土木英语翻译答案.doc

Unit21 a system of forces is said to be in equilibrium when the resultant of the forces and the resultant of all the moment at one point are equal to zero2 if there are more than three unknowns ,the equations cannot be completely solved and the system will be statically indeterminate or redundant.3 the the reaction must be capable of resisting any displacement or rotation that is applied to the structure4 however，for the purpose of calculation it will be sufficiently accurate to assume that the load is acting at the point5 it can be seen that the question of stability and determinacy of the reactions must be independent of the actual loading that is applied to the structure6 当所有力的合力和某一点所有弯矩等于零时，力系处于平衡状态。7 如果未知量超过三个就不能完全求解平衡方程系统给静不定8 反力必须能够抵抗施加在结构上任何很小的位移和转动9 为了计算假设荷载作用在一点是足够精确地10 可以看出稳定问题和反力问题的确定必须独立于施加在结构上的实际荷载Unit511 for most design situations the code will specify the magnitude of the loads12 design for wind effects is complicated by a number of phenomena13 the great the floor area that is to be supported by a single member，the smaller will be the probability that the code live load will appear with its full intensity14 however compared to the other structural loads，the dead load variations are relatively small，and the actual mean values are quite close to the code-prescribed data15 in theory，at least，the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant16 对于大多数设计情况规范规定的是静力荷载的大小17 对于风作用许多现象使设计复杂化18 类似的，单个构件承担的楼板面积越大，在整个面积上，规范活荷载已全部强度出现的概率就越小19 然而，与其他结构荷载相比，横在变化是相对较小的，实际平均值于规范规定的值很接近10. 至少在理论上，结构上恒荷载被认为是保持不变的Unit620 a crack in the tension zone of concrete implies that some slip has occurred between the steel reinforcement and the surrounding concrete21 however ,if the concrete stain is measured over a gauge length that includes several cracks ,it is found that bernoullis principle applies to this average tensile strain22 some deviation from linearity must be expected because of small inaccuracies in individual strain measurements and small errors in the location of gauge lines23 stress-strain curves for the concrete were also determined from axially loaded cylinders and were found to be similar to the stress-stain curves for the concrete in the specimens24 any tensile stress that exists in the concrete just below the neutral axis is small and has a small lever arm25 混凝土受拉区出现裂缝就意味着混凝土与钢筋之间已经出现滑移26 如果测量混凝土应变的标距包括数个裂缝，则帕努利原理可适用于平均拉应变27 由于每个应变的测量误差和测量线位置的误差，计算结果可能会偏离线性假定28 中性轴下方混凝土中的拉应力很低，而且其内力壁也很小Unit929 probably the most difficult of problems that soils engineer is asked to solve is the accurate prediction of the settlement of a loaded foundation30 vertical deformation due to the change in shape is the immediate settlement31 by the principle of superposition it is possible to determine the immediate settlement under any point of the base of a foundation32 the pore water in a saturated will commence to drain away room after immediate settlement has taken place, the removal of this water leading to the volume change is known as consolidation33 the apparatus generally used in the laboratory to determine the primary compression characteristics of a soil is known as consolidation test apparatus34 岩土工程师需要解决的最困难的问题可就是准确预测地基在荷载作用下的沉降35 由于形状的改变而引起的竖向变相就是瞬时沉降36 根据叠加理论可以确定基地任意一点的瞬时沉降37 在瞬时变形发生后不久，饱和粘土中的空隙土压力就会开始消散10. 通常在实验室中用来表示土的主压缩特性的设备就是固结仪Unit1038 this point is crucial to the interpretation of shear strength parameters39 the characteristics of dry and saturated sands are the same ,provided there is zero excess pore water pressure in the case or saturated sands40 in a dense sand there is a considerable degree interlocking between particles41 the term dilatory is used to describe the increase in volume or a dense sand during shearing and the rate or dilation can be represented by the gradient ,the maximum rate corresponding to the peak stress42 the stress-strain relationship or a clay depends on the stress history of the clay43 这点对于分析抗剪强度参数是至关重要的44 只要在饱和情况下的沙土中的超孔隙水压力为零，干砂和饱和土的特性就是相同45 在密砂中，颗粒间相互咬合的程度很高46 膨胀性这个术语是用来描述密实沙土在剪切过程中体积增加的过程10. 