英语老师给的资料涂红部分.doc

Ps Ps 老师给的资料涂红部分老师给的资料涂红部分 句子 段落翻译 句子 段落翻译 Chapter one The Evolution of Modern Urban Planning Facing with the urgent need of post war reconstruction 1950s urban planning showed a pattern oriented toward recovery and economic development Planning became primarily concerned with industrial development job creation and housing provision However planners with no background of economic and social training couldn t be sensitive to the wider economic political and social complexities of urban planning So planning still emphasized more on physical land use than to respond the demand of post war reconstruction 面对战后重建的迫切需要 20 世纪 50 年代城市规划主要面向战后重建和经济发展 规划变 成首要关注工业发展 工作创造和住房供给 然而 规划者在没有经济背景和社会阅历 对更广阔的经济 政治和社会下复杂的城市规划不敏感 因此规划更加强调自然土地的使 用超过响应战后重建的要求 Trends in Modern Urban Planning of US Urban planning in the United States is quite different than elsewhere Since they are a federal democracy they do not have the centralized national planning that provides the framework into which local planning must fit It has not been popular to suggest this centralized approach since most Americans abhor big government Thus the 50 states emerge as the highest levels for planning and sometimes they are subdivided into regional planning areas 美国的城市规划完全不同于其他地方 因为他们是一个联邦制明主国家 他们没有中央集 权式的国家级规划提供地方规划必须合适的框架 由于大多数美国人厌恶大政府这表明这 种中央集权的方式是不受欢迎的 因此 50 个州联合起来形成最高级别的规划 并且有时 他们被细分为区域规划区 In both the decline management and growth control contexts the preservation of significant historic areas and buildings is a major trend in urban planning There has been a lamentable insensitivity to historic preservation until fairly recent times when Americans came to realize that historic areas and buildings were being destroyed and that a heritage was being lost forever Most cities and states now have vital preservation programs that seek to preserve what is truly significant A great number of programs and incentives have arisen to control demolition and encourage conservation 在抑制衰退和控制发展的背景下 对历史古迹的保护是城市规划的一个主要的发展趋势 直到这些年 美国人开始意识到历史区域和建筑被摧毁那些文化遗产将永远失去 才可悲 的对历史遗迹的保护敏感 大部分城市和州有着至关重要的保护项目 寻求保护这些项目 是真的具有重大意义的 For many years urban planning played a regulatory role since it dealt with ways to ensure conformity to public master plans and zoning ordinances This regulatory function often resulted in litigation when property owners objected to these requirements There was little in the way of compromise negotiation and arbitration During the 1980s the trend to use negotiation as an alternative to litigation and as a way to reach agreements on regulatory aspects of planning began to take hold 多年来 城市规划扮演了一个调整性的角色 因为它处理了一些冲突 以确保公众个人规 划和分区规划法令相一致 这种调节功能 往往导致诉讼当业主反对这些要求 几乎没有 妥协 商议和调停 在 20 世纪 80 年代 使用协商作为起诉的一种选择和在规划的调整性 方面作为达成一致的的一种方法的趋势开始出现 As urban planning becomes increasingly concerned with implementation within the context of a federated democratic system the greater successes are expected Implementation is now the cutting edge for advances in urban planning and it will serve as the area for the most interesting new developments in the years ahead Urban planners are moving beyond planning to implementation with the support and encouragement of both business and government These are exciting times for urban planning 随着城市规划越来越关注联邦民主体制框架内执行规划预计有更好的成绩 执行规划是当 今城市规划的最前沿 它将在未来 作为该地区最有趣的新发展 城市规划者正在超越策 划到执行与企业和政府的鼓励与支持 这些都是城市规划最激动人心的时刻 CHAPTER TWO HIERARCHY OF PLANS IN UK At the next level of the hierarchy Regional Planning Guidance RPG is also non statutory guidance but with emphasis on regional development It provides a regional development strategy to coordinate local planning The RPG has a dual role on the one hand it offers a spatial framework for the land use and economic investment decisions of central government and large development interests and on the other hand it provides some rather general guidance for local planning The long term objective of RPG should be