the sustained increase of energy consumption, the coal-dominant energy structure has caused urban air pollution while with the excessive consumption of bio-mass energy giving rise to ecological destruction, the pressure on ecological environment is more and more severe. According to the World Bank, the economic loss caused by air and water pollution in China, approximately accounts for 3%-8% of GNP.4. The energy structure is getting more and more pluralized. By the middle of the 1990s, energy self-sufficiency rate was 98%, while at present China is the second largest crude oil importer only after USA.The rapid development of Chinas economy is based on the sufficient supply of energy, however, the higher-than-normal oil price on the international market together with Chinas ever-increasing energy demand will be a serious subject faced with Chinas development road. More than 3200 places of terrestrial heat have been discovered in China, 225 of them could be used for power generation. It is estimated that the exploitable reserve of terrestrial heat in China is equal to the power of 462.65 billion tons of standard coal. In recent years, the use of terrestrial heat in our country has increased by 7%. We have used China will adopt the sustainable energy development strategy of an “energy saving prioritized, plural structured, and environment friendly” nature in the coming 20 years. We will adopt the international energy strategy and strive to quadruple GDP with double energy consumption with the help of mechanism innovation and technological advancement. The following specific goals are expected to reach under the sustained energy development strategy: energy consumption of per unit GNP will be reduced by 20% on the level of the end of the 10th five-year plan; primary energy demand will be less than 2.5 billion tons of standard coal by 2020, saving 0.8 billion tons; coal consumption ratio is controlled under 60%, renewable energy utilization reaches 525 million standard coal (power generation by renewable energy stands at 100 million kilowatt); oil importing reliance is controlled under around 60%; the reduction rate of main pollutants is 45%-60%.The Development of New Energy in ChinaNew energy and renewable energy only started to develop in China. As pointed out in the Annual Report of Chinas New Energy Industry released in January, 2007, China will largely increase the rate of new energy such as wind power, solar power, and biomass power in the overall energy consumption. The report says, our first step is; the new energy installed capacity will be 120 million kw by 2020, that is 12% of Chinas total installed power capacity. We will have a boost of power generation by using wind, bio-energy and solar energy. The second step is; the percentage of new energy consumption will increased dramatically comparing to other kind of energies. By 2050, the new energy will account for 30%-40% of the total energy demand of China. Now l would like to give you a brief introduction on wind power, biomass energy, solar energy and terrestrial energy in China.Wind PowerThere are abundant wind power within our huge territory and along our long coastline. According to the survey of China meteorological Academy, based on the results of 900 weather stations, there is 253 million kw of wind power reserve 10 m below our earth. There is a great potential of wind power in the coastal area of eastern China 2-15 meters below sea level. Therefor ,we have a promising future in wind power generation there.Compiled by China Energy Comprehensive Use Association and European Wind Power Society, in a Report named Wind Force 12 in China, it is expected that China will have 40 million kw of wind power capacity in 2020, if is could develop fully. Then, the wind power will go beyond nuclear power and become the third largest power source in China. If that is true, Chinas annual wind power generation would go up to 80 billion kwh, it could be enough for 80 million people. Meantime, it would reduce 48 million tons of CO2 emission. The report also says that China will need over 25 thousand of large wind generators by the year 2020, wind power sale will increase to more than 300 billion yuan, that will create at least 150 thousand of job opportunities. It indicates that in the past 5 years, the cost of wind power will reduce by 20%, its technology cost is one of the lowest which can be decreased among the renewable energies.Biomass