一种粘土的应力应变关系取决于该粘土的应力历史Unit1447 welding is process in which two piece of metal are fused together by heat to form a joint48 the chemical and mechanical properties of the deposited weld metal should be as similar as possible to those of the best metal49 the cross section of a typical fillet weld is right triangle with equal legs50 the convex fillet weld is the more desirable of the two ,since it has less tendency to crack as a result of shrinking while cooling51 where possible ,groove welds should be avoided because of their high cost compared with fillet welds52 焊接是通过热量将两块金属融合到一起形成连接的过程53 焊条的化学性和力学性质应该尽可能地与主体金属想似54 典型角焊缝的横截面是等肢直角三角形55 两种角焊缝中更希望的是凸面角焊缝，因为冷却是不是产生收缩裂纹10. 在可能的情况下，应该避免坡口焊缝，应为与角焊缝相比，它的造价更高Unit1856 the basic function columns is the delivery of vertical force to the base of the structural frame57 since the concrete core is contained confined by the steel shell ,interaction between the steel and concrete is assured58 in current practice ,lightweight spray-on fire protection is used in lieu of concrete59 concrete helps to support all loads applied thereafter60 the concrete in the core of the steel pipe column provides additional strength ,toughness ,and stiffness to the steel column61 柱子的基本功能是将竖向力传递给结构框架的基础62 由于包含了混凝土核心并受钢外壳的约束，因此确保了刚与混凝土之间的相互作用63 在目前实践中，轻质，喷涂防火保护由混凝土代替64 混凝土帮助支撑此后施加的所有荷载65 钢管柱核心的混凝土给钢管柱提供了额外的强度韧性和刚度+Unit1966 an earthquake is the vibratory movement of the earths surface that follows a sudden release of energy in the crust67 the major attention in structural design for seismic effects is on the response to the vibratory motions on the ground surface68 besides the size on a quake and its location ,the other major factor determining the potential for damage is nature other the structures affected by the quake69 the point on the ground surface immediately above the initial rupture point is called the epicenter on the quake70 movement in different directions has different effects on the building and all on these effects must be considered71 地正式地壳中伴随能量突然释放的地面震动72 结构设计中，对于地震作用主要注意的是结构对地面运动的响应73 除了震动的大小位置，决定随坏潜力的其他主要因素是受震动影响的结构的性质74 紧邻初始断裂点以上的地面上的点称为震中75 不同方向的运动对建筑物有不同的影响，必须考虑所用这些影响Unit2076 generally construction management is performed without any risk on capital to the construction manager77 such companies take on contract for both design and financing on the project78 in general ,the contract documents should be identified and agreed to by both parties79 in a small contracting organization project management is generally the province organization the proprietor80 minutes kept of the plans of action discussed at each meeting should be distributed as soon as possible to all attending81 一般来讲惊醒施工管理时，施工经理没有任何资金风险82 这些公司承担的合同既包括建筑的设计也包括他的施工83 一般来讲，合同文件件需要经过双方的确认和同意84 在小的合同组织里，项目管理通常是经营者的职责85 每一次会议所有的行动计划的记录都要尽快发放给所有与会人员 1、土木工程可分为许多分支，如结构工程、交通工程、环境工程和岩土工程等。Civil Engineering can be divided into many branches, such as structural engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering and geotechnical engineering.2、与其他土木工程分支不同，在岩土工程中，很难明确定义边界条件And other civil engineering branch, in geotechnical engineering, it is difficult to clearly define the boundary conditions.3、结构工程涉及计算结构中的应力和内力等作用效应，以及确定结构构件的材料、尺寸和外形等。Structural engineering involves computing architectures such as stress and internal force action effect, as well as to determine the structural components of the material, size and shape.4、采用GPS和激光扫描技术可精确测量角度、水平和垂直距离等。GPS and laser scanning technology can accurately measure the angle, horizontal and vertical distance.5、过去卫生工程基本不涉及当今环境工程所包括的危险废物处理。Sanitary engineering in the past do not involve hazardous waste treatment, including environmental engineering today.6、当所有力的合力和某一点所有弯矩的合力矩等于零时，力系处于平衡状态。