英文筷子简介.doc

SUBJECT: ChopsticksGENERAL PURPOSE: To informSPECIFIC PURPOSE: To inform the audience about the history of chopsticks,To inform the audience on the different types of chopsticks, To inform the audience how to use chopsticks.SUPPORTING MATERIALS:1 Documented Sources:Chopsticks. Diners Digest. 23 Sept. 1998 .1 Chopsticks (Hashi). The Japanese Tutor. 23 Sept. 1998 .1 Giblin, James Cross. From Hand to Mouth, Or, How We Invented Knives, Forks, Spoons, and Chopsticks, and the Manners to Go With Them. New Faux City: Pseudo, 19?.1 Learn 2 Use Chopsticks. L - The Ability Utility. 22 Sept. 1998 . Visual aids: posters and chopsticksOutline1 IntroductionAttention-Getting device: Imagine you are invited to a nice Chinese or Japanese restaurant to have dinner with your good friends. What kinds of utensils are you going to use when you start to enjoy your meal? A fork and a knife? Or chopsticks? Do you know some kinds of foods taste better when you use the right utensil? Chinese and Japanese foods are no exception. They taste better when you eat them with chopsticks.1 Preview: In China and Japan, chopsticks play a very important role in the dining culture. Today, I am going to share with you several topics about chopsticks:1 Where did they come from?1 How do you use them in the proper way?1 How can you practice using them?11 BodyThe History of Chopsticks - We ar not sure when chopsticks were first used but, we do know that they were invented in China where their use has been traced back at least as far as the 3rd century B.C. The famous philosopher Confucius, who lived over 200 years earlier, influenced the development of chopsticks with his nonviolent teaching. According to his teaching, food should be cut up in slaughterhouses or kitchens, not at the table. Knives, with their association to war and death, were not to be brought to the dinner table. Today, chopsticks are used in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam as well as China, making them the worlds second most popular method of conveying food to mouth.1 What chopsticks are made of - Most chopsticks are made of bamboo or other wood. But they can be made of plastic or silver. There is a very special purpose for chopsticks that are made of silver. I will talk aabout this later.1 The name of chopsticksIn Chinese, chopsticks are pronounced Kuai-zi meaning something fast or quick one.1 In Japanese, chopsticks are called Hashi. It means bridge.1 The word chopsticks as we use it today came from the 19th century when the Chinese word was translated by trader into pidgin English. The word chop means fast - as in the phrase chop chop!1 The Shape of chopsticks - Chinese chopsticks are squared-off and blunt at the end. Japanese chopsticks are rounded and tapered to a point. It has been suggested that this is in order to facilitate the removal of bones from fish which makes up a major part of the Japanese diet.1 No one really knows who came up with the phrade soap opera, but there are several reasons why this term was created.1 Other uses of chopsticks - Besides being an eating utensil, there are other ways to use chopsticks:1 In ancient China, chopsticks were always made of silver in the royal family. The emperor was very important to the whole country. To prevent the emperor from being poisoned, servants would test the food with silver chopsticks which change color upon contact with certain types of poisons.1 In Taiwan, there is a special kind of folk dance called the chopsticks dance in which dancers would hold a pair of chopsticks in each hand while they dance. In this situation, chopsticks are like paint brushes to the painter. They become a tool for artistic expressions.1 In Japan, chopsticks can be treated as decorative objects. They are usually made of lacquered wood and are sometimes elaborately painted and personalized for their owners.1 It is said that using chopsticks helps to prevent old people from becoming demented. There could be wisdom to this adage since people who always use their fingers tend to keep their minds sharp.1 How to use chopsticks1 Hold one stick between your first two fingers and the other stick between your second and third fingers1 Use your thumb as a pivoting point for the upper stick. Then push down on the lower stick with the area between your thumbs joint and your thumbs knuckle.1 The lower stick should remain stationary and only the upper stick moves.1 You should hold chopsticks at the correct position. Holding chopsticks in the incorrect position will make them difficult to use.1 How Do You Practice1 Position the chopsticks like in the above mention steps1 Time: 3 minutes a day for several days1 What you will need:1 Some pieces of food1 A set of chopsticks - preferably tapered1 Tips:1 Practice with salad first1 Start with large pieces and decrease the size as your skill improves1 Soon you can even pick up peanuts1 Like any other skills, repetition is the key to success. Several shot practices over a period of time is more effective than a big chunk of time spent in one day.2Conclusion1 Summary - Today, I have shared with you the history of chopsticks, how to use them, and how to practice using them.1 Concluding Device - I mentioned in the beginning that food will taste better if you use the right utensil. Just like you need to use a fork and a knife when you order steaks at a steak house, you need to use chopsticks to eat when you go to a Chinese or Japanese restaurant. So practice how to use them when you have a chance. Next time you are in a Chinese or Japanese restaurant, you will appreciate the real taste of Chinese and Japanese foods.Introduction of Chinese ChopsticksTraditional Chinese ChopsticksIn ancient