2000年至2015年专八改错真题及答案.doc

2000 年-2015 年专八短文改错试题，参考答案以及答案分析 2005年3月21日专业八级考试改错When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular showon ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round a the luxury of the 1. _rink, my friends mother remarked on the “plush” seats we had beengiven. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my 2. _vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. “Plush”was clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive evaluation; that 3. _much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the context. So I 4. _started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, andso are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters, arent they? Myfriends mother was very polite to correct me, but I could tell from her 5. _expression that I had not got the word quite right.Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughlymeans, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both 6. _new words and new meanings for familiar words, specially in our 7. _own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should haveasked for Plush, and this is particularly true in the 8. _aspect of a foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by 9. _speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask them directly, but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English.So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap. 10. _2014改错 There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to early 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions (1) _have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: (2) _l Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? (3) _l What is the explanation for the fact adults have (4) _more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?l What motivates people to acquire additional language?l What is the role of the language teaching in the (5) _acquisition of additional languages?l What social-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all (6) _the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do (7) _so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under (8) _focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning (9) _or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. (10) _2013 专八短文改错试题Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding, production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with (1) _listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually (2) _happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. (3) _Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, (4) _you normally cannot help but understand it. It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of the complexity (5) _involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has influenced (6) _their language; if we observe a child acquire language; if (7) _we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else who is. As we shall see, all these examples (8) _of what might be called “language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking, (9) _listening, writing and reading. But given that language processes were normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful (10) _experiments to get at what is happening.2012年The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least the first (1) _century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writersfavoured certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) _sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th (5) _century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the (9) _extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, thenature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed. Toooften, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. (10) _2011年专八真题改错部分From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knewthat when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about 1_seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did sowith the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that 2_soon or later I should have to settle down and write books. 3_ I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years 4_on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my 5_schooldays. I had the lonely childs habit of making up stories andholding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from 6_the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of 7_being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created 8_a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure 9_in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious i.e. seriously 10_intended writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my firstpoem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2010年专八真题改错部分So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1_the things their speakers want to say. 2_There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive3_peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the 4_fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak aboutsnow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled primitive) is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6_in English, a show of unexpected primitiveness. The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar7_ environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8_for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in whichEnglishwas habitually used made such distinction as important. 9_ Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos life. 10_09专八改错原题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passesfrom one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference (1)_between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the (2)_little listener has grown up, and has children of their own, or even (3)_grandchildren. The period between learning a nursery rhyme andtransmittingit may be something from twenty to seventy years. With (4)_the playgroundlore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed (5)_on within the very hourit is learnt; and in the general, it passes (6)_between children of the same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age between playmates to be more than five years. If ,therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have beencurrently for a hundred years, oreven just for fifty, it follows that it (7)_has been retransmitted over and over; very possibly it has passed (8)_along a chain of two or threehundred young hearers and tellers, andthe wonder is that it remains liveafter so much handling, (9)_to let alone that it bears resemblance to the (10)_2008年专八真题 短文改错 The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one, and in result language has played a prominent _1_part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate _2_a given language to show that they are distinctive from another _3_ race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States _4_split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a _5_different language from those of Britain. There was even one _6_ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favouredthe adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English _7_ and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone _8_ knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before. _9_Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world _10_that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a commonlanguage. 07专八真题 短文改错From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can make very positive statements about how language originated. There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1_records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2_emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3_originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4_necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries 5_than we find in English. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in 6_other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7_such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different, serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8_between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9_whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are 10_wholly conventional. 2006专八短文改错We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1_to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2_message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3_set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4_thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5_speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses active-ly and that which he recognises, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6_But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the systemremains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7_member of his linguistic community; he bas to give the system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8_common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9_among most striking of human achievements. 10_ 2005年专八真题短文改错The University as BusinesA number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than the current, very low rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common 1_ stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the 2_ outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3_ business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty 4_ increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in 5_ graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor ones job prospects, 6_ the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students 7_ include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminate required courses. 8_ Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the 9_ rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purely of need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best 10_ customer.2004改错One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - eitherstanding committees, special committees set for a specific (1)_purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)_Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test