to develop into a comprehensive spatial strategy for the region i e to set out the range of public policies that will manage the future distribution of activities within the region RPG should avoid identifying specific sites as suitable for development However RPG will need to establish the locational criteria appropriate to regionally or sub regionally significant housing business retail and leisure uses or to the location of major new inward investment sites At the same time RGP also sets up general guidance for local planning to guide the region development in a consistence way including housing transport urban design etc 在等级制度的下一个层次 区域规划指导 RPG 也是非法定的指导 但强调区域发展 它提 供了一个协调地方规划区域发展战略 RPG 有双重角色 一方面 它提供一个空间框架为中 央政府土地利用和巨大的发展集团的经济投资决策 另一方面它为当地总体规划提供了一 些通用指南 RPG 的长期目标应该是发展成为一个全面的空间战略地区 即制定公共政策 的范围 将管理活动的未来分布在该地区 区域规划指导应该避免识别一些适合发展的特别 位置 然而 区域规划指导将需要建立一些适合区域或亚区域内重要的住宅 商业 零售 业和休闲用地休闲用地的地方标准或适合一些主要的新的内在投资基地内在投资基地的位置的地方标准 同时 RGP 也建立了使地方规划来指导区域发展一致的综合指导 包括住房 交通 城市设计 等 Urban design at the local district level becomes more specific Planning policies in the structure plan integrate urban design policies with a good understanding of the local district context For local plans design policies in terms of desirable standards of urban design like scale height materials are attached for different types of area In addition supplementary guidelines are especially set for different districts Besides the Town and County Plan Act have two ordinances concerned with urban design the Civic Amenities 1967 and the Housing Act 1969 which give urban design control with statutory power 城市设计在地方 地区级变得更加具体 结构规划的规划政策整合城市设计政策可以很好的 了解地方 区域背景 对于地区规划设计 设计政策在城市设计方面有着令人满意的标准 像规模 高度 材料 是被用于不同类型地区 此外 补充的指导方针是为不同的区域特 别设置的 另外 城乡规划法则 关于城市设计的两条法律条文 1967 年的市政设施 和 1969 年的城市主方法 这给城市设计控制的法定权力 Planning is a process which anticipates the needs of a community proposes ways and means for the satisfaction of these needs and relates these proposals to the orderly development of the city and realization of the comprehensive plan The precise plans are the instruments with which these functions are perfor 规划是一个过程 对社区的预期需求提出了满足这些方式和手段 以及联系这些方 式和手段的规划 实现城市的有序发展 精确的规划使得功能更加的完善 CHAPTER ONE Frank Lloyd Wright Wright evolved a new concept of interior space in architecture Rejecting the existing view of rooms as single function boxes Wright created overlapping and interpenetrating rooms with shared spaces He designated use areas with screening devices and subtle changes in ceiling heights and created the idea of defined space as opposed to enclosed space 赖特逐步形成一个新的概念在建筑的室内空间 拒绝现有的像单功能箱一样的立面 赖特 创建相互重叠相互渗透的共享空间 他指定用途地区筛选设备 天花板的高度 微妙的变 化和创造 定义空间观念相对封闭的空间 Through experimentation Wright developed the idea of the prairie house a long low building with hovering planes and horizontal emphasis He developed these houses around the basic crucifix L or T shape and utilized a basic unit system of organization He integrated simple materials such as brick wood and plaster into the designs 通过实践 赖特发展了草原别墅的思想 草原别墅是一种以水平面为重点的 长的 低 矮的建筑形式 他开发了这些房子周围基本的十字 L 或 T 和使用一个以基本单元体为组 织的体系他整合了简单的材料到设计里 如砖 木 石膏 Walter Burley Griffin was among the many notable architects to emerge from the Wright studios In 1932 Wright established the Taliesin Fellowship a group of apprentices who did construction work domestic chores and design studies Four years later he designed and built both Fallingwater and the Johnson Administration Building These designs re invigorated Wright s career and led to a steady flow of commissions particularly for lower middle income housing Wright responded to the need for low income housing with the Usonian house a development from his earlier prairie house 沃尔特 伯利格里芬是从赖特工作室中显露出来的众多著名建筑师中的一个 1932 年赖特 建立了西塔里森团队 团队是由一群做建造工作 室内装修 和设计学习的学徒组成 四年后 他设计了流水别墅和约翰逊政府大楼 这些设计振兴了他的职业生涯 并且有了 稳定的佣金流入 尤其是对于设计地中收入住房 赖特为满足低收入住宅的需求采用了由 其早期草原式住宅发展而来的美式住宅 The Robie house as Wright s best expression of the