状语从句 大集合 详解加例句 一目了然.xls

时间状语从句 时间状 语从句 when 表达时间 是过去 at that time 短暂动作时使 用一般过去时态 主句一般过去时 从句一般过去时 都表达从句动作先发生 意 义相差不大 句型可转换 I started my dinner when he left 主句一般过去时 从句过去完成时I started my dinner when he had left 主句过去完成时 从句一般过去时 若要表示主句动作先发生 则主句使用过去完成时 I had started my dinner when he left during that time 延续动作 使用过去进行时 主句一般过去时 从句过去进行时The doorbell rang when I was telephoning 主句过去进行时 从句一般过去时 可在从句中加suddenly一词 I was telephoning when the bell rang 表达时间 是将来 表示从句 动作先发 生 主句一般将来时 从句一般现在时 从句用一般现在时表将来 I ll tell him about it when he comes back 主句一般将来时 从句现在完成时 从句用现在完成时表一个将要发生的动作 为了强调 在从句动作 结束了之后 主句动作才开始发生 此时从句动作一般都是要持续一 段时间的 The winner will be declared when every competitor has finished the course 表示主句 先发生 主句将来完成时 从句一般现在时The performer will already have played the music when we get there 主句将来进行时 从句一般现在时 The performer will be playing the music when we get there 表示时间 是现在 主从句都用一般现在时 表示一般动作的when引导的从句往往是说明 一般情况 阐明一个道理 常出现在名言警句 或格言中 whenever表示 无论如何 相当于when的强调形式 Smile whenever you pick up the phone for the caller will be able to notice it while during that time 从句的谓语动词通常是延续动词 还有另外三个意思 表示条件的 只要 表示对比的 然而 表示让步的 尽管 The doorbell rang while we all watching TV until 延续动词 延续动词 until 连词 从句的短暂动词Until I came back he was waiting for me at my home 延续动词 until 介词 表示时间点的名词短语I will be away from my office until next Tuesday 短暂动词 not 否定意义的单词 短 暂动词 until 连词 从句 用否定形式 因为否定 之后表示可持续的状态 既我们常说的not until的 结构 正常结构 not until He didn t leave the office until his boss came back One will never realize how much and how little he knows until he starts talking The little boy didn t smile until he saw his mother Until置于句首 有了until not 结构Until he saw his mother the little boy didn t smile 倒装结构 not until 谓语助动词 主语 谓语动词 此时主句采用部分倒装即使 主句谓语的助动词提到 主语前面 谓语动词仍放在主语后边 Not until he saw his mother did the little boy smile 强调结构 It was not until 时间从句或短语 that 主 句部分 It was not until he saw his mother that the little boy smiled not 否定意义的单词 短暂动词 until 介词 表示时间点的名词短语 句型变化同上 I did t go to bed until 12 o clock last night 一 就 主句的动 作和从句 的动作相 继发生 谓语都是 短暂动词 从句动作优先于主句动作 这些连词的用法和句式结构是一样 的 主从句时态一般一致 时间关系连词 as soon as once immediately directly instantly It began to rain immediately I arrived home 带有定冠词the的连词 the moment the minute the instant Don t trust those who leave their friends the moment they get into difficulty 主句动作优先于从句动作 这些连词的用法和句式结构是不一 样的 主从句时态一般也不一致 hardly when scarcely when no sooner than 一般多表示过去的动作 且主从句时态不一致 主句 多用过去完成时 且常倒装 从句用一般过去时 可 与as soon as等从句 主句互换 Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain No sooner had the storm started than all the lights went out as as可引导各类状语从句 需加以区分 引导时间状语从句 相当于while 即后边接延续性动 词 正当 随着 一边 一边 The arrow fell into the water as the boat was drifting on the water 时间状 语从句 until before 同when一样 主从句 有各种时态搭配 比 较常见的是 主句用 过去完成时 从句用 一般过去时 before的翻译 难点 1 before引导的从句是肯定形式 翻译时处理为否定形 式 尚未 之前 2 前后两个部分有转折意味 翻译为 结果 3 before有时接时间 但根据上下文关系翻译为条件句 只有 才 4 before引导的从句之前若接有一段时间 可翻译为 在多长时间之后才 It took a few months of investigation before it became clear after 主从句有各种时态搭配 其中一种与before相反 即 主句用一般过去时 从句用过去完成 时 I moved to America after I had learned English for ten years since since 短暂性动词的一般过去时 现在 完成时态 意义一样 都表示从句动作 结束 以来 主句活动 在持续 翻译时按字面理解即可 It has been three years since I came to China It has been three years since I have come to China since 延续性动词的一般过去时从句动作 结束 以来 主句活动在持续 It s been three years since I worked in this company 离开三年了 since 延续性动词的现在完成时从句动作 开始 以来 主句活动在持续 It s been three years since I have worked in this company 工作三年了 若since引导的主句单纯表示时间 可以输 It is 或 has been 时间段 since 从句动作也可用完成进行时 此时动作的延续短暂不限 短暂动词表示重复活动 You look great since you ve been taking those exercise classes by the time 介词短 语起连词 作用 表示过去的动作主句用had done by the time 从句用一般过去时态We had already left by the time they arrive 表示将来的动作主句用will have done by the time 从句用一般过去时态We will have already left by the time they arrive 一些表示时间的名词短语 当连词用 引导的时状 语从句 next time every time each time the day the week Next time you come remember to bring along your sister Every time I listen to your advice I get into trouble 时间状 