管理工作要素(ppt 25页)(英文).ppt

WorkofManagement Planning Controlling DirectingandMotivating Remember PlanningandControl Planning involvesdevelopingobjectivesandpreparingvariousbudgetstoachievetheseobjectives Control involvesthestepstakenbymanagementthatattempttoensuretheobjectivesareattained Ituncoverspotentialbottlenecksbeforetheyoccur Itcoordinatestheactivitiesoftheentireorganizationbyintegratingtheplansandobjectivesofthevariousparts Itensuresthataccountingrecordscomplywithgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples Itprovidesbenchmarksforevaluatingsubsequentperformance Whichofthefollowingisnotabenefitofbudgeting AdvantagesofBudgeting Advantages Communicatingplans Thinkaboutandplanforthefuture Meansofallocatingresources Uncoverpotentialbottlenecks Coordinateactivities Definegoalandobjectives ResponsibilityAccounting Managersshouldbeheldresponsibleforthoseitems andonlythoseitems thatthemanagercanactuallycontroltoasignificantextent FairmontInc usesanaccountingsystemthatchargescoststothemanagerwhohasbeendelegatedtheauthoritytomakedecisionsconcerningthecosts Forexample ifthesalesmanageracceptsarushorderthatwillresultinhigherthannormalmanufacturingcosts theseadditionalcostsarechargedtothesalesmanagerbecausetheauthoritytoacceptordeclinetherushorderwasgiventothesalesmanager Thistypeofaccountingsystemisknownas A responsibilityaccounting B contributionaccounting C absorptionaccounting D operationalbudgeting ChoosingtheBudgetPeriod OperatingBudget 1999 2000 2001 2002 Theannualoperatingbudgetmaybedividedintoquarterlyormonthlybudgets ChoosingtheBudgetPeriod 1999 2000 2001 2002 ContinuousorPerpetualBudget Thisbudgetisusuallyatwelve monthbudgetthatrollsforwardonemonthasthecurrentmonthiscompleted ParticipativeBudgetSystem FlowofBudgetData TheBudgetCommittee Astandingcommitteeresponsibleforoverallpolicymattersrelatingtothebudgetcoordinatingthepreparationofthebudget Amethodofbudgetinginwhichthecostofeachprogrammustbejustifiedeveryyeariscalled operationalbudgeting zero basedbudgeting continuousbudgeting responsibilityaccounting Zero BaseBudgeting Managersarerequiredtojustifyallbudgetedexpenditures notjustchangesinthebudgetfromthepreviousyear Thebaselineiszeroratherthanlastyear sbudget Letuspracticeonthebasicsofbudgeting ParleeCompany ssalesare30 incashand70 oncredit Sixtypercentofthecreditsalesarecollectedinthemonthofsale 25 inthemonthfollowingsale and12 inthesecondmonthfollowingsale Theremainderareuncollectible Thefollowingarebudgetedsalesdata Totalsales January 60 000February 70 000March 50 000April 30 000 TotalcashreceiptsinAprilwouldbebudgetedtobe A 38 900 B 47 900 C 27 230 D 36 230 ModestoCompanyproducesandsellsProductAlphaB Toguardagainststockouts thecompanyrequiresthat20 ofthenextmonth ssalesbeonhandattheendofeachmonth BudgetedsalesofProductAlphaBoverthenextfourmonthsare BudgetedsalesinunitsJuneJulyAugustSeptember30 00040 00060 00050 000 BudgetedproductionforAugustwouldbe A 62 000units B 70 000units C 58 000units D 50 000units FridenCompanyhasbudgetedsalesandproductionoverthenextquarterasfollows AprilMayJuneSalesinunits100 000120 000 Productioninunits104 000128 000156 000Thecompanyhas20 000unitsofproductonhandatApril1 Aminimumof20 ofthenextmonth ssalesneedsinunitsmustbeonhandattheendofeachmonth Julysalesareexpectedtobe140 000units BudgetedsalesforJunewouldbe inunits A 188 000 B 160 000 C 128 000 D 184 000 MarpleCompany sbudgetedproductioninunitsandbudgetedrawmaterialspurchasesoverthenextthreemonthsaregivenbelow JanuaryFebruaryMarchBudgetedproduction inunits 60 000 100 000Budgetedrawmaterialspurchases inkilograms 129 000165 000188 000Twokilogramsofrawmaterialsarerequiredtoproduceoneunitofproduct Thecompanywantsrawmaterialsonhandattheendofeachmonthequalto30 ofthefollowingmonth sproductionneeds Thecompanyisexpectedtohave36 000kilogramsofrawmaterialsonhandonJanuary1 BudgetedproductionforFebruaryshouldbe A 105 000units B 82 500units C 150 000units D 75 000units Now themotivationalsideofbudgeting Budgetscanbedefinedas aquantitativemodel orsummaryoftheexpectedconsequencesoftheorganization sshort termoperatingactivities ManagementAccountingAtkinson Banker Kaplan Young Whatisthisdefinitionimplying Thedefinitionsuggests Availabilityofquantitativedata Predictabilityofshort termoutcomes Clear cutorganizationalstructures Thereisonemajorlogicalproblem whichis Iftheabovearetrue whatdoyouneedthebudgetfor Thebudgetaryprocessisratheraprocess Toquantify qualitative judgment Toforecasttheimpactsofsomeuncertainevents Tosimplifythecomplexorganizationalstructures AsZimmermanindicated p 244 thebudgetprocess isacommunicationdeviceinvolvingbothverticalandhorizontalinformationtransferisanegotiationandinternalcontractingprocedureispartoftheperformanceevaluationsystempartitiondecisionrights BudgetstoSolve Agency Problems Short termbudgetsasinternalcontracts ToformallycommitresponsibilitycentersAsawarningforfuturemonitoringactionsLong termbudgetstoreduceinformationasymmetry Tosolicitprivate specializedinformationfromlocalmanagersForcemanagerstothinkstrategically ratherthanonjusttheshort termresults BudgetstoSolve Agency Problems Line itembudgetsAuthorizemanagerstospendonlyuptoacertainamountperlineitemCannottransferexcesstoandfromline itemsNoincentivetoreducespendingBudgetlapsing nocarryoverstonextperiodIncentivetospendallthebudgetedamountsIntendtoavoidmanagersbuildingup