times, chopsticks were called Zhu. At that time, our ancestors liked to steam or boil food. It was difficult for them to use spoons to dip vegetables in the soup. So they cleverly invented Zhu to nip food, thus it has become the most convenient tableware in their lives. Development of chopstick has experienced a long history. Early in Xia Dynasty (21st 16th century BC), the shape was still in development. Chopsticks only became two sticks of the same length in the Shang Dynasty (16th 11th century BC). In the late Shang Dynasty, the tyrannical King Zhou ordered his craftsmen to make chopsticks from elephants teeth, which was seen to be the most luxurious in the early history of Chinese food culture.The appearance of chopsticks said goodbye to those days when our Chinese ancestors had to use their hands to eat, so they featured the coming of civilization to food culture. The invention has many scientific theories. The lever principle of mechanics was applied into practice. The point where two sticks crossed is the pivot of the lever.How to Use Chinese ChopsticksChinese Bamboo ChopsticksChinese people are familiar with the use of chopsticks. Many foreigners are interested in but also puzzled about how to use it with facility. Here are some notes youd better remember when to use it. First, you must hold the upper part and dont cross it. Second, hold it with your thumb, index finger, middle finger and third finger. One stick is against your third finger and the other leans on your middle finger. Third, when you pick vegetable or meat in the dishes, use your index finger and middle finger to control the sticks. Practice a lot and then you will find it is an easy job.Taboos When You Use Chinese ChopsticksThe use of chopsticks has been a part of Chinese food culture. There are some taboos that you must pay great attention to, or you may make mistakes and be laughed at. Dont use it to hit the side of your bowl or plate to make a lot of noise, because Chinese people think only beggars would do this to beg for meals.Taboos when you use chopsticks When you use it, dont stretch out your index finger, which would be regarded as a kind of accusation to others. Never use it to point at others. It is thought to be an impolite behavior when you suck the end of a chopstick. People will think you lack family education. Dont use it to poke at every dish without knowing what your want. Dont insert it vertically into the bowls or dishes. Chinese people do this only when they burn incense to sacrifice the dead.Nowadays, chopsticks serve many new functions besides tableware. For example, you can buy a pair as a gift to your friends and relatives. In Chinese, it reads Kuaizi, which means to have sons soon, so a newly-married couple will be very happy to accept it as their wedding gift. Skillful craftsmen painted beautiful sceneries on chopsticks to make them like fine artworks. Many people love to collect them as their treasure.Chopsticks are small but they are adored by many people in the world. An interesting experiment shows that many joints and muscles are being exercised when you use it. They certainly make you cleverer, dont they? 筷子是如何发明的呢?有人推测，远古人烤东西吃时，随手折两根树枝或竹枝，用来夹着吃，这样既不烫手，又能趁热吃到美味，于是就演变成了筷子。筷子的结构极为简单。从形状来说，是两根小细棍，中国的筷子是上粗下细，上方下贺，这种造型的优点是拿起来方便，不容易滑，也不容易转动放在桌子上不会滚，夹菜入口的一端光滑圆润不会伤着唇吞。筷子传到日本后，日本人将筷子做成圆锥形，这是因为日本多食生冷食物，如生鱼片之类，用这种筷子更方便。 相关物理知识有:物理知识:摩擦力、杠杆、曲线运动、传输系统等。 筷子是杠杆，手捏的点是支点，动力臂是支点到夹菜的一端的距离，阻力臂是支点到另一端的距离。 运用杠杆原理不只是为了省力，在用筷子时它就没有省力，却省了距离，使操纵更加灵活,但是却费力了.杠杆的动力和阻力指的都是杠杆受到的力，动力是手指对筷子的作用力，阻力是菜对筷子的作用力。确定筷子这个杠杆动力臂和阻力臂的关系，需要找到支点，支点在筷子的上端，动力臂小于阻力臂，筷子是一个费力杠杆它的支点应该在虎口处， 动力是手指对筷子的作用力,一般在筷子中点上下 。阻力是菜阻碍筷子合拢的力，一般作用在筷子头上。所以它是一个动力臂水小于阻力臂的杠杆，是费力杠杆。Introduction to ChopsticksIn certain parts of the world, knife, fork & spoon are mandatory cutlery pieces for eating while in other parts chopsticks symbolizes a culture of ancient as well as modern eating experience. Not all but many Asian food lovers are well aware of chopsticks and their uses too. Consisting of a set of two tapered sticks, chopsticks are the main cutlery item for eating in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam.A chopstick is an English word used instead of the original word Kuaizi. It is a Mandarin language word meaning “quick little fellows.” The word chopstick first appeared during the late 17th century. Inspite of being invented in China, the use of chopsticks spread worldwide especially to Japan, Korea and Vietnam. In ancient China, Chinese used to break sticks and twigs off trees, which later evolved in to the chopsticks that we know today. Japanese used the same chopsticks but theirs look more like tweezers. They were made of one piece of bamboo joined at the top. Initially they were considered precious in Japan and used only in religious ceremonies but are now accepted globally, for almost all kind of occasions.How Chopsticks are Made and UsedNowadays we find a variety of chopsticks, which are often lacquered and made of combination of exquisite hardwood. They also come adorned with beautiful calligraphy. They can have round or square ends with tips either sharp or dull.Chopsticks are versatile; they can be used to grip, tear apart, pull, whisk, and stir and handling them is an art.Being a remarkable invention by the Chinese, using a chopstick to eat is a fun filled experience in itselfChopsticks are a pair of sticks,usually made of wood, used for eating Asian food. In Chinese, the oldword for “chopsticks,”,and also in some varieties of modern Chinese such as Hokkien, was zh (Pinyin:zh). However, using the word “zh”became a taboo on ships because it sounded the same as another wordmeaning “to stop . Consequently, it was replaced by a word of oppositemeaