美国概况知识点 中英文对照.doc

英语国家概况美国部分 Part I 地理位置 GeographyChapter: 13 geography 地理位置1. Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American. Alaska lies in the northwestern of Canada, and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位于中太平洋。 2。The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。4。The Rockies, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。5。The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky Mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。 6。The Mississippi River is the largest river in American, over 4000 kilometers. The Mississippi has been called “father of waters” or “old man river”.密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”。7。The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr, As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry. The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials.俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的商品如高品质的焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。8。On the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。9。The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的天然界河 10. The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan, the only entirely in the U.S., Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。Part II 美国气候概述1) A humid continental climate (湿润的大陆性气候） is found in the north-eastern part of the country.2) In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(湿润的亚热带气候-东南部）3）The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate海洋性气候-太平洋西北岸）4）The southern part of the Pacific coast in California（加州太平洋沿岸南部） has a Mediterranean climate (地中海式气候）with warm, dry summers and moist winters.12。Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States. Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes.影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西洋，墨西哥湾，五大湖。13。Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into seven geographical regions.美国从东到西可分为9个地理区。14。New England is made up of six states of the Northeast. Because of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most important farm activity, New English is also well-known for its position in education, Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are located here.新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，由于土壤多石，不利于农业生产，乳制品业是最重要的农业活动，许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。15。New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees, which came to stand for all American.新英格兰人最初曾被称作“美国佬”，这一名称，后来渐渐指所有的美国人。 16。The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the united states.大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的1/5。17。The soil is rich, the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long. These factors make the Midwest Americas most important agricultural area .It is also a major manufacturing region and the nations leading center of heavy industry.中西部地区是美国最重要的农业区，也是主要的制造业区各最主要的重工业区。18. Chicago, the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area.芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，也是该地区最大的工商业中心。19. Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world. Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the United states.底特律被称作 “汽车之都”，奥马哈被称作农业之都。20. Dry farming, irrigation farming, and the cattle and sheep herding are the main activities of the Great Plains of the American West.旱地农业，灌溉农业和牛羊牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。21。Colorado has been called the steel city of the west ,Denver is the largest city of the Great Plains.科罗拉多市被称作“西部钢城”，丹佛市是大平原地区最大的城市。22。The largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.美国最大的土著群落位于科罗拉多高原。23。Mauna Loa, the worlds largest volcano, is located on Hawaii and erupts from time to time; Sugar cane and pineapples are Hawaiis main crops. Tourism is Hawaiis most important industry.莫纳洛阿火山是世界最大的活火山，甘蔗和菠罗是夏威夷的两大作物，旅游业是夏威夷最重要的产业。24。Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska.火奴鲁鲁是夏威夷的首府，朱诺是阿拉斯加的首府Part III 美国人口种族Population Race and Ethnic groupschapter 14：Population Race and Ethnic groups 1. The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after China and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。2。Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth, The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。3。Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。4。Arizona, Nevada, and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。5。The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands.美国历史是第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。6。The first of these immigration waves in the mid-1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.三次移民浪潮中最大的一次是1890-1914年。7.One in five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity, a better climate of other goals.有1/5的美国人每年搬一次家。8。美国的四次大规模的人口流动：流动方向The First: 1865-1880 east coast -west The Second: 1980-1920 rural areas -citiesThe Third: 1920-1960 the south/black people -other areasThe fourth: 1960-now Northeast /Central-N-the West/the South9。A large number of blank people move out of the south to other areas during the period between 1920-1960.大批黑人离开南方涌向外地发生在1920-1960年间。10。The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国人口第三多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12.1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。11。Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States. They are Mexico-Americans of Chicanos ,the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，波多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。 12。The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor market is their low education. Hispanics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial and ethnic group.讲西班牙语的美国人在其他种族的民族中失学率最高，因此，阻挡他们在劳动力市场获得成功的最主要是教育程度低。13。The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States. The largest group of Asian-Americans is the Chinese-Americans. Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-American: education, hard work, and family.美国少数民族人口中增长最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专家指出亚洲三大传统可以用来解释亚裔美国人的成功：教育，工作努力和家庭稳固。 14。Traditionally, the mainstream American were called WASPs, that is ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.传统上读，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。 Notes:1。The Hispanics 讲西班牙语的（人或民族）The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking persons of Latin-American origin who live in the United States. Now there are three major Hispanic groups which have great influence on the U.S. They are Mexico-American of Chicano, Puerto Ricans and Cuban-American.Part IV 美国历史（一）American History (I)Chapter 15: American History(1) 美国历史（一）1. The first American were the Indians. The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.“最早的美国人”是印地安人，英国于1607年在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯，到1733年，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了十三个殖民地。2。In 1620, 201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony. 1620年，有201名英国清教徒乘坐一艘名为 “五月花号” 的船到达了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地。3。From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony.从1630-1643年，约有200艘船把2万英国人运抵马萨诸塞弯殖民地。4。The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World. There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character. They were : representative from of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.殖民主义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要作用：建立代表制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。