chapter2国际供应链管理.ppt

MaritimeCargoTransportation Chaptertwo MaritimeCargoTransportation charateristicsofmaritimeshippingcargotypesofmaritimeshippingmaritimetransportfacilityandinfrastructure vessels channelsandports maritimeshippingservicesoperationofmaritimeshipping Transportationmodes transportationisdefinedasthemovementoffreightandpassengersfromonelocationtoanother Thefreightsystemincludesseveraldistinctformsoftransportation calledmodes Themodesdifferintermsofoperatingcharacteristicsandcapabilities givingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages Modesoftransportation Maritime Ocean TransportationAirTransportationRailTransportationRoadTransportationPipelineTransportationContainerTransportationInternationalMultimodeTransportation IMT ParcelPostTransportation PerformanceComparisonforSelectedFreightModes Barge Hoppercar 100cartrainunit Semi trailertruck 1500Tons52 500Bushels453 600Gallons 100Tons3 500Bushels30 240Gallons 10 000Tons350 000Bushels3 024 000Gallons 26Tons 910Bushels7 865Gallons9 000foratankertruck 124tons Capacity 5 57 7 TruckEquivalency Vehicle 3 8 384 6 1 Post panamaxcontainership 5 000TEU 2 116 9 330 VLCC 300 000tons2millionbarrelsofoil 747 400F OceanTransportation AdvantagesLargecapacityLowcostEasypassage notrestrictedbyroadorrailsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerabletobadweatherLesspunctual Cargotypes 98 ofworldtradeinvolumetermsconveyedbyseatransportBulkcargo散货Break bulkcargo杂货Neo bulkcargo件装货Containerizedcargo集装箱货 Bulkcargo 散货 Bulkcargoiscommoditycargothatistransportedunpackagedinlargequantities Drybulkcargosuchascoal grain iron cementLiquidbulkcargosuchaspetroleum liquefiednaturalgas LNG MoveinbigquantitiesManyofthemareunprocessedrawmaterialwithlowvalueperunitweightrequiresspecialvesselswiththerightequipmenttoloadanddischargethecargothiscargogenerallyhasasingleorigin destinationandclient Ton kmShippedbyMaritimeTransportation inbillions breakbulkcargo generalcargo goodsthatispackedindividually andtobeloadedandunloadedonapiece by pieceorpalletizedbasisGenerallyhashighvalueperunitweightMoveinsmallerquantitiesThiscargotendstohavenumerousorigins destinationsandclients Beforecontainerization economiesofscaleweredifficulttoachievewithbreak bulkcargoastheloadingandunloadingprocesswasverylaborandtimeconsuming Neo bulkcargo件装货 Uniformlypackagedgoods suchasautomobilesandlogs whichstoreassolidlyasbulk butthatarehandledasgeneralcargo Containerizedcargo GenerallyhighvaluecargothatneedextraprotectionHowever therangesofcontainerizedcargoisexpending Containerforbulkcargo Cargo TradeandShipCharacteristics Maritimetransportfacilityandinfrastructure vesselschannelsports Vesseltypes byfunction Containervessels集装箱船p267Ro Rovessels滚装船Break bulkvessels杂货船Combinationvessels多用途船LASH LighterAboardShip 载驳船Oiltankers油船Bulk Orevessels散货船Refrigeratedship冷藏船 Vesseltypes bysize indeadweighttons Sizeofvessels measuredbyDeadWeightTonnage D W T 载重吨 D W T isreferredtothecarryingcapacityintransportation Itreferstotheamountofcargothatcanbeloadedonanemptyshipwithoutexceedingitsoperationaldesignlimits Itcanbedividedinto2classes grossD W T andnetD W T 1 GrossDeadWeightTonnage总载重吨 1 GrossDeadWeightTonnage总载重吨Itreferstothemaximumloadedweightthatisrestrictedwiththeloadedline Itisthetotaloftheweightofloadedcargoes necessaryfuel freshwaterandothersparematerial Totalloadedtonnage fullloaddisplacement lightdisplacement 2 DeadWeightCargoTonnage D W C T 净载重吨Itreferstothemaximumweightofloadedcargoesthatashipiscapableoftransporting Itisalsocalledasloaded cargotonnage