energyAccording to the Outline for Mid- long Term Development of Renewable Energy in China, the goal of renewable energy development in the next 15 years is; by 2020, the renewable energy will occupy 16% in the energy structure of China. Among them, the production of ethanol is going up to 10 million tons; bio-diesel fuel 2 million tons; and the major part of the biomass energy development target are bio-energy power generation, Firedamp projects biomass liquid fuel and Biomass solid fuel. The biomass project in China has made great progress now, but it is still in an initial stages.According to the Supporting Policy of Bio-energy and Bio-chemistry development jointly promulgated by several ministries, China will give favorable treatments to support biomass energy development in the following aspects: setting up risk fund system, providing flexible loss subsidy; subsidies for raw material bases and demonstration projects; tax reduction is included. We can predict that the biomass energy in China will be developed rapidly in years to come.Terrestrial Energy12604.6 GWH of terrestrial heat till 2005 with an installed capacity of 3687 MWT, which rank number 1 and number 3 in the world respectively.We use the high heat to generate power and low middle heat to daily purposes. three thermo-power plants have been build in Tibet now, the total installed capacity in China is 29 mw. Terrestrial heat Floors have seen both economical and environmental benefit in the northern part of China as well as in big or medium cities such as: Beijing, Tianjin, Xian and Anshan. It is growing fast in agricultural areas like green house (terrestrial),breed aquatics, irrigation, in health care, recreation and tourism ,tooChina tops the world in utilization of terrestrial heat, but it is only 0.5% of our total energy. Terrestrial power is only 0.35% of the world total generation. We still have a long way to go in developing and utilizing the terrestrial heat.Ocean EnergyExperts have pointed out, while we are exploring petroleum, natural gas, coal and petrification energy, China ought to focus on the future, exploring the promising ocean energy. The clean, renewable ocean energy is the key source of solving the global energy problem, exploiting of ocean energy has been aroused much attention in USA, UK and Australia, some of the experiments have entered a phase of trial operation and evaluation. However, China, Japan and other eastern Asian counties have not realized the true meaning of ocean energy exploration.Chinas Energy StrategyIn order to achieve the goal of building a well-off society and face the severe challenge of the long-term energy development, it is of overriding significance for China to adopt the right energy development strategy. Drawing upon the successful experiences of the developed countries and also proceeding from its national condition, China will establish a long and middle term sustainable energy strategy that is in accordance with increasing energy efficiency and protecting the environment.中国的生物质能源中国的能源蕴藏量位居世界前列，同时也是世界第二大能源生产国与消费国。中国远景一次能源资源总储量估计为4万亿吨标准煤。但是，人均能源资源占有量和消费量远低于世界平均水平。中国能源开发利用呈现出以下主要特点。一是能源以煤炭为主，可再生资源开发利用程度很低。中国探明的煤炭资源占煤炭、石油、天然气、水能和核能等一次能源总量的90%以上，煤炭在中国能源生产与消费中占支配地位。二是能源消费总量不断增长，能源利用效率较低。随着经济规模的不断扩大，中国的能源消费呈持续上升趋势。受资金、技术、能源价格等因素的影响，中国能源利用效率比发达国家低很多。能源综合利用效率为32%，能源系统总效率为9.3%，只有发达国家的50%左右。三是随着能源消费量的持续上升，以煤炭为主的能源结构造成城市大气污染，过度消耗生物质能引起生态破坏，生态环境压力越来越大。世界银行认为，中国空气和水污染所造成的经济损失，大体占国内生产总值的3%8%。四是能源结构正在向多元化转变，上世纪90年代中期以前还是能源自给率达98%，而目前已经成为仅次于美国的第二大原油进口国。中国经济的高速发展是建立在能源共给充足的基础上的，但国际市场趋高的原油价格和中国日益增加的能源需求将成为摆在中国发展道路上的严峻课题。中国的能源战略为实现全面建设小康社会的目标和应对能源长远发展遇到的严峻挑战，中国采取正确的能源战略具有决定性意义。中国将吸取西方发达国家的成功经验，根据具体国情，建立符合中国特色的能源效率不断提高和环境保护日益加强的中长期可持续发展能源战略。未来2 0年中国将实行“节能优先、结构多元、环境友好”的可持续能源发展战略。将依靠体制创新和技术进步，实行能源国际化战略，力争实现GDP翻两番，能源消费翻一番的目际。通过实行可持续发展的能源战略，有望达到如下理想目标：单位国内生产总值能源消耗比“十五”期末降低20左右；到2020年一次能源需求少于25亿吨标准煤，节能达到8亿吨标准煤；煤炭消费比例控制在60左右，可再生能源利用达到5.25亿标准煤(其中可再生能源发电达到1亿千瓦)；石油进口依存度控制在60左右；主要污染物的削减率为4560。新型能源在中国的发展新型能源及可再生能源在中国方兴未艾。2007年1月发布的中国新能源产业年度报告指出，中国将大幅度提高风能、太阳能、生物质能等新能源在整个能源消费中的比例。报告指出，第一步，在2020年达到新能源发展装机1.2亿千瓦，占全国发电装机总容量的12%，大力推进风力发电、生物质发电、太阳能发电。第二步，大幅提高新能源在整个能源消费中的比例，在2050年实现新能源满足能源需求的30%-40%的战略目标。以下就中国在风能、生物质能、太阳能、地热能等领域的发展作简要介绍。风能我国幅员辽阔，海岸线长，风能资源比较丰富。中国气象科学研究院根据全国900多个气象站的测量结果计算出中国陆地10m高度层实际可开发的风能储量为2.53亿kw。另外，中国东部沿海地区水深215m的海域面积非常巨大，中国海上风电开发前景更加广阔。由中国资源综合利用协会可再生能源专业委员会与绿色和平、欧洲风能协会共同编写的名为风力12在中国的报告指出，如果充分开发，中国有能力在2020年实现4000万千瓦的风电装机容量，风电将超过核电成为中国第三大主力发电电源。如果这一目标能够实现，中国风电年发电量将达到800亿千瓦时，可满足8000万人的用电需求，同时每年减少4800万吨二氧