A system of forces is said to be in equilibrium when the resultant of all the forces and the resultant of all the moments at one point are equal to zero.7、如果未知量超过三个，就不能完全求解平衡方程，系统为静不定。If there are more than three unknowns,the equations cannot be completely solved and the system will be statically indeterminate.8、反力必需能够抵抗施加在结构上的任何很小的位移和转动。The reaction must be able to resist applied to the structure of any small displacement and rotation.9、为了计算，假设荷载作用在一点是足够精确的。In order to calculate, assuming that the load point is sufficiently accurate.10、可以看出，稳定问题和反力的确定必需独立于施加在结构上的实际荷载。It can be seen that the stability and reaction to determine the required independent of the actual load imposed structure.11、对于大多数设计情况，规范规定的是静力荷载的大小。For most designs, the specification is the size of the static load.12、对于风作用，许多现象使设计复杂化。Design for wind effects is complicated by a number of phenomena.13、类似地，单个构件承担的楼板面积越大，在整个面积上，规范活荷载以全部强度出现的概率就越小。Similarly,the greater the floor area that is to be supported by a single member,the smaller will be the probability that the code live load will appear with its full intensity over the entire area.14、然而，与其他结构荷载相比，恒载变化是相对较小的，实际平均值与规范规定的值很接近。However,compared to the other structural loads,the dead load variations are relatively small,and the actual mean values are quite close to the code-prescribed data.15、至少在理论上，结构上的恒载被认为是保持不变的。In theory,at least,the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant.16、混凝土受拉区出现裂缝就意味着混凝土与钢筋之间已经出现滑移。A crack in the tension zone of concrete implies that some slip has occurred between the steel reinforcement and the surrounding concrete.17、如果测量混凝土应变的标距包括数个裂缝，则伯努利原理可适用于平均拉应变。If the concrete strain is measured over a gauge length that includes several cracks,it is found that Bernoullis principle applies to this average tensile strain.18、由于每个应变的测量误差和测量线位置的误差，计算结果可能会偏离线性假定。The error due to measurement error for each strain and the location of the measuring line, the results may deviate from the linear assumption.19、混凝土的应力-应变曲线也可以由轴心受压圆柱体试件确定，而且可以发现它与本文结果类似。Concrete stress - strain curve can also be determined by the axial compression cylinder specimen and found it similar to the results of this paper.20、中性轴下方混凝土中的拉应力很低，而且其内力臂也很小。Tensile stress in the concrete below the neutral axis is very low, and the lever arm is also very small.21、岩土工程师需要解决的最困难的问题可能就是准确预测地基在荷载作用下的荷载。Probably the most difficult of the problems that a soils engineer is asked to solve is the accurate prediction of the settlement of a loaded foundation.22、由于形状的改变而引起的竖向变形就是瞬时沉降。Vertical deformation due to the change in shape is the immediate settlement.23、根据叠加理论可以确定基底任一点的瞬时沉降。By the principle of superposition it is possible to determine the immediate settlement under any point of the base of a foundation.24、在瞬时变形发生后不久，饱和黏土中的孔隙压力就会开始消散。Shortly after the occurrence of the instantaneous deformation, pore pressure in saturated clay will begin to dissipate.25、通常在实验室中用来确定土的主压缩特性的设备是固结仪。The apparatus generally used in the laboratory to determine the primary compression characteristics of a soil is known as the consolidation test apparatus.26、焊接是通过热量将两块金属熔合到一起形成连接的过程。Welding is a process in which two pieces of metal are fused together by heat to form a joint.27、焊条的化学和力学性质应该尽可能地与主体金属相似。The chemical and mechanical properties of the deposited weld metal should be as similar as possible to those of the base metal.28、典型角焊缝的横截面是等肢直角三角形。The cross section of a typical fillet weld is a right triangle with equal legs.29、两种角焊缝中更希望的是凸面角焊缝，因为冷却时不会产生收缩裂纹。The convex fillet weld is the more desirable of the two,since it has less tendency to crack as a result of shrinking while cooling.30、在可能的情况下，应该避免坡口焊缝，因为与角焊缝相比，它的造价更高。Where possible,groove welds should be avoided because of their high cost compared with fillet welds.31、地震中是地壳中伴随着能量突然释放的地面震动。An earthquake is the vibratory movement of the earths surface that follows a sudden release of energy i