Prairie masonry structure is a national landmark Sheathed in Roman brick and overhung so perfectly that a midsummer noon sun barely strikes the foot of the long glass walled southern exposure of the raised above ground level living quarters it demonstrates Wright s total control and appreciation of microclimatic effects 罗宾住宅是一个国家划时代的标志 是赖特最能表达草原砌体结构的建筑 插入罗马砖并插入罗马砖并 且从上悬垂得如此完美 以致于仲夏中午的太阳几乎不能照射到长的玻璃幕墙的基部 玻且从上悬垂得如此完美 以致于仲夏中午的太阳几乎不能照射到长的玻璃幕墙的基部 玻 璃幕墙向南暴露于位于地面之上的生活区 他展示了赖特的总体控制和微气候效应璃幕墙向南暴露于位于地面之上的生活区 他展示了赖特的总体控制和微气候效应 Machinery materials and men yes these are the stuffs by means of which the so called American architect will get his architecture 机器 材料和人是原材料 凭借这些原材料 所谓的美国建筑师将能够完成他的建筑 Taliesin West is another one of those ventures in the general direction of the unknown in which this architect has so often indulged 西塔里森是那些经常沉迷于对未知领域的探索的建筑师之一 There is probably more instruction concerning construction in the desert ways of plant life than in any books ever written 对未知领域的探索这比以前所写的任何一本书都要有意义 单词 单词 interior space shared space defined space enclosed space platform balcony pavilion free standing pillars articulate column ferroconcrete grid steel frame standardization prefabrication Cruciform plaster masonry linoleum glass walled screen wall CHAPTER TWO Celebrating Rain and Shine As such the vertical clear cedar siding on the walls evokes the surrounding trees Every roof sheathed in gunmetal gray steel quotes the Oregon sky in winter And the granite boulders positioned beneath each of the drainage spouts ground the house to the hillside with each drop of falling water 同样地 位于墙边的垂直的雪松与周围的树木遥相呼应 每一个屋顶 插入一块炮铜色的 灰钢板 与 Oregon 冬天天空的颜色遥相呼应 每一个位于排水口下方的花岗石由于落下的 水滴将房屋与山坡连为一体 将房屋与山坡连为一体 These four roofs combined generate 100 000 gallons 380 cubic meters of rainwater each year That s a major water problem There s no reason in a place like Oregon where it rains nine months out of the year we shouldn t collect this water and put it to use 这四个屋顶联合起来每年可以收集 100000 加仑的雨水 这是个严重的水问题 毫无疑问 在像俄勒冈州这个每年有九个月是下雨的 我们应该收集这些水并加以利用 单词 单词 guest house 客房 pantry 餐具室 master suite 主人套间 bathroom 浴室 laundry 洗 衣房 hallway 门厅 staircase 楼梯 basement 浴室 fireplace 壁炉 loft 阁楼 cistern 蓄水池 backyard 院落 driveway 车道 patio 院落天井 terrace 阳台 outdoor installations 室外装备 Cantilever 悬臂 channel 水渠 spout 喷嘴 scupper 排水管 pipe 水管 filtration 过滤 granite 花岗岩 gray steel 灰钢 stainless steel 不锈钢 limestone 石灰石 hillside 山坡 ridge 山脉 waterfall 瀑布 kinetic sculputure 动力学雕塑 cedar 雪松 CHAPTER THREE Courtyard Housing Revival For the city at large the courtyard is an urbane housing type that can fit well into a variety of different settings including single family housing 对于整个城市来说 院落就是一种城市住宅类型 能很好地适合多种不同类型的住宅类型 包括单身 独户的 平房 The project attests to Polyzoides belief that style is secondary to the deeper issues of architectural thinking 该项目证实了 Polyzoides 认为那种风格从属于建筑学思潮更深层次的问题 A notch is cut out of the front elevation to create a walled courtyard which hides the entrance to the subterranean garage In the interior of the project a green courtyard preserves a specimen tamarisk palm The large courtyard in the center unlike the comparatively simple courts in the surrounding historic projects is a complex and restless space that wraps around the buildings and reveals a series of hidden secondary courtyard spaces one after another as one walks through the complex 从前方高地开一个切口创造一个被墙体围合的院子 隐藏了地下车库的入口 在项目的内 部 是一个保存着 tamarisk palm 标本的绿色庭院 在中心的大院子 不同于周边的历史项 目相对简单的院落 是一个复杂和不安的空间 被四周的建筑包裹着 并揭示了一系列的 隐藏 第二庭院空间 一个接一个通过复杂的空间 Residential construction is a hidebound trade Moule and Polyzoides have yet to convince builders that their nonstandard projects can be built as economically as standardized housing However these projects should convince builders that courtyards are versatile and neighborly and that they allow architects and developers to combine different kinds of units easily into a single project 住宅建筑是一个墨守成规的贸易 Moule and