英语修辞 figure of speech.doc

Simile 明喻Simile：（明喻）用like, as, asas, as if, as though, resemble, have a resemblance to, suggest, seem to等明显性词连接两类不同的事物。（1）（本体、喻体、喻词）缺一不可。（2）喻词必须是like, as, asas, as if, as though等明显性喻词。(3) 两物在性质上十分不同，但在某一方面相似。明喻与暗喻的区别：明喻把喻体和本体说成相似；暗喻干脆把本体和喻体说成是一致的。喻词。1. 本体+动词+as/like+喻体 e.g.: The elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. He declared that whites and negroes could live together only as master and man. 2. As/Just as+喻体，so+本体+喻体 （就像B一样, A也） e.g.: As cold water to thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our mind. 3. 本体+动词+as though/as if+喻体+动词 （A.好像B） e.g.: She looked both young and aging, as if she had just emerged from an illness or some crisis.He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez.4. What + 喻体，that+本体 （A对于就象/好比B对于一样） e.g.: What salt is to food, that wit and humor are to conversation. What food is to man, that manure is to crops.5. 本体+to be+名词（本体）+what /as +喻体+to be+名词（喻体）（A对好比B对一样） e.g.: Reading is to be the mind what/as exercise is to the body. Air is to us what/as water is to fish. 6. 主语+动词+no more/less+本体+than+喻体或主语+not +本体+any more +than+喻体 （正如一样） e.g.: Our village is no less beautiful than this picture. A student can no more obtain knowledge without studying than a farmer can get harvest without plowing. Nations are not to be judged by their size any more than individuals.7. 本体+be+as+喻体 （A象B一样.） e.g.: Her face blushed, becoming as red as an apple. Death may be as heavy as Mount Tai or as light as a feather. The full green hills are (as) round and soft as breasts.8. 主谓+not as/so+本体+as+喻体 (不是A，而是B) e.g.: He thought not so much of possible death as of the urgent need to win, to defeat the enemies. e.g.: Right now, it is not their accountants who are holding the companies back so much as their legal advisers. 9. 主语+may/might +as well+动词+喻体+as+动词+本体 （不如; 最好; 还是好） e.g.: You may as well advise me to give up my fortune as my argument. 你劝我停止辩论还不如劝我抛弃我的财产。 You never listenI might as well talk to a brick wall (as talk to you). 你从来不听我的话我不如对着墙说话。 Metaphor 暗喻、隐喻Metaphor：（隐喻）两类不同事物（本体和喻体）之间含蓄地比较，以表明相同关系的比喻。隐喻不用喻词连接本体和喻体，有时甚至本体和喻词都不出现，用喻词代替本体。 暗喻 明喻1. Kindness is the golden chain Kindness is like the golden chainby which society is bound. by which society is bound. 2. Spare moments are the golden Spare moments are like the goldendust of time. dust of time. 3. The world is a stage. The world is like a stage. 隐喻中的喻体可以用不同的表达形式，主要有以下五种：1. 喻体带修饰语： The girl is a dead shot. He loves rosy cheek.2. 喻体与本体成同位关系： She was lady born, a jewel though probably she could do no more than just read and write. Jewel 表示她的高贵和地位。 The machine sitting at that desk was no longer a man; it was a busy New York broker. Machine, broker都指man，man 是有血有肉有感情的，但machine与broker都是冷酷无情，这两个词都刻画出那个人的另冷酷无情。3. 隐去喻体，用动词表示喻义 He could not get rid of his stick now. His shriek sounded faintly, dulled by the billowing snow. 他现在仍然丢不下拐杖，她的尖叫声听起来模糊，被纷纷扬扬的大雪压低了。 Shriek 为本体，dulled 表示like the dull voice, 它间接表示喻体的声音特征。 The boy is shooting up fast. Shoot up 指植物快速生长，隐去喻体plant，表示grow up as fast as a plant.4. 扩展式隐喻：这种隐喻一般有一个不变的本体，它带有一串的喻体，有时有两个以上的本体与喻体。 A bird in the hand is worth two in the brush. One of the greatest virtues is to grasp “now”. 第一句隐去本体，bird为喻体，以鸟指物的价值。第二句以grasp “now” 表示喻义，抓住机遇，求实际。第二句喻义是第一句的发展。5. 