英语国家概况-Chapter10-government.ppt

Chapter10 TheUnitedStatesofAmerica Government CONTENTS 1 USConstitution Constitution basicinstrumentlaw drawnupin1787 cameintoeffectin1789 Twocharacters separationofpowers checkandbalances specifiedexactlywhatpowerthecentralgovernmenthadandwhichpowerwasreservedforthestates 1 USConstitution SignificanceoftheConstitutionTakingprecedenceoverallstateconstitutionsandlaws andoverlawsmadebythecongress Firstofitskindintheworld ithasinspireddozensofothercountriestoseekpoliticalreform BasiclawofthelandNation spoliticalstabilityEconomicgrowthSocialprogress Whatisfederalism Whatistheseparationofpowers WhatarethequalificationsforaUSPresident HowdoyouunderstandthepowerofAmericanPresident 2 FederalSystem Government Questionsforbrain storming 2 FederalSystem Government 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 1TheFederalGovernment TheFederalGovernment thecentralgovernment Threeequalandseparatebranches TheExecutivebranchTheLegislativebranchTheJudicialbranchTheyarecheckedandbalancedbyoneanother 2 1TheFederalGovernment SystemofU S Government ChecksandBalances 2 2Theexecutivebranch 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 1Departments WhiteHouse Theexecutivebranchconsistsof14departmentsandmanyindependentagencies Cabinetisformedbydepartmentheads secretaries sourceofadviceandassistancetothepresidentPresidentischiefoftheexecutive firstcitizenhiswife FirstLady OvalOffice Bush sNewRug 2 2 1Departments WhiteHouse OfficialpresidentialresidenceThepresidentworksandliveshereandtheofficesofmostofhisstaffsarealsolocatedthere suchasWhiteHouseStaff NationalSecurityCouncilandtheCentralIntelligenceAgency CIA etc TheWhiteHouseatChristmasnight 2 2 2FunctionsofThePresident AsChiefExecutive heisgiventheauthorityorduty tocommandthearmedforcesandgrantpardons tomakeappointmentstocertainoffices toconcludetreaties tosendandreceivediplomaticandconsularofficials toinformCongressonthe stateoftheUnion torecommendlegislation approveorvetobillspassedbyCongress andensuretheexecutionoflaws 2 2 2FunctionsofThePresident Thepresident slimits majorappointmentswithapprovaloftheSenate vetooverriddenbyCongresswithtwo thirdsconsentoftheSenators allappropriationslegislatedbyCongress canbeimpeachedbyCongressifabusingpowerorcommittingcrimes nopowertodismissCongress hispolicycanbevetoedandabolishedbyTheSupremeCourt 2 2 3QualificationsofThePresident Natural bornAmericancitizenofandover35years old BeingresidentwithintheUSforatleast14years Serveoneortwosuccessivetermsoffouryears FranklinD Roosevelt theonlypresidentwhoservedmorethantwosuccessiveterms AfterWorldWarII Congressadoptedanamendmentlimitingapresidenttotwosuccessivetermsonly Oath TakingCeremony 2 2 4PresidentandScandal WatergateScandalTheWatergatescandaloccurredin1972 Itremainsoneofthetoppresidentialscandalsofmoderntime ChinesepoemsquotoedbyAmericanPresidents Obama TownHall Chineseproverb Considerthepastyoushallknowthefuture NixonChairmanhaswritten Somanydeedscryouttobedone andalwaysurgently theworldrollson timepresses Tenthousandyearsaretoolong seizetheday seizethehour Thisisthehour Thisisthedayforourtwopeople 现在就是我们两国人民只争朝夕的时候了 Cliton 1998 inXi anCityLetusgivenewmeaningtothewordswrittenintheancientBookofRites whatyoucalltheLiShi Whenthegreatwayisfollowed allunderheavenwillbeequal 让我们给 礼记 这本历史古书的文字赋予新的意义 当大家走伟大的道路时 世界所有的人都将是平等的 Reagan Manycenturiesago WangPo afamousChinesepoet philosopher wrote Althoughweresideinfarcornersoftheworld havingagoodfriendisakintohavingagoodneighbor SeniorBush 1989 There saChineseproverbthatsays Onegenerationplantsatree thenextsitsinitsshade wherewerelishedthehistoryoftheThreeKingdomsandcouldalmosthearthepoetLiBo sdescriptionof themonkeyswhoscreamedfromthetwosideswithoutstopping JuniorBush 2005 ThousandsofyearsbeforeThomasJeffersonorAbrahamLincoln aChinesepoetwrotethat thepeopleshouldbecherished thepeoplearetherootofacountry therootfirm thecountryistranquil 在托马斯 杰斐逊或亚伯拉罕 林肯诞生的几千年前 就有一位中国诗人写道 人民应该被珍视 人民是国家的根基 根基牢固 国家就安宁 这句话出自 尚书 夏书 中的 五子之歌 原文是 民可近 不可下 民惟邦本 本固邦宁 Obama Thousandsofyearsago thegreatphilosopherMenciussaid Atrailthroughthemountains ifused