Polyzoides 还需要说服建筑商他们不标准的项 目可以被建成既经济又标准的住宅 然而 那些项目应该说服建筑商 庭院是有着多种功 能和友好的空间 并且他们可以允许建筑师和开发商联合不同的单元更容易形成一个单一 的项目 单词 单词 courtyard housing rowhouse townhouse flat bungalow apartment affordable housing luxurious housing alley light rail parking amenity access lane courtyard tower portion private rental non profit rental non profit co op cooperative society simple ownership condominium ownership facade elevation ventilation CHAPTER FOUR SECONDARY FORM Schools are the places in which we grow from being protected members of families to citizens semi autonomous people in society So the principal spatial problem for school designers is to generate a hierarchy of spaces that range from shelter for timid and nervous individuals through places for groups small and large to focus areas in which the whole community can come together 学校是我们成长的地方 保护公民的家庭成员 半自治社会人 因此 对学校设计 者来讲 首先的空间问题就是产生一个有层次的空间 空间的排列顺序为从胆小者的庇护 所 经历大小群体聚集的空间 到整个社区聚集在一起的一个中心区域 In arranging such hierarchies circulation systems are of great importance for it is in these that the ordinary social interactions of school take place They should be carefully adjusted to the age of the children For the smallest everything should be intimate long vistas and large volumes are clearly to be avoided As pupils become older and grow into students circulation systems ought to become more complicate offering ever more complex interpretations of the individual in space and society 安排这种层次结构 交通系统是非常重要的 因为它是发生在这些学校普通的社会交流 他们应该仔细调整孩子的年龄 对于年龄最小的 一切都要显得亲密 长廊和大体量显然 是要避免的 作为小学生 成长成为学生 交通系统应该变得更加复杂 提供更多复杂的 建筑空间表达形式给独立的空间与社会 Many schools get this transition very wrong presenting the transition from being little and almost defenceless to being a virtually independent individual as merely the experience of a succession of more and more institutional spaces Indeed this was the overwhelming experience of most schools until the middle of last century But in Europe at least postwar school design began to explore the possibilities of generating spaces that could respond to the changing perceptions of growing people 许多学校对过渡空间的处理是不适宜的 他们提出这个过渡空间是从小的没有任何防备能 力的个体到事实上完全独立的个体 这仅仅是作为越来越多的制度空间传承的经验而已 但是至少在欧洲 战后学校的设计开始探索建立层次空间的可能性 以响应成长中的人对 外界变化感知的需求 A rectangle on the edge of the village among orchards and fields it has to accommodate two full scale sports fields as well as gardens and the large building 位于果园和农场之间的村庄边缘的一个长方形基地 可以容纳下两个全能运动场 花园和 大型建筑 Construction is conventional economical and careful The grey well cast easily maintained concrete structure is exposed Infill is white painted blockwork Roofs and fascias are of standard ribbed metal sheeting It is a tough honed building yet tender to its users Seen from a distance across the fields and fruit trees its pitched roofs and white walls harmonize with the traditional rural buildings The school is a quiet focus of community 建筑施工是传统 经济和谨仔细的 灰色的 浇铸良好的 容易维护的混泥土结构暴露在 外 屋顶和饰带是标准的肋骨状的金属护墙板 这是一个结实和被磨过的建筑 但她对使 用者是温柔的 从远处穿过田野和果树看学校 其坡屋顶和白墙与传统乡村建筑相互协调 学校是一个安静的社区的焦点 Chapter Four Garden City That the land on which the garden city stood must be owned by the community was of fundamental importance This would ensure first the social control of physical planning and especially the permanent delimitation of town and country zones and secondly that all increases of land value brought about by development would be put to public use The resulting steady improvement of amenities and services would largely provide the magnetic properties of the garden city 花园城市的土地所有权必须被社区所拥有是根本的重要性 这将确保 第一 社会控制的 实体规划 特别是永久性的划定的城镇和乡村地区 和 其次 通过发展带来的所有增加 的土地价值将投入到公众使用 由此产生的稳定改善设施和服务 很大程度的提升了花园 城市吸引人的特性 In these new settlements Howard believed that a greatly improved quality of life would be obtainable including housing work and leisure conditions but also transformed social relations and even religious sensibilities Capitalism and co operation could both flourish only land uses would be control