以格言或短语作喻体People who live in glass house should not throw stones.处于脆弱地位的人与应该攻击他人；正人正己。 People 为本体，live in the glasshouse 与throw stones 为喻体，指The people who are weak are like those who live in the glass house, should not attack others.Do not put the cart before the horse. 勿将本末倒置。Do not wash your dirty linen in public. 家丑不可外扬。Give him an inch and he will make a mile. 得寸进尺。Look before you leap. 三思而后行。Strike the iron while it is hot. 趁热打铁。You cant make an omelet without breaking eggs. 做事不可畏首畏尾。Tomorrow is another (new day). 重振旗鼓，东山再起。6. Other examples: He has a microwave smile that warms another person without heat. Ive got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight. Her round pillar of a throat was white than ever. A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to a stop. The ship spread its wings to the breeze. Analogy (类比)Analogy（类比）：就两种本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较。从结构上看，它常常既带有比喻的明喻有直接把本体说成喻体的隐喻。它是通过比喻手法的综合运用来说明道理和情况。运用analogy可以把陌生的东西变为熟悉的东西，把深奥的道理浅显化，把抽象的事理具体化形象化。1. It is with our judgments as with our watches; none go just alike, yet each believes his own. 上述情况表明，类比在形式上很像明喻（有比喻词as）但区别在于：作者还进一步说明了产生差别的道理，而不像明喻和暗喻那样把具体情况统统留给读者去想象。2. The inspiration for a story is like “a pull on the linethe outside signal that has startled or moved the creative mind to complicity and brought the story to active being”作者把小说创作灵感的产生同水中的鱼拖动钓线类比，说明具有创造性的头脑受到外部信息的触动、启发、产生共鸣，并把小说创作出来。3. Virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set: 德行犹如宝石，朴素最美；仿拟（Parody） 这是一种巧妙、机智、而有趣的修辞格。它有意仿照人们熟知的现成的语言材料，根据表达的需要临时创造出新的语、句、篇来，以使语言生动活泼，或讽刺嘲弄，或幽默诙谐，妙趣盎然。在运用时所仿拟的一般是人们所熟知的语言材料，如成语、谚语、名言、警句。 1、Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit. 2、To eat is human; to digest, divine.【Mark Twain】 3、One nonlinguistic explanation of failure at school is that you can take a child to Euclid but you cant make him think.(You can lead a horse to water, but you cant make it drink) 4、Red Star Over Hong Kong. 【Times, July14, 1997】(Red Star Over China, a book by Edgar Snow, is an account of the Communist Party of China written when they were a guerrilla army still obscure to Westerners . 5、To Lie Or Not To Lie- The Doctors Dilemma 6. Is our democracy so fragile that four airplane bombs can erode 225 years of liberty? Is life so dear or peace so sweet, as to be puchased at the price of chains and slavery? 【Patrick Henry】 Personification (拟人)Personification: 它实际上也是一种比喻，尤其是隐喻。其形式是通过把原属于人所特有的品质、行为、情感等赋予大自然其他有生命或无生命的东西，使它们具有类似人的特征。因此，也有人把拟人法叫做“静物动化”的一种修辞技巧。The sun kissed the green fields. The thirsty desert drank up the water. 拟人法虽然本质上是一种隐喻，但有两个特点：1. 与人相联系，包括人特有的形象、动作、情感。2. 通常用动词、形容词、副词、副词性短语，利用这类具有动态或描述性的词语“移花接木”，达到借物喻人的目的。若用名词，则变成了simile or metaphor.比较：The little goat was so fussy that he often cried for wolf. The little goat was like the shepherd who often cried for wolf. The little goat became a shepherd who often cried for wolf.8The baby crocodile thought hard. Then he had an idea.The thirst soil drank in the rain. The sun smiled down on the green meadow.Flowers danced about the lawn.The car coughed and died. Virtue and vice can not dwell under the same roof.The wind whistled through the trees. Hyperbole夸张Hyperbole：运用丰富的想象，在数量、形式或程度上加以渲染以增强表达效果，就是hyperbole，汉语 叫做“夸张”辞格。 