创业因素中英文

中文版：关于大学生创业意向状况调查与思考摘要：近年来由于大学生创业教育的提出与发展，开辟了我国高等教育理论研究的新领域，促使了高等教育观念的改革与创新，对今后人才素质的培养提出了新要求、新标准。为了更全面深入地探讨大学生创业意向状况，提高对大学生进行创业教育的针对性和为我国及时有效地开展教育提供现实依据。本调查，在全国各地大学进行取样调查，以全日制在校大三或者大四学生作为调查对象进行调查，其中理工科、商科学生为主，涉及十余个专业。调查内容则是侧重大学生的创业意向、执行及其机三个方面。调查结果反映了一下特点:对社会职业环境了解有限、创业意向比例低、对职业生涯规划缺乏认同等。关键词：大学生；创业意向；状况调查；思考在社会主义市场经济背景下，党中央在新时期创业精神的新形势下，大力倡导并发挥对大学生进行创业教育的重大措施。大学生创业教育的提出，使得了我国高等教育观念有巨大改观。据报道我国劳动力供需关系目前处于并将长期处于供大于求关系，因此，为缓解当前严峻的就业形式，我国许多省份把争先以促进大学生创业作为带动就业的动力。同时，我国政府在鼓励大学生自主创业方面也出台了多项政策，但大学生自主创业的成功率并不高，所以，很有必要分析大学生创业失败的原因，并将探究提高大学生自主创业成功率的途径作为当今高校和政府的重要工作。调查现状（一）对社会的职业环境了解不够根据调查显示，其中近一半的大学生都承认自己只了解所学专业的内容，但是并不了解行业的就业前景；有五分之一左右的学生对两者都不了解，仅有六分之一左右的学生能做到对专业与行业都很了解。同时，在调查过程中仅有不足十五分之一的人认为自己对以后的职业情况和要求很了解，其余人均处于摇摆不定的朦胧状态。在选择就业的大学生中，有三分之一以上的人所看中的是要所选职业对他以后有较大的发展空间，四分之一以上的人相中的是稳定而有固定保障的职业，看中其丰厚薪水的仅有不足四分之一。而至于那些对当前国家对大学生自主创业等方面政策和发展情况关注却很少只有十分之一左右。（二）当今大学生的有创业意向的比例低从被调查大学生的多向选择数据可以得出:选择就业的占一多半，继续深造如考公务员或者考研的占到不足四成，选择毕业后去创业的大学生只占不到两成，还有对于那些毕业后选择出国留学、选调生、服务西部计划、参军等加起来都没有十分之一。其中大多数的大学生青睐那些相对安稳的工作岗位如：学校、政府机关企业等。统计表明，选择自主创业的大学生中有十分之一左右的学生是为了挑战极限、超越自我、实现多年来的梦想而萌发创业之情的，相比一下，为了公益性、社会性的原因而创业的学生少之又少，仅有百分之一。（三）有些大学生对自己的职业生涯的规划缺乏认同根据调查结果显示，有一多半的大学生对自己的职业生涯规划还停留在初始的设计阶段，还没准备好进入社会实践。对于自己的职业生涯规划，四成的大学生是根据自身特长，兴趣爱好等去规划，从自身专业发展与社会需求出发来规划职业生涯是更多大学生的选择。其中，关于大学生的职业生涯规划的指导意见或职业理念，有三分之一是来自父母或身边亲人的意见，一多半大学生是从自身的条件和能力出发，其余的对与自身职业未来没有具体规划，只有随遇而安。而在进行职业生涯的规划过程中，多数大学生根本不知道如何准确认清自己的实力水平，有近四成的大学生在进行职业生涯规划时没能得到专业人士的指导或培训，有三分之一的大学生却对相关方面的学习实践没有充分注意，相比之下，在做职业生涯规划时以国家社会发展的方向和人民的利益为依据的大学生仅是少数人，四成的大学生是以实现个人的梦想，能让自己以后生活更好等才是创业动机。据报道，当前大学生的自主创业人数在西方发达国家中平均占两到三成，但是、在我国却还远达不到大学毕业生总数的千分之一。二、调查结果分析根据调查结果可知，当前我国占大多数的大学生对自主创业并不关心，而其中部分大学生的创业动机在很大程度上受限于他们对创业缺乏足够的认识，受限于自身的期望和社会现实之间的落差突与矛盾。他们中很多依赖长辈、亲朋好友的同时过分高估自己实力，接受信息不够主动，对社会变动了解甚少，同时缺乏社会公益事业关注的意识。这种对外界漠不关心的态度与自身有限的知识通常会内化成为一种对创业的阻抗心态，并外化为一种消极的创业热情，从而还会对他们的创业精神、创业效率等产生严重影响。主要从以下几方面体现出来：（一）学校、社会没能很好给大学生创造创业氛围一直以来，我国绝大多数的高校并未将创业教育列入各学科专业的教育体系中，就算有也只是作为就业指导课程的一项补充内容，其实，很多学校进行的各项实践活动不仅没有达到激励学生去自主创业的效果，有些还会对大学生产生负面影响，扼杀他们创业的激情。改革开放以来，中国经济发展的突飞猛进已使许多陈旧的创业观念受到冲击，并出台了相关创业的激励政策，但是，由于我国人民在数千年来的农耕文化的影响下，使人们满足于小富小康的生活，并且重农轻商思想仍严重影响现代人的生活观念，对于安稳、风险小、投资小、见效快的的创业观念仍然是广大家长和社会所推崇的。（二）国家相关政策服务保障不足虽然这些年来政府积极提倡大学生自主创业，但是，大学生真正的创业实践中往往会遇到许许多多现实问题，如政策阻碍、融资困难、社会服务不周等。目前我国还没出台一套完整的扶植和激励大学生创业的社会服务体系，仅仅靠中央所发布的文件和那些差异巨大的地方性政策难以将大学生的创业热度提高到一个层次上去。此外，社会对大学生创业的社会保障体系还没形成，使得经济因素是大学生进行自主创业时必须考虑的因素。相比教师、公务员等岗位的人所享有的优厚而稳定的福利，大学生创业所存在风险没人能预测到，很有可能使本已够潦倒的大学生的生活捉襟见肘。所以，不能责怪当今大学生的拜金主义，也不能对大学生缺乏创业激情横加指责。因为，我国目前尚未完善的社会保障体系使得大学生创业的风险太高。（三）大学生所学专业与社会产业结构脱节从目前看来， 传统农业和低端的加工制造业在我国产业结构中还占据着相当重的比例，我国大多数的企业基本处于世界产业链中的低端环节。使得我国在培养大学生时，大多数以面向加工制造业为主，然而，对于产品开发设计、原材料的采购、订单处理、批发经营、终端零售等环节却在我国一直处于被忽略的地位。仍受世界经济危机阴影所笼罩的今天，我国大学生创业意向状况在当今以制造业为主的产业链面前呈现出不理想局面，找不到合适自己的项目来开创事业。就算是那些能够找到合适自己项目的，都会因为当前社会环境中缺乏相应的服务管理体系难以继续下去，这样的现象还将会使得有创业意向的大学生者望而却步（四）许多大学生缺乏对自己职业生涯规划大学生对自己以后职业生涯规划大程度上能够帮助自己科学定位、优化目标以及实行创业的发展。大学生职业生涯的规划，必须要对自我的定位有所了解以及探清外部的职业环境。目前，全国只有少数学校开设了职业生涯规划教育课程，有限的就业指导并不能使大学生系统的理论学习职业生涯规划体系，对于实践运用更是天方夜谭。大学生无法通过有效途径来增加创业实践经验;无法了解外部社会的创业环境，不能对自己的学习有的放矢，有针对性。大学生对自己职业规划的迷茫，对职业生涯规划的缺乏使得他们难以摆脱现代就业常规，没胆量做出创业抉择。三、调查反思前些年所开展的国际职业教育大会指出，在21世纪中全球有将近50%的大学生会选择自主创业之路。创业教育，应该既要教会学生大学生如何走创新之道与培养自己的创业实践能力还要使创业教育能够为大学生传达一种创新精神。现在从以下几方面对当前大学生创业意向进行反思：（一）大学生要积极储备创业基本知识大学生要创业就必须储备社会各种知识，其中包括法律、市场营销税务、企业管理等，因为这不仅是反映创业者本人所掌握的知识程度，更是创业中团体协作意识、创新能力、交际能力等的综合运用。大学阶段，正是每个大学生 创业能力实践与创业发展方向培养的最佳时期。所以，高校应该积极建立并健全创业教育体系，善于给学生创设条件，营造创业气氛氛围，最好能把把有意向创业的学生组织起来一起培训并分享经验。这样不但可以为他们提供系统的创业理论知识培训。如创业课程的研究，并设置相应的创业必修课程；还能够使他们增强创业实践能力，提高创业成功率。如学校在周末多举办创业设计竞赛活动等，引导大学生的创业意向。（二）大学生应该亲身实践，提高创业实践能力创往往需要大学生在有创业意向之后，积极地加入到社会实践中去为自己以后的创业打下基础。