5。In September 1744, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged American to refuse to buy British goods.1774年9月，第一届大陆议会在费城召开，鼓励美国人拒绝买英货。6。The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.独立宣言是由托马斯杰斐逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰洛克。7。On the Christmas Day of 1776, the Americans defeated the British troops at Trenton, New Jersey. Not long afterwards, the Americans troops defeated the British at Saratoga in Northern New York. This was a great turning point of the War of Independence, leading directly to an alliance between the U.S and France.1766年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西的特伦顿挫败英军，这之后不久，美军在萨拉托加击败英军，史称“萨拉托加大捷”。这次胜利被认为是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的建立。8。In September, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, Britain recognized the independence of the U.S. 1783年9月簦订巴黎和约，英正式承认美国独立。9。The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of the constitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory.联邦文集被认为是对美国宪法最好的解释，也是美国最重要的政治理论著作之一。10。The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution, which was called the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals rights. 宪法的前十条修正案正案被称为人权法案。11. The Articles of Confederation was accepted by all the states by Match 1781. It has two serious weaknesses: 1) there was no national executive of law-enforcing branch; 2) Congress has no power to raise taxes.178年美国各州批准了被称为联邦条款的文件，它有两缺陷：一是没有执行或执法机构; 二是国会由于过于庞大起不到政府的作用，而且国会无权征税。12。The U.S went to war with Britain in 1812, the last war fought between these two countries.英美最后一次交火是1812的英美战争。13。During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence, the Americans forced England to give up the Old Northwest and they forced Spain to open the Mississippi river. Their crossing of the Mississippi helped persuade Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. In 1853, in the Gadaden Purchase another 30000 square miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the U.S.在独战后十三年的印第安战争中，美国人迫使英国放弃了旧西北地区，使西班牙开放密西西比河，促使拿破伦把路易斯安娜地区卖给美国，在1853年的加兹登购买中，另外的3万平方英里的墨西哥土地也变成了美国领土。14。The twp famous leaders of black movement in the U.S in the 1830s were Garrison and Frederick Douglass.在19世纪30年代两位著名的黑人领袖为加里森和道格拉斯。15。The Union army under the command of UlyssesGrant defeated the Confederate army at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, this victory was the turning point of the Civil War. 北方联军在尤利西斯格兰特的指挥下，在宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡击败了南方联盟军，葛底斯堡大捷是美国内战的转折点。16。In the Civil war, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation.美国内战期间，林肯发表了解放奴隶宣言17。On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He ended his speech with these memorable words: “That government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”.1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他以令人难忘的语言结束了演说: “民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失”。18。A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Constitutional Convention.1787年在费城召开的制宪会议上，除了罗得岛外，其他所有州都参加了，大家讨论如何使联邦条款能够满足需要。名词解释和问答题：Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言the Emancipation of Proclamation 解放奴隶宣言Chapter 16: American History(2) 美国历史（二）（1900-1945)1 In 1880, the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900, the U.S. produced 245 million tons of coal, ranking first in the world. 1880年美国钢产量世界第一，1900年煤产量世界第一。2 Large corporation, urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20th century.大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。3In 1903, the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In 1911, Glenn E. Curiss designed and flew a successful plane. 1903年，莱特兄弟发明了第一架飞机，但只飞行了12秒。1911年格伦E库利斯设计了一架飞机，并成功试飞。4 At the beginning of the WWI, the U.S. was impartial neither in action, nor in thought. It pursued a policy of pro-Ally partiality.第一次世界大战开始时，美国宣布保持中立，但在行动和思想上都没有做到中立，美国真正奉行的是支持同盟国的政策。5 The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.许多历史学家都把美国的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神上迷惘或漫无目标的时期。6 The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic depression in the late 1920S and 1930S.股票市场的崩溃是1929-1933年的经济大萧条的开端。7 The aim of President Roosevelts New measures was to save American democracy and the capitalist system.罗斯福总统新政措施的目的在于 “拯救美国民主”及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济制度。8 In the early 1930s, the American foreign policy was isolationism, to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.在30年代初期，美国奉行的是孤立主义的外交政策，即使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的争斗。9 During the WWII, the postponement of the opening of the Second Front was a reflection of the Americans desire not to give the Soviet Union the possibility of quick expansion.二战期间，美国延缓开辟第二战场就反映出美国不让苏联有迅速扩张的可能性。10American diplomacy in WWII was largely diplomacy towards Britain and the Soviet Union. There were two guiding principles behind all diplomatic activities: 1）to win the war; 2）to establish t postwar political structure in accord with American interests and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.二战期间，美国的外交政策大体上是针对英国和前苏联的，所有外交政策的两个主导原则是：羸得战争，按美国利益建立战后政治格局并阻止苏联的过度扩张。11 The leaders of the U.S.， the Soviet Union and Britain met three times during the WWII. 1）The first summit was held at Teheran in November 1943. At the conference it was decided that a large-scale attack on the south of France would be launched in May, 1944, which was codenamed Overlord. 2）The second conference was held in Yalta in February, 1945. It decided on the setting-up of a world organization: the United Nation .3) The third conference was held at Potsdam, which confirmed the temporary division of Europe agreed to at Yalta.二战期间，英，美，苏三国领导人共会晤了三次，第一次是在1943年11月在德黑兰会议，该会议决定进行代号为“霸王行动”的军事行动，向法国南部大举进攻，第二次是1945年2月的雅尔塔会议，本次会议决定建立联合国组织，第三次是在1945年7、8月间在柏林城外举行的波茨坦会议，该会主要确认了雅尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分配。名词解释1 The Muckrakers(黑幕揭发者)The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who made investigations and exposed the dark sides of the society.2.the Progressive Movement (进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism）It was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which demanded government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social and economic reforms.3.Laissez faire(放任主义)It was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property. 4.the Red scare(红色恐惧)Between 1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalism existed. On November 7, 1919 and January 2, 1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass attests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S.5.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It was a violent society which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks, but also progressives, Communist and socialist party members, etc.6.the New Deal(罗斯福新政)It was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to “save American democracy” and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.7. Isolationism(孤立主义)It was the American foreign policy in the early 1930s. it tried to keep the U.S out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.Chapter 17 American History (III) in post-W.W.II Era(1945-1980S)1. On Feb 22,1946, George Kennan, a high-ranking official in the American embassy to Moscow, wrote in the telegram that the U.S. policy should be vigilant containment of Russian expansi