比较： 一般表达方式 夸张说法 Thank you. / Thanks. Thanks a million. John is a good second baseman. John is the greatest second baseman in the world. They laughed heartily. They almost died laughing. When she smiled, other people were all gay. Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. Im hungry. Im starving. 夸张的形式灵活多样，最基本的有以下两种：1用语法上的比较级、最高级结构或表示极端意义的词语 From his mouth flowed speech sweeter than honey. So great was his splendor in arms that the suns brilliance seemed dim by comparison. DUNHILL is internationally acknowledged to be the finest cigarette in the world. 2. 在数量和程度上大得多或者小得多的词汇。 The two sisters are different in a thousand and one ways. (On the New England weather) In the spring I have counted one hundred and thirty-six different kinds of weather inside of four-and-twenty hours. Stand still in Shanghai for twenty minutes and ten million people will rush at you like pins at magnets. I told you a hundred times not to leave the door open. Understatement (含蓄陈述)Understatement: 低调陈述、含蓄陈述，是与夸张法对应的一种辞格。表现形式：1以反说代替正说，即通常以否定形式表示肯定的内容。这种形式也叫做“曲言法”(litotes)。 Thats no laughing matter. 比较：Thats a serious matter. She was not without ambition. 比较：She was quite ambitious. The boy was undoubted a difficult pupil, for he had a strong independent mind, and was impatient of accepted rules and conventions. 比较：mind, and hated/disliked2. 以弱说代替强说，即用形容词或副词比较级或用程度副词（如：almost, hardly, kind of, rather, scarcely, something of, sort of 等）减弱与其。这种方式也叫做“弱陈法”（Meiosis）。 TV reporter: Do you think all the programs are good? One of the audience：Well，some are interesting, some could be better, and some are almost sort of rubbish. During last years Central Park Bicycle Race, five of the racers were attacked and had their bikes stolen while the race was in progress. This is something of a handicap in bicycle race. Sorry, this is in fact more than I can promise. Other examples: She is rather good-looking. She didnt enjoy the best reputation. He has written quite a number of books. Euphemism (委婉)1. Euphemism含义:委婉语，即用语气较温和、含义较雅致的或含糊的表达方式代替粗俗、生硬、直露的说法。如不接说人死了（died），而说去世了（passed away），不直接说“上厕所”（go to the lavatory），而说“去洗手间”（go to the bathroom）等。2. Euphemism形式: 委婉语的形式多种多样，可从不同角度去分析归纳：读音、构词、语法和变通表达形式。 （1）读音 1）laboratory 的重音后移被认为是一个典型的例子：原来重读在第一个音节，同lavatory读音形似，为避免不愉快的联想，就把重读后移一个音节。 2）特殊疑问句where are you going? 句末不用升调，而应用降调。但人们为了客气，如不改变句型时就往往改用升调，对方听了会感到亲切和有礼貌。 （2）构词 缩略是常见形式，如ladies (代 ladies room)，W.C.（代替water closet）, out (out of work), lav (lavatory), G-man (garbageman), BM (bowel movement)。 （3）语法 过去时，（或过去进行时），否定式、情态动词would/should等都可构成委婉形式。 I wondered / I was wondering if you could spare a few minutes to go over my abstract. I dont think that it is his idea. (Dont say: I think that it is not his idea.) I would like / Id like to hear your views. Theres something Id advise you to consider in the program. (4) 变通表达（Tactful Expression） 是委婉语的一种最常见的形式，实际上只要适应场合，有时美化，有时淡化，都是使用某种委婉形式。例如： 1）为了满足乘客的尊严感，一般航空公司改变机舱的记的称谓：一等舱(First Class) 改称为豪华舱(Deluxe Class 或Premium Class)； 二等舱（Second Class）改称为一等舱； 三等舱（Third Class）改称经济舱（Economy Class）或旅游舱（Tourist Class） 这样一改似乎所有的乘客（尤其是三等舱）的地位和待遇都得到了提升，皆大欢喜。 2）同样，为了照顾人们的尊严，对一些反面的人和事不直接说出，而使用较为含糊的词语加以淡化。例如学校教师不直接讲某学生“愚钝”（Stupid，obtuse），而讲“反应较慢”（He is a bit slow for his age.）； 某人犯让警察抓进去了，也不直接说，而讲得含糊其辞： Paul did something, and the police well, now hes staying at the correction center. 句中，correction center是prison的代名词，to do something 是抽象词语，类似的还有it，the thing，the problem等。