语从句 原因状语从句 原因 状语 从句 常见连词 because 语气最强 只有他才能回答why的提问 所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道的或是最 感兴趣的 也只有because才能被强调词如 only just perhaps等来修饰 My friends dislike me because I m handsome and successful for表示推断的理由 是对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明 It rained last night for the ground is wet this morning since表示人们已知的事实或不需要强调的原因 常译成 竟然 Since we don t have class tomorrow why not go out for a picnic as 用法与since差不多 所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显 或已为听话人 所熟悉而不需用because强调的 As Monday is a national holiday all government offices will be closed 常见介词 表因果 because of due to owing to 后面只能接名词而不是从句 Owing to his carelessness we had an accident We had an accident due to his carelessness 其他复合 连词表示 原因 in that 原因就在于 引导的从句放在主句后面 而且主句通常是在作比较Mercury differs from other industrial metals in that it is a liquid seeing now consideri ng given that 与since相似 都有 鉴于某个事实 考虑到 的意思 Seeing that it s raining hard we ll have to stay here for the night Given that they are inexperienced they ve done a good job now that but that 不是因为 而是因为 I haven t finished writing the the report yet not that I m lazy but that I have no time inasmuch as insomuch as in as much as in so much as 文绉绉 不常用 通常只用于很正式的书面语或演讲中 否定转移 定义 形式上否定主句或句子的谓语 但在逻辑语义上是否定句子的其他部分 出现 形式 because引导的从句连用时 往往否定because引导的从句 You don t love a woman because she is beautiful 还可以否定句子的其他成分 若是口语中 一般来说 句子什么词重读就否定什么词I don t come here to scold you 翻译时的 三种情形 1 只能按正常情况翻译 2 两种翻译都可以 具体如何理解要看上下文 3 只能按否定转移来翻译 目的状语从句 目的 状语 从句 常见的连词有 so that in order that 或that 且从句中常含有情态动词 may might can could I spoke slowly and clearly so that in order that the audience could understand me 从句一般放在主句后 如表示强调 可将so that in order that引导的从句放在句首 In order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet I turned off the TV 从句 简化 in order that 简化为 in order to do可放在句末 句首In order to get a better view we climed high so that 简化为 so as to do只能放在句末We climbed high so as to get a better view that 简化为 to do句首 句末都可以 To acquire knowledge on must study but to acquire wisdom one must observe in order for sb to do sth 主句和不定式的逻辑主语不一致时 从此结构给出 不定式的逻辑主语 I spoke slowly and clearly in order for the audience to understand me 其他连词 lest 以免 防止 从句的谓语动词一般用情态动词should 且should常被省略 Take an umbrella with you unless it should rain for fear that 生怕 People evaculated the building for fear that the wall should collapse in case 万一 还可以用in the hope that on purpose that for the purpose that to the end that 来表示目的 The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly 结果状语从句 结果 状语 从句 从句都要 放在主句 之后 不 能放在句 首 常见连词 so thatso 形容词 副词 分词I was so late that I didn t have time to get on it so that 1 引导结果状语从句 往往会有逗号将主从句分开 2 引导结果状语从句 从句中往往没有情态动词 而目的状语从句通常都含 有情态动词 Native American languages are indeed diffreent so much in fact so that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World war 2 to send secret messages such that such后接名词 such that 相当于 so 形容词 具体用什么形容词根据上下文判断 有时很难判断such可能含有的形容词意思 His anger was such that he lost control of himself His anger was so explosive that he lost control of himself so和that 用法上的 区别 so 副词 接形容词 副 词 分词 so adj adv The house is so expensive that I can t afford to buy it so adj a n 单数可数名词This is so expensive a house that I can t afford to buy it so many much few little 名词 He s lost so much weight on his diet that now he s nothing but skin and bones such 限 定词 接名词 such后直接各种名词Such a force would give France a 3 2 advantages over Britain such 形容词 名词such an expensive house 限定词 such 名词 限定词可用many no other any some one two 等many such cars 从句简化 so that 简化为so as toHe was so foo as to believe him such that简化为such as toHe was such a fool as to believe him such that简化为such as toHer voice was such as to make everyone stare 从句倒装 such so that引导的从句 为了表强调 将主句中的so such引导的部分置于句首 从 而构成倒装 So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed 其他短语连接的结 果状语从句 to the degree to the extent to such a degree to such an extent that The bereaved mother was grieved to the degree that she couldn