becomesapathinashorttime but ifunused becomesblockedbygrassinanequallyshorttime 山径之蹊间 介然用之而成路 为间不用 则茅塞之矣 今茅塞子之心矣 孟子 尽心下 2 2 4PresidentandScandal Todefeathisadversary NixonhiredfiveburglarstosetupwiretapstogetconfidentialinformationintheDemocraticNationalCommitteeoffices ItwasexposedandbecamethebiggestpoliticalscandalinthehistoryofAmerica Becauseofthepressureofpublic Nixonwasimpeachedandresignedin1974 ListentotheAudio Watergate WhatqualificationsareprescribedforaRepresentativeandaSenator WhatarethefunctionsoftheCongress Brieflystatethelegislativeprocess howdoesabillbecomelaw WhatdoyouknowabouttheJudicialBranchandtheJurySystem 2 3TheLegislativeBranch Questionsforbrain storming 2 3TheLegislativeBranch 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 1Congress Law makingandthesupremelegislativebody Twohouses theSenatetheHouseofRepresentativesTheCapitolisnolongeropenedtothepublicaftertheterroreventonSept 11th 2001 Capitol 2 3 2TheSenate 100votingmembers twofromeachstate Theymaybereelectedforanunlimitednumberofsix yearterms chosenbyadirectelection Qualificationsforbeingasenator over30yearsold aUScitizenforatleast9years residentinthestatefromwhichheiselected 2 3 3TheHouseofRepresentatives 435votingmembersplusanon votingrepresentativefromPuertoRico GumaandtheDistrictofColumbia Statelegislaturedivideseachstateintocongressionaldistricts eachdistrictelectingoneRepresentative Qualificationsforbeingarepresentative atleast25yearsold aUScitizenfornolessthan7years serveforatermoftwoyears 2 3 4TheFunctionofCongress FunctionofCongress passinglawsfortheUnion EitherhousemayintroducelegislationonanysubjectexcepttherevenuebillswhichmustoriginateintheHouseofRepresentatives JointSessionofCongress TheconstitutionisgenerousinitsgrantofpowerstoCongress Amongthesepowersare thepowerto spendandtaxinordertoprovideforthecommondefenseandgeneralwelfareoftheUnitedStates thepowertoborrowmoney thepowertoregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongstates 2 3 4TheFunctionofCongress thepowertodeclarewar raiseandsupportarmies andprovideandmaintainanavy thepowertoestablishpostofficesandpostroads thepowertosetupthefederalcourtsundertheSupremeCourt thepower tomakealllawswhichshallbenecessaryandproperforcarryingintoexecution 2 3 4TheFunctionofCongress 2 4TheJudicialBranch Thejudicialbranchconsistsofaseriesofcourts theSupremeCourtthecourtsofappeals 12thedistrictcourts 94TheSupremeCourt highestcourt OneChiefJusticeandeightAssociateJustices decisionsaremadebythemajority appointedbythePresidentwiththeSenate sapproval onlyremovedfromofficebyCongressthroughdifficultimpeachment JurySystem Inmostcriminaljusticesystemsandsomecivilcases panelsareinitiallyselectedatrandomfromtheadultpopulationofthedistrict Apersonwhoisservingon isamemberof ajuryisknownasajuror Thenumberofjurorsisusuallytwelve thoughsmallercasesmayrequireonlysix Somealternatejurorsarenominatedtofollowthetrialwhenjurorsdonotcompletethetrialforhealthorotherreasons buttheydonottakepartindecidingtheverdict Theroleofthejuryisthe finderoffact whiletheJudgehasthesoleresponsibilityofinterpretingtheappropriatelawandinstructingthejuryaccordingly Occasionally ajurymayfindthedefendant notguilty eventhoughheviolatedthelawifthejurythinksthatthelawisinvalidorunjust JurySystem Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthetwomajorparties Whatarethefunctionsofthemajorpartieswhenthegeneralelectioncomes HowthepresidentisvotedintheUS Whatisthe winner take all system 3 PoliticalParties Questionsforbrain storming 3 PoliticalParties 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 1Symbolsoftheparties Donkey ElephantIn1847 AmericanartistThomasNestdrewapoliticalpicturewithadonkeyrepresentingtheDemocraticPartyandanelephantrepresentingtheRepublicanParty TheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty Fromthenon theybecamethesymbolofthetwoparties 3 2TheDemocraticParty TheDemocraticParty liberal Government playinganimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizingfullemployment Favorcivilrightslaws astrongsocialsecuritysystemandlessrestrictiveabortionlaws etc