大学生可以在创业前模仿并学习以下几种目前较为成熟的创业模式：创业教育模式、创业教育+创业资金+创新基地模式、创业教育+创业资金模式，从中吸取精华并提高自己的创业实践能力。还可以通过校方安排的暑期社会实践或者专业课的实习活动等社会实践提升自己的实际操作能力。这些风险小、成本低的项目，能够很有效地让大学生培养创业意识，积累创业经验。（三）各高校要努力培育大学生的企业家精神所谓企业家精神，是冒险精神、创业精神、创新精神和宽容精神的综合体现，对于各种行业的人群同样适用。富有创业精神的人他们所拥有的创业热情和创业能力所体现的往往是对某种资源或行业的竞争，对于当今大学生来说创业是一个比较新颖却富有挑战性的话题因为其中不乏风险与挑战。因此，若没有一种富有创业的企业家精神指引，大学生很难在创业过程中一帆风顺，即使有些大学生有幸创业初见成效，但也很难将眼前的事业继续发展下去。作为新知识、新文化传播地的高校，要想让其大学生在今后人生道路的创业中能长久发展下去，就必先从培养大学生的“企业家精神”着手，使其能在创业前具有一定的指导理论。同时，高校更应大力倡导“企业家精神”，使大学生创业教育能够在全国范围内普及。英文版：Students Entrepreneurial Intentions Survey and ReflectionAbstract: Enterprise Education for Students and development in recent years has opened up new areas of theoretical study of higher education in China to promote the concept of higher education reform and innovation, new demands on the quality of talent cultivation in the future, the new standard in order to more explore the depth entrepreneurial intention status of college students, to improve the relevance of entrepreneurship education on college students and for our timely and effective education to provide a realistic basis. survey sample survey across the country University to full-time in school junior or four students to investigate the survey, including science and engineering and business students mainly involved in more than 10 professional, a survey is focused on college students entrepreneurial intention, execution and the machine in three aspects. The survey results reflect the following characteristics: social and professional environment to understand the limited proportion of entrepreneurial intention, agree that the lack of career planning.Keywords: College Students, Entrepreneurial Intentions Survey, ThinkingIn the context of the socialist market economy, the CPC Central Committee, under the new situation of the new era of entrepreneurship, and vigorously advocated and play a significant measure of entrepreneurship education on college students. Enterprise Education for Students proposed the concept of Chinas higher education have a huge difference, according to reported that Chinas labor supply and demand relationship is and will be a long period of oversupply relations, in order to alleviate the current severe forms of employment, many of our provinces rushed to promote college students venture as a driving force to stimulate employment. Meanwhile, the government encourage college students to independent the importance of the way to entrepreneurship has also introduced a number of policies, but the success rate of college students start their own businesses is not high, so very necessary to analyze the students the reasons for business failure, and explore to improve college students start their own business success rate as todays colleges and universities and government job.SurveyTheStatus Quo(Occupational EnvironmentOfA Society Do Not Know EnoughAccording to the survey, nearly half of college students admit that they only understand the content of the professional, but do not understand the employment prospects of the industry, about one fifth of students neither understand, only one sixth so students can do on professional and industry are aware of.thesame time, in less than one fifteenth of people that own future career and requirements are to understand the course of the investigation, and the remaining per capita in the hazy state of wavering . Choice of employment, college students, more than one third of the fancy to the selected career after him more room for development, more than a quarter of the phase stability and protection occupation, Chinese and only less than a quarter of its lucrative salary. As for those on the current state policy and the development of college students own businesses concern rarely only about one tenth.