除了抽象名词外，一些外来语以及synecdoche, understatement等词格都可以用来构成委婉表达。4. 委婉语的使用：传统性和开放性 （1）传统性：首先表现在委婉语的适用范围，它主要是避免使用那些忌讳语（Taboo words）如对人的生老病死不直接讲，而采用较为含糊、委婉的表达方式： To be expecting 代替 pregnant；to be stout（指男）或plump（指女）代替fat；hart condition代替hart attack；social disease代替venereal disease（性病）；用to be elderly 或senior代替old；用pass away/be no more/depart代替die；用 memorial park/memory garden代替graveyard; 用make love with/go to bed with代替have sex with等。（2）开放性：其传统性表现在其使用目的上，就是避讳和礼貌两个方面。其开放性表现在使用目的上的多样化，并引出了种种利用委婉语应付情面和满足虚荣心里以及谋取不正当利益的消极倾向。在社会职业称呼上，把maid/housekeeper称为domestic help/day-help/live-in help；US overseas military deployment名声不好，就用American presence代之；用liberate代替capture；明明是invasion却说pre-emptive action（先发制人）。（3）委婉语有约定俗成、相对固定的表达方式。 例如大小便不好直说，就出现了一系列的说法：I have to pay a call; Id like to be excused; I have to retire for a moment; Wheres the restroom? May I wash hands? Cock, ass, bull 都是美国禁忌语，分别用rooster，donkey和ox取代。Additional examples：1. You must not fancy I am sick, only overdriven and under the weather. 不要以为我生病，我不过工作过于疲惫，有些不舒服而已。2. Their cat was growing old and blind, and would have to be put to sleep. 他们的猫已经衰老失明，该令其长眠安息了。3. Her son arrived just after the mother had breathed her last. 儿子到达时，他的母亲刚断气不久。Metonymy (换喻) 和Synecdoche（提喻）1. Metonymy 这两种辞格十分相近，其共同特点是不直接说出所指对象的名称，而采取某种替代形式；他们的区别在于：metonymy是借与某种事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物，因此可称为“借代”（ 一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用 华盛顿代替 美政府或用 剑代替 军事力量）；而synecdoche是以某事物的局部表示整体，或反过来以整体表示局部。例如，人在幼年离不开摇篮，而借the cradle表示“婴儿时期”，这就是metonymy：He must have been spoilt from the cradle.又如：“头”“手”等是人体的部分，用他们表示整个人，则是常见的synecdoche：More hands (=working men) are needed at the moment. We had dinner at ten dollars a head (=each person).2. 注意这两种辞格与其他比喻形式将的区别，是比较： Green was the cradle of Western culture. metaphor A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. analogy 3. Metonymy换喻的使用 （1）不象明喻、隐喻等比喻形式那样利用不同类对象的相似或类同构成比较，而是利用两个对象之间的某种联系来唤起别人的联想，从而避免生硬的直说。例如： 通过讲某物的常用器皿，让别人联想被盛的东西，或用某地名指哪里的人。 The kettle is boiling.-The water in the kettle is boiling. Italy cannot be vanished in warfare, nor Greece in studies. -Italians cannot be vanished in warfare, nor Greeks in studies. 通过讲工具或所有物，让别人联想到经常使用该工具的人或该物的所有者。 The pen is stronger than the sword. - Those who use the pen have more influence than those who use the sword. - The officials have more say than the officers. Land belonging to the crown occupied the best part of the country. - Land belonging to the monarch occupied通过讲特征或特定的环境，让人联想到具有该特征或在该环境下的人： The grey hair should be respected. The old / aged should be respected. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. -Things learned in child will not be forgotten till death. Having finished the law school, he was called to the Bar. -Having finished the law school, he became a lawyer (Am E) / a barrister (Br E).(2) 借用历史上或传说中的典故与现实生活中某种人或某种事之间的相似性来暗示说话者的观点，达到借古喻今或借此言彼的目的。这类metonymy 也称之为“引喻”。例如：Every government should attend to cleaning its own Augean stables. (相传国王奥吉尼斯的牛舍内养牛3000头，30年未打扫，故有Augean stables 成了肮脏的代名词。者利用来影射各国政府都有腐败现象，应注意克服。)Bacchus has drowned more than Neptune but has killed fewer than Mars. (Bacchus, Neptune和Mars分别为希腊、罗马神话中的酒神、海神和战神，这里用他们表示酒、大海和战争，说明杯酒淹死者多于大海，杯酒杀死者少于战争。)(3) 新闻记者报道中经常利用metonymy形式称呼各类人或物，给人以简洁有力而又幽默巧妙的印象。人的姓名、人体部位、地名、动植物、社会职业，等等都可以用作换喻。