Itisthemarginoftheamountofnecessarystorageoffuel freshwaterandothersparematerialsubtractedfromthetotalofshipload OperatingCostsofPanamaxandPost panamaxContainerships inUSD Vesseltypes bysize indeadweighttons DomainsofMaritimeCirculation Channellength inkm watchthevedioandfindouthowaportoperates Discharge卸货Containerstackingarea集装箱堆场Loadsequense装载顺序Crane起重机 吊车Lorry卡车 接驳车Straddlecarrier跨车 Typesofoceantransportation Privatefleets私营船队Chartertransportation包船运输 shiploadsizeshipperLinertransportation班轮运输 lessthanshiploadsizeshipper Privatefleets私营船队 Privateshipsareshipsthatareownedorleasedonalong termbasisbythefirmmovingthegoods Anotherelementofinterestininternationalshippingisthatofshipregistry AlthoughashipmightbeownedbyanAmericanandplyaroutebetweentheU S andthePersianGulf itmightberegisteredinandflytheflagofLiberiaorPanama itiscalledflagofconvenience方便旗Theownersderivecertainbenefitsoftaxes manning andsomerelaxedsafetyrequirementsbybeingregisteredinthosecountries ratherthanintheUnitedStates Canada orwherever Charterservices alsoknownasTramp Inthisformofserviceamaritimecompanyrentsashipforaspecificpurpose commonlybetweenaspecificportoforiginanddestination Thistypeofshippingserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofbulkcargo suchaspetroleum ironore grainorcoal oftenrequiringspecializedcargoshipsLinershippingservices Involvesaregularscheduledshippingserviceoftencallingseveralportsalongafixedroute Thistypeofshippingserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofgeneralcargoandcontainerizedcargo MaritimeShippingCharacteristics Linertransportation CharacteristicsofLinerregularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbaseports基本港comparativelyfixedfreightrates费率 Linertransportation TypesoflinersConferencelinersFreightratequotedbyshippingconferenceStablefreightratesRegularservicesNon conferencelinersFreightratequotedbyindependentcarriersorvesseloperatorsLessdependableserviceHighflexibility linerconference DefinitionAgreementbetweentwoormoreshippingcompaniestoprovidescheduledcargoand orpassengerserviceonaparticulartraderouteunderuniformratesandcommonterms Alsocalledshippingconference 班轮运输的货运程序 承运人揽货 并向港口预订泊位Cargocanvassing berthreservation托运人填写托运单 租船订舱ReservationofShippingSpace备货 报关Cargopreparation customclearances装船换单 接货装船Cargoreceiving loadingandobtainingbilloflading海上运输作业Oceanshipping货物的卸船CargoUnload货物交付Cargodelivertoconsignee Step1 承运人揽货Cargocanvassing WhatisCargocanvassing cargocollection How 通过自己的营业机构或代理 中介Carrierscollectcargothroughit sownofficeoragent发布班轮船期表Linerscheduleispublishedforspaceavailabilitycheck Step2 托运人填写托运联单 租船订舱 承运人确定航次货运任务 Theshipperauthorizehisrepresentative usuallyClearingandforwardingagents C Fagent orforwarder toapplyforshippingspacefromcarrierorhisagent货主一般委托货运代理代为订舱TheC Fagentfillinshippingbills includingBookNoting ShippingOrder Mate sreceipt 10copies presenttocarrierorhisagentandconductshippingreservation托运人委托货运代理填制托运联单 包括托运单B N 装货单S O 收货单M R等 向承运人或其代理人办理托运Carrierorhisagentexaminetheshippingbills issuethecopiesofB N S O M RtoC Fagent承运人或其代理人审核托运联单 确定运杂费后 留下托运单 签发相关联单 B N 留底 S O M R 报关 给货代Carrier orhisagent issueaLoadingListaccordingtoallbookingreservationanddraftastowageplanbaseontheL L承运人或其代理根据订舱情况进行货物积载安排 出具装货清单L L 托运单 B N BookingNote 托运单又称为订舱单 是托运人根据贸易合同和信用证条款的内容填制的向承运人或其代理办理托运货物的书面凭证为承运人配载 通知港口仓库接受货物等作业提供依据托运单内容 托运人与收货人名称 启运港 目的港 货名 标记及号码 重量 件数 尺码 装船日期 运费支付方式 可否转船 分批装运等 装货单 S OShippingOrder 装货单是接受了托运人提出装运申请的船公司 签发给托运人 凭以命令船长将承运的货物装船的单据 装货单既可用作装船依据 又是货主凭以向海关办理出口货物申报手续的主要单据之一 所以装货单又称 关单 对托运人而言 装货单是办妥货物托运的证明 对船公司或其代理而言 