(B ProportionOfTodays College Students With An Entrepreneurial BentCan be drawn from the college students surveyed, to select the data: the choice of employment accounted for more than half of further studies to account for less than 40% of the civil service exam or Entrance Examination, select to go into business after graduation, only less than two percent of college students, as well as for select who graduated abroad, transferring students, service in the western region, to join the army did not add up to one tenth of which the majority of students favor those relatively secure jobs, such as: schools, government agencies enterprises. Statistics show that, select the independent students are about one tenth of the students of entrepreneurship and germination of the feeling of entrepreneurship in order to challenge the limits, beyond the self, the dream for many years, compared to, for the reasons of public welfare, social entrepreneurship fewer students but also less, only one percent.(C SomeOfThe Students Lack Of Recognition Of Their Own Career PlanningAccording to the survey, half of college students on career planning to stay in the initial design stage, not ready to enter the social practice for their own career planning, 40 percent of college students according to their strengths, interests and hobbies to planning, career planning is a choice of more students starting from their own professional development needs of the community in which students career planning guidance or vocational philosophy, one-third from the parents or close relatives comments, mostly college students from starting their own conditions and capabilities, the rest of the right and the future of their own career, there is no specific plan, and only go with the flow during the career planning process, the majority of students do not know how to accurately recognize their own strengths , nearly forty percent of college students during career planning did not get the professional guidance or training, relevant aspects of the study and practice of one-third of college students but then did not pay full attention, compared to doing career planning when the direction of the national social development and peoples interests as the basis for college students is only a small number of people, 40% of college students is to achieve our individual dreams, is the entrepreneurial motivation to make their own later in life better, etc. It is reported that college students the number of their own businesses in the Western developed countries accounted for an average of two to three percent, however, still far less than one-thousandth of the total number of university graduates in China.Second,TheFindingsAccording to the survey results shows that the current China accounted for most college students do not care about their own businesses, some of which students entrepreneurial motivation is largely limited in their lack of understanding of the entrepreneurial, subject to their own expectations and social reality.thegap between conflict and contradictions. many of them rely on their elders, friends and family while overestimated their own strength, not active enough to receive information, little is known about the social changes, while a lack of awareness