MoredisposedtosearchoutamethodoflivingwithRussiaandChinaandtolookforreductioninarmsspending 3 3TheRepublicanParty TheRepublicanParty conservative Favoraneconomicsystem givingenterprisesagreaterfreedomanddemandthegovernmenttocontrolinflation Stresstheneedforlawandorder Opposecompletegovernmentalsocialprogramsandfreechoiceofabortion Favorastrongmilitarypostureandassertivestandsininternationalrelations 3 4FunctionofParties Tonominatecandidatesforofficeandhelpthemintheirelectioncampaigns findthemostsuitablecandidates helpcandidatestocollectthemoneyneeded mobilizethepartyactivistsorhirepeopletohelpthemwiththepropaganda urgethepublictovoteforthemandunderminetherivalsbyexposingtheirpersonalflawsorattackingtheirpolicies 4 Election TherearemanykindsofelectionsintheUnitedStates WhenanAmericanvotesinNovemberinthepresidentialelectioneachleapyear heisvotinginseveralotherelectionsaswell HealsovotesforaRepresentativeoraSenator Atregularintervalshevotestochoosethegovernorofhisstate themayorofhiscityandtheholdersofseverallocalpublicoffices PresidentialElection OnlythecandidatesnominatedbythetwomajorpartieshavethechancetowinaPresidentialelection Theelectionprocessiscomplex ThePresidentialelection fourstages Thefirststage themajorpartiesholdconventionstochoosecandidatesforPresidentandVice Presidentandtodeterminetheparty splatform Listentotheaudio AmericanyouthsupportsDemocraticParty PresidentialElection Thesecondstageisthecampaigningstage Byearlyfallthepresidentialraceison Fromthattimeuntiltheelectionday votersarebombardedfromallsides byradio television newspapers andpersonalcommunicationswithpoliticalmaterial Therearewhistlestoptoursbytrain byplane andbycar Thecandidatedeliverscountlessspeechesandshakescountlesshands Thisisaveryimportantstageinthegeneralelection PresidentialElection Thethirdstageisthetimeforvoterstochoosethelistofpresidentialelectorsforthestate ThenumberofelectorsofeachstateisequaltothatofitssenatorsandrepresentativesinCongress Therearealtogether538presidentialelectors 535fromthestatesand3fromtheDistrictofColumbia withoutseatsinCongress PresidentialElection AllthecandidatesofPresidentialelectorsarepartynominees Peoplewillvotetheirpartycandidateforthepresidency Asaresult avoterisactuallychoosingaPresidentwhenhecastshisvoteforanelector Winner take all principleIfthecandidatesofapartyfor electors inagivenstatereceiveamajorityofthetotalvote thenthepartyisentitledtohavealltheelectoralvotesforthatstate PresidentialElection Whenthepresidentialelectorsarechosenoutinthepresidentialelectionyear peoplehavealreadyknownwhoisgoingtobetheUSpresidentinthenextfouryears Althoughtheresultisalreadyknown theelectorsstillmeetintheirstatecapitalsandcasttheirvotesforPresidentandvice PresidentonthefirstMondayafterthesecondWednesdayinDecember Thatisthefourthstage PresidentialElection OnNovember2nd 2004 GeorgeWalkerBushwasreelectedasAmerica sforty thirdpresident Butheisthefirstinsixteenyearstowinamajorityofthepopularvote Thelastonewashisfather in1988 SenateKerry hiswife Teresa PresidentBush hiswife Laura PresidentialElection O BamaandHillaryThetwomostlikelyDemocraticcandidatesfor2008PresidentialElection WiththewithdrawalofHillaryClinton O Bama ssuccessisontheway 5 Foreignpolicy 5 1 5 2 5 1Neutrality DeclarationofNeutrality Americaenteredthewar Germangovernmentresumedunrestrictedsubmarinewarfarein1917 WilsonsubmittedFourteenPointsin1918 5 1Neutrality FourteenPointsabandonmentofsecretinternationalagreements freedomoftheseas freetradebetweennations reductionsinnationalarmaments 军备 武器 adjustmentofcolonialclaimsintheinterestsoftheinhabitantsaffected self ruleforsubjugated 使屈服 征服 Europeannationalities theestablishmentofanassociationofnationstoafford mutualguaranteestogreatandsmallstatesalike WiththeoutbreakofWorldWarII isolationistsentimentincreased Neutralitylegislation preventtheinvolvementofthewar prohibitedtradeinarmswithanywarringnations requiredcashforallothercommodities forbadeAmericanmerchantshipsfromcarryingthosegoods 5 1Neutrality JapaneseattackatPearlHarboronDecember7 1941 AmericadeclaredwarwiththeAxispowers Germany ItalyandJapan Thenationrapidlyreadieditselfformobilization