装货单是通知船方接受装运该批货物的指示文件 装货清单 LOADINGLIST L L 装货清单是承运人将全船待装货物按目的港和货物性质归类 依航次 靠港顺序排列编制的装货单汇总清单其内容包括装货单编号 货名 件数 包装形式 毛重 估计尺码及特种货物对装运的要求或注意事项的说明等 装货清单是船上大副编制配载计划的主要依据 又是供现场理货人员进行理货 港方安排驳运 进出库场以及承运人掌握情况的业务单据 Step3 托运人备货 报关 Shipperpreparehiscargoesforexport packaging marking 托运人办妥出口货物的包装 刷唛 mark ShipperoritsCCertificateofOrigin CertificateofInspection MarineInsurancePolicy Shippingbills customofficerendorseonS Oasletshipapproval托运人或货运代理持出口货物报关单 合同 发票 装箱单 原产地证明 商检证书 保险单和船运单据等证明报关 海关在S O上盖放行章Theexportermakesnecessaryarrangementsforcargotransportationtotheport cargocaneitherbeplaceinport swarehouseordirectlyloadedonthevessel托运人向港口仓库发货 集中装船 或直接装船 Step4 接货 装船 换单 Shippingagentreceivethecargoonbehalfofthecarrier装船往往是由承运人在各装货港指定装船代理人接收托运货物 办理交接手续C FAgentturninShippingOrder Mate sReceipttotallycompanyforTallyverification然后货运代理人将S O M R送交理货公司 凭此理货装船注 Tallyservicesprovideassurancethatthenumberorquantityofgoodstobeshippedorreceivedisthesameasthosedescribedinshippingdocumentssuchasthebilloflading letterofcredit mate sreceipt orotherdocuments Step4 接货 装船 换单 Afterexaminationofcargo squantityandpackagecondition tallycompanyturninS OandM RtotheMateofvessel theMatekeepshippingorderandissueendorsedM RtotheC FAgent理货公司理货后将S O和M R交大副 大副核对无误 留下S O 签发M R 交还托运人TheC FAgentsurrenderstheMate sReceipttotheShippingCompanyforobtainingtheBillofLadingandpaythefreight货运代理人根据M R付运费 并凭缴费凭据换提单 B L Shippercollectpaymentfromthebank orimporter withBilloflading托运人持提单到银行结汇 收货单 M RMate sReceipt 收货单是船舶收到货物的收据及货物己经装船的凭证 由大副签注 又称为 大副收据 货物装船时 如发现外表存在缺陷 大副可拒收或要求托运人予以调换 如不愿或不能调换 大副应早收货单上如实加以批注 以使船方免除赔偿责任托运人凭经过签注的收货单向承运人或其代理支付运费 换取提单 Commonremarksonmate sreceipt常见大副批注 SHORTSHIPFIVECASESTHREEBALESBURST N RFORCONSEQUENTIALLOSSORSHORTAGEOFCONTENTSTWOCARTONSOPENFLAPSFOURLOOSEPIECESUNSECURELYPACKEDONECARTONN0 23MILDEWSTAINEDMARKSINDISTINCTPERISHABLECARGOATSHIPPERS RISKDAMAGEBYVERMINS RATS CARGOSWEATEDN RFORLOSSORSHORTAGEANDCONTENTSALLTIMBERLOADEDWET SHORTSHIPFIVECASES短装五箱THREEBALESBURST N RFORCONSEQUENTIALLOSSORSHORTAGEOFCONTENTS3包破裂 船方对内容的灭失或短少不负责TWOCARTONSOPENFLAPS两纸箱盖松开FOURLOOSEPIECES四捆零散UNSECURELYPACKED包装不固ONECARTONN0 23MILDEWSTAINED第二十三号箱有霉渍MARKSINDISTINCT标志模糊PERISHABLECARGOATSHIPPERS RISK易腐货物 发货人自负风险DAMAGEBYVERMINS RATS 有虫或鼠咬CARGOSWEATEDN RFORLOSSORSHORTAGEANDCONTENTS货物发汗 船方对货物损失 短少和内容不负责ALLTIMBERLOADEDWET全部木材水湿装船 凭保函签发清洁提单 实践中 当货物包装不良或存在缺陷时 托运人会出具保函 要求承运人签发清洁提单 以便能顺利结汇 在当今航运实务中被普遍采用 也因为这种保函能使承 托运人之间就签发清洁提单与否发生争议时迅速得到 润滑 从而使予盾双方摆脱僵持的困境 避免双方一触即发的损失 这种保函实际上对促进经济和航运事业的发展起到了一定的积极作用 但长期以来 对这种保函的效力问题 不仅外国法院有不同的主张和判例 我国现行的海商法也无明确的规定 法学界和航运界各执一说 莫衷一是 至今国际间尚无统一的认识 LetterofIndemnity保函 adocumentwhichthewriterissuestoanotherpartyagreeingtoprotectthemfromliabilityfortheperformanceofcertainact Case Ashipperoforangejuiceinbarrelsprevailed说服upontheownersoftheshiptoissueacleanbillofladingacknowledgingthereceiptoftheconsignment inapparentgoodorderandcondition intheknowledgethatthebarrels桶wereold frailandleakingatthetimeofshipment Whenthebarrelsoforangejuicearrivedattheportofdischarge considerablelosshadbeensufferedand becauseofthecleanbilloflading thecarrierpaidtheclaim Thereafter thecarrierbroughtaclaimagainsttheshippersunderthetermsoftheletterofindemnity Theshipper however soughtshelterbehindthelawandrefusedtopay submittingthattheletterwasissuedbytheminpursuanceofaconspiracybetweenthemselvesandthecarrierinordertomisrepresenttheconditionofthebarrelsandwas therefore unenforceable不能执行的 TheCourtruledthatthecarriermadearepresentationinthebillofladingwhichheknewtobefalse therefore theelementsofdeceitwerepresent Inthecircumstances theCourttookthevi