of social welfare undertakings concern such indifference to the outside world attitudes and their own limited knowledge usually internalized into the impedance of an entrepreneurial mindset, and outside as a negative entrepreneurial enthusiasm, which will have serious implications for their pioneering spirit, entrepreneurial efficiency.Reflected Mainly The Following Aspects:(A School, Could Not Very WellToThe Students Create A Business AtmosphereAll along, the vast majority of our colleges and universities did not include entrepreneurship education in all disciplines of professional education system, even if only as a career guidance course a complement, in fact, many schools the practice is not only effect, and also to motivate students to start their own businesses have a negative impact on college students, to stifle their entrepreneurial passion. Since the reform and opening up, Chinas economic development by leaps and bounds under attack have caused many of the old concept of entrepreneurship, and introduced a related entrepreneurial incentive policy, but, due to our people under the influence of the farming culture for several thousand years, so that people meet in small rich well-off life, and the idea ofheavy agricultural and light industry remains a serious impact on the modern concept of life, for a stable, risk is small, small investment, quick concept of entrepreneurship is still respected by the majority of parents and the community.(Two Relevant National PoliciesAndServices Inadequate ProtectionThese years the Government will actively advocate of college students start their own businesses, but the real business practice Students often encounter many practical problems, such as policies that hinder the financing difficulties, social service has been poor. At present, China has not introduced a complete set of the social service system to nurture and motivate the entrepreneurship of college students, just difficult to rely on the documents released by the central government andthose huge differencein local policies and entrepreneurial heat of university students increased to the next level up. In addition, the social security system of social entrepreneurship of college students have notformed ,making the economic factors must be considered when college students start their own businesses. enjoyed a favorable and stable welfare compared to the status of teachers, civil servants and other people, college students business there is a risk no one can predict, is likely to have down enough students living in straitened circumstances.can notblame todays college students money worship, nor the students lack of entrepreneurial passion unwarranted charges, because China has yet to perfect the social security system makes college students venture too risky.(Three College Students LearnTheProfessional And Industrial Structure Out Of LineFrom now, the traditional agricultural and low-end processing and manufacturing in Chinas industrial structure occupies a very heavy proportion of the majority of our enterprises are basically at the low end of the world industrial chain link. Our College Students majority-oriented processing and manufacturing, however, for product development and design, raw material purchasing, order processing, wholesale business, retail terminals, and other aspects of our country has been in the status of being ignored still under the shadow of the world economic crisis enveloped the showing the front of the college students of entrepreneurial intention condition in todays manufacturing industry chain is not an ideal situation,can notfind the right project to develop a business, even those who will be able to find a suitable project because the current social environment lack of appropriate service management system is difficult to continue, this phenomenon will be making the entrepreneurial intention of university students discouraged(D Many College Students Lack Their Own Career PlanningCollege students can help their future career planning large extent their own scientific orientation, optimization goals and the implementation of the development of entrepreneurial college students career planning, self-positioning must understand and explore the clear outside the occupational environment. Present,Onlya few schools have opened career planning education programs, limited employment guidance does not make the theory of the system of college students learning a career planning system, is a fantasy for practical application. Studentscan notbe an effective way to increase business practice experience;can notunderstand external social entrepreneurial environmentcan notbe targeted for their own learning, targeted students on the confusion of their own career planning, lack of career planning makes it difficult for them to get rid of the modern employment practice, cowards to make entrepreneurship a choice.Third,TheInvestigation ReflectionInternational Vocational Education Conference in previous years to carry out that nearly 50% of the students will choose the road of their own businesses in the 21st century global entrepreneurship education should not only to teach students to college students how to take the road of innovation and develop their own entrepreneurial practice ability but also to convey a spirit of innovation entrepreneurship education for college students from the following aspects to reflect on the current college students of entrepreneurial intention:(A College StudentsToActive Reserve Basic Entrepreneurial KnowledgeStudents to start we must reserve all social knowledge, including legal, marketing, taxation, business management, because not only reflect the extent of the entrepreneurs knowledge, but also groups of entrepreneurs in the sense of coordination, innovation, interpersonal skills integrated use. the best period of university level, is the entrepreneurial capacity of each college students practice and entrepreneurship development direction of training, so colleges and universities should actively establish and sound entrepreneurship education system, to create conditions for good students, to create the entrepreneurial atmosphereatmosphere, the most good to be able to intention to business school.Health Organization together with the training and share experiences.This will not only provide them with the entrepreneurial theory of knowledge training, such as the study of entrepreneurship courses and setcorresponding entrepreneurial required courses; that enablesthem to enhance the entrepreneurial practice ability and improve venture success rate.suchas schools at the weekend to hold more entrepreneurial design contest, and guide the entrepreneurial intention of university students.(B) Students Should Be Hands-On,AndImprove Business PracticeEntrepreneurs often college students with an entrepreneurial bent, and actively join in social practice to lay the foundation for their own future entrepreneurs, college students can imitate and learn the business before foll