国际商法术语.doc

1. terms translation.Acceptance with Modifications（对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance（承诺/受盘）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为）Administrative Management （经营管理）Alternative Dispute Resolution （ADR解决方式）Anticipatory Breach in Common Law （普通法上预期违约）Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构）Applicability of the CISG(CISG的适用范围) Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请）Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses （仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals（仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements（保护文学艺术作品的协定）Artistic Property Agreements（文学艺术品产权协定）Assignment（合同权利转让）Attorney-General（法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution （自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance（解除）Bases of Income Taxation（所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms（形式上的分歧冲突）Bills of Lading （提单）Branch Banking（银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital （企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyers Remedies（买方可以采取的救济措施）Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）Carriers Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carriers Immunities（承运人责任/义务的豁免）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）ChinasFundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择）CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （成本保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law (民法法系)Commercial Arbitration （国际商事仲裁）Common Enterprise Liability（企业的一般责任）Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange （汇票处理的一般程序）Common Stock （股票）Company Taxpayers（公司/法人企业纳税人）Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(内国法系的比较研究)Compulsory Licenses（强制许可）Conformity of Goods（与合同约定相符合的货物）Consideration in Common Law（英美法上的对价） Contemporary International Trade Law（当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods（国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent （代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal （委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG（排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权/版权）Creation of Agency （代理创立）Creditors of Partners（合伙人的债权人）Custom（习惯）Debt Securities （债券）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features（定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading（提单迟延）Denial of Justice（司法不公）Direct Effect（直接效力）Direct Exporting(直接出口) Directors and Officers Duties to the Corporation（董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement（争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement（协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order （依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership （散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments（收入分配和投资回收） Distribution to Shareholders （红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities（文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision（双重征税的规定）Double Taxation（双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal （代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal （委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent （代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business（对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith （忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer（邀约/发盘的效力）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the Peoples Republic of China （在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment （外国法院判决的执行）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Escape Clause（免责条款）European Union Law on Trade in Services（欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律）Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law （大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions（例外）Exclusive Licenses（独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance （不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance（不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口) Expropriation（征收）Failure to Exhaust remedies（没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)（装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes（外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process（正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract（合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外)Frauds on Bills of Lading（提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation（受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区/自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course（票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations（地区限制）Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest（政府利益原则）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency（行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定）Industrial Property Agreements （保护工业产权的协定）Inquiry（调查）Insider Trading Regulations（内幕交易规则）Insurance Cover （保险范围）Integration of Company and Personal Income Taxes（公司和个人所得税的征收）Intellectual Property Right Law （知识产权法）International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes （解决投资争端国际中心）International Commercial Dispute Settlement （国际商事争端的解决）International Court of Justice （海牙联合国国际法院）International Franchising(国际特许经营权) International Model Law(国际示范法)International Organizations(国际组织)International Persons（国际法主体）International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(国际贸易术语解释通则)International Trade Customs and Usages(国际贸易惯例和习惯)International Treaties and Conventions(国际条约和公约)International Tribunals （国际法庭）Interpreting of the CISG (CISG的解释) Invitation Offer （要约邀请要约引诱询盘）Involuntary Dissolution （非自愿解散）Issuance of Securities（证券发行）Jurisdiction and Venue （管辖权和法院地）Jurisdiction in Civil Cases（民事案件的管辖权）Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases（刑事案件的管辖权）Know-how （技术秘密/专有技术）Lack of Genuine Link（缺乏真实的联系）Lack of Nationality（无国籍）Law Applicable to Letters of Credit （调整信用证的法律）Law of Foreign Investment Enterprises of China （中国的外商投资企业法）Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures（中华人民共和国中外合作企业法） Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures（中华人民共和国中外合资企业法） Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises（中华人民共和国外资企业法）Legal Characteristics （定义和法律特征）Legal Structure of the WTO （世界贸易组织的法律框架）Legal System of International Business(国际商事的法律体系)Letters of Credit (L/C)（信用证）Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers and Accommodation Parties（票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任）Liability for Environmental Damage（环境损害责任）Liability Limits（承运人责任/义务的限制）Licensing Regulations（许可证制度）Limitations on Foreign Equity（外国投资的资金比例限制）Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note 661 （票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制）Liquidated Damages （约定的损害赔偿金）Liquidation （清算）Maritime Liens （留置权）Means of Delivery（根据交付方式）Mediation（调停/调解）Membership（成员）Methods of Investment Contribution（出资方式）Mini-trial （模拟审判方式）Misrepresentation（误解） Most Significant Relationship（最密切联系原则）Most-favored-nation Treatment （最惠国待遇原则）Multilateral Trade Agreements（多边贸易协定）Multilateral Trade Negotiations （多边贸易谈判）Multinational Enterprise（跨国企业）Municipal Legal Systems（内国法系）2. terms explanation.(1)Precedent(判例)A prior judicial decision relied on as authority or guide for resolving later, similar cases.(2)Limited liability company(有限责任公司)A limited liability company is a company formed for the purpose of conducting a business for profit by nature or legal persons who shall make a capital contribution and who shall be liable for the debts or obligations of the company to the extent of their respective capital contributions. (3) General partnership(普通合伙)A general partnership enterprise may be formed by general partners. The partners shall bear unlimited joint and several liabilities for the debts of the partnership enterprise.(4)Limited partnership(有限合伙) A limited partnership is a form of partnership similar to a general partnership, except for one or more general partners, there are one or more limited partners. The general partners are, in all major respects, they have management control, share the right to use partnership property, share the profits of the firm in predefined proportions, and have joint several liabilities for the debts of the partnership. But the limited partner(s) cannot participate in the management and control of the partnerships business. (5) Offer(要约)A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. (6) Acceptance(承诺)A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. (7) Contract(合同)A contract means an agreement on the establishment, alteration or termination of a civil right-obligation relationship between natural persons, legal person or other organization as subjects with equal status. (8)Agency(代理) A legal relationship whereby one perso