t eat anything for 3 days 当他们位于句首表强调时 主句需要倒装 To such an extent did he go on with his empty speech that some of us began to doze 条件状语从句 条件 状语 从句 常见连词 if unlessif 如果 unless 如果不 除非 If winter comes can spring be far behind only if if onlyonly if 只有 if only 只要 He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus suppose supposing providing provid ed that Knowledge helps you to reach the destination provided you know what the destination is so long as as long as on condition thatSo long as you worked hard enough an iron rod can be ground into a needle 固定句型must have to do if be to do be to do 加强语气 与must对应 如果从句一定得 怎么样 那么主句也必须怎么样 The first two must be equal for all who are being compared if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made 其它表示 条件意味 的句型 祈使句 省略句 and if 从句 主句 Spare the rod and spoil the child If you spare the rod you ll spoil the child 祈使句 省略句 or orelse unless 从句 主句 Give it back to me or else I ll tell your parents Unless you give it back to me I ll tell your parents 让步状语从句 让步 状语 从句 常见连词 though although 主句前不可以用but 但是可以用yet stillAlthough he tried hard yet still he failed even though even if while 放在句首表 尽管 表示让步 关系的介 词 despite in spite of for all notwithstanding 介词后边可接名词 名词短语 动名词或what从句 连词后边可以接完整的句子 形容词 相当于省略句 和分词 相当于省略句 等 Though tired he wouldn t stop working Despite what he achieved in medicine he remained modest 无论 no matter wh what when who where which how We have decided to do so whatever happens Whoever may trouble you I will help you to the last ever whatever whoever whenever wherever whichever however 除however需接形容词或副词 不能单独使用 其它均可单独用 此类从句中 谓语往往会含有情态动词may或might 加强让步语气 可能会多么的 有时甚至省掉may might 直接用动词原形 as引导的 倒装句表 示让步 adj as 主语 谓语 Oldest in our workshop as he is he works hardest adv Much as I respect him I can not agree with him 分词Praised as he was he remained modest 名词 无 冠词 Child as he is he is knowledgeable 短语Lazy a boy as he is he is kind to help others 动词原形 as 主语 助动词Fail as I did I would never stop trying as so 形容词 as 主谓结构 放在句首表示让步 As much as John hates to do it he must stay at home and study tonight 句首用be的倒装句表示让步 1 be引导的倒装句如果表达的是两种或以上情况 可改写为whether 从句 2 be引导的倒装句如果只表达一种情况 可改写为howerer从句 Be it ever so humble there is no place like home However humble it may be there is no place like home Home is home be it never so homely 比较状语从句 比较 状语 从句 as的基本 用法 as adj adv as前一个as是副词 后一个as是连词Eyes are as eloquent as lips are as adj a an 可数名词 as 注意形容词置于不定冠词之前 Americans tend to think from small to large Let us take as simple an example as the addressing of envelopes 规则 否定时 第一个as改为soNo other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public health as the United states does 规则 为保持句子平衡 从句可以倒装 as as 助动词 主语 Small as it is the ant is as much a creature as are the other animals on the earth as句型 as much as 表示两个事物之间程度的比较 表示 在同等程度上 翻译时 灵活处理 可译为 和 一样 尽管蚂蚁虽小 但是它同地球上的任何其他动物一样 也是 一种动物 not so much as 1 两种结构 not A so much as B not so much A as B It wasn t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn t interested in the whole business 并不是因为我不喜欢她 而是因为我对整个事情根本就不感 兴趣 2 基本含义为 与其说A不如说B 或者 是B不是A 3 AB是被计较的两个平行结构 同为介词短语 动词不定式 名 词短语或其他 just as so含义 正如 第二句可用倒装Just as food nourishes the body so do books enrich the mind than的基 本用法 1 可比性问题 两个同类事物才能比较The weather of the South is wetter than that of the North On the whole ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition 2 比较形式问题 含有than的句子中 主句须有比较形式出现 3 为了保持句子平衡 从句可以全部或部分倒装 than 助动词 主语 no more than 结构 1 结构上有个变体 not any more than 2 表示两个事物的类比关系 用than后边的事物来作比 阐明前边主句所要表达的观点 3 意义 同 一样不 翻译时要把类比关系翻译出来 先译主句后译than引导的从句 不能 就如同 than引导的从句 不 能 一样 或者先译than引导的从句 再译主句 正如 不能 所以 同样不能 The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach for they are both controlled by the brain 这里是单纯的比较关系 而不是类比 翻译为 A与B同样 不 4 than后面的句子为肯定形式 但要译成否定意思 A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears 表示倍数比较的三 种句型 1 倍数 比较级 than A is three times bigger thanBIt had a market eight times larger than any competitor 2 倍数 as as A is three times as big as BThere