Down Under：Australia or New Zealand British Lion: England or the English Government不列颠之狮(英国的别称); 英国人(狮为英国的国徽)Ivan: The Russian peopleJohn Bull: England/ the English peopleUncle Sam: The United States of America Capitol Hill: the Legislative Branch of the U.S.Downing Street: the British Government / cabinet Hollywood: American film-making industryFleet Street：the British press in London Madison Avenue: American advertising industry The Pentagon: the U.S. military establish Wall Street: U.S. financial circlesThe White House: the U.S. President /administration Brain/head: wisdom, intelligence, reasonHeart: feelings, emotions Romeo: lover Helen: beautiful Milton: poetThe bar: the legal profession The press: news reporters, journalists, newspapers The bench: position (or office) of judge / magistrate 地方法官, 司法行政官Quisling: traitor源自维德孔 奎西林 (1887-1945）纳粹时期挪威政府的头子(1940-1945）Foggy Bottom: U.S. State Department 雾谷美国国务院的谑称4. Synecdoche的使用 （1）用局部表示整体，用整体表示局部： This famous port used to be a harbor which was crowded with masts. (masts 代boats) All the plants in the cold country are turning green in this smiling year. (smiling year 代the spring) (2) 在单数与复数、抽象与具体、物体和他的构成原料之间也会构成换喻。 Dread disaster smote his breasts with grief; so panting, from out his lungs very depth he sobbed for anguish. (句中breasts, lungs形式上是复数，即把一个身上的左右胸肺以两个的形式表示出来，意在强调。) There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman. （tiger和ape分别表示“残暴”与“狡猾”，是具体表抽象） “Einstein is my admiration,” the girl said. (抽象表具体) This child who is so curious of music is going to be a Beethoven, I dare to say. (特殊表一般)Pun 双关Pun（双关）：是英语修辞的一种常见形式：巧妙地利用同音异义或同形异义词现象使一个词语或句子具有两种不同的含义，不直接表露，显得含蓄委婉，而又十分幽默。分为语音双关和语义双关。1语音双关： (1) Then there was a man in the restaurant. “Youre not eating your fish”, the waitress said to him. “Anything wrong with it?” “Long time no sea,” the man replied. 这是一个广为流传的双关语小故事。 “see” 和 “sea”同音。顾客回答听起来像 “Long time no sea”, 但实际上表达的是“鱼已经离开大海很久了，不新鲜了”。 (2) Drunk drivers put the quart before the hearse. quart ; hearse: 灵车，柩车 这是一句劝告司机戒酒的话。咋一听，似乎是 “Put the cart before the horse.” 因为 “quart” 与 “cart”, Hearse 与horse 发音近似，但其实际意义不是“本末倒置”，而是“拿性命当儿戏”的意思。其中, quart指酒的盛器，在灵车前挂着酒瓶，用语双关，发人深省。2. 语意双关： （1）I finally figured out how government works. The Senate gets the bill from the House, the President gets the bill from the Senate and we get the bill for everything. 句中前面的两个bill均指提案，第三个bill指账单；由该词的双重意义构成双关，进行揭露讽刺：他们官场无事生非，我们承担一切费用。（2）“Fourth floor,” shouted the passenger to the elevator. “Here you are son.” “How dare you call me son?” “Sir, I called, or whatever. Ive brought you up, anyway. ”乘客出言不逊。电梯管理员借谐音双关反讥，待他听出并提出质问时，管理员表面上是澄清事实，实则利用to bring somebody up的歧义构成双关再次骂他。(3) Try our sweet corn. Youll smile from ear to ear. 这是甜玉米广告：你一尝就会吃了一个又一个（ear指玉米穗头），高兴地合不拢嘴（ear指耳朵）。Syllepsis （一语双叙，兼叙）Syllepsis: 一个词兼顾两个或多个其他词，但在数、性或格上只与其中之一保持一致，或当该词与它兼顾的词中的每一个词搭配时意思都不一样。1. He lost his coat and his temper. 他丢了上衣，发了脾气。2. They couldnt keep a cook and a secret. 他们不能又雇厨师又保守秘密。3. The senator picked up his hat and courage. 参议员捡起帽子并鼓起了勇气。4. He took her to dinner and seriously. 他带她去吃饭，并认真对待她。5. He departed in tears and in taxi. 他含泪乘出租车离开了。Zeugma（轭式搭配）Zeugma: 轭式搭配法用一个词，特别是动词或形容词，用来修饰两个或更多的名词的构成法。而这种修饰只适用于其中一个词或不同方式的两个词。例如： 1. He took my advice and my wallet. 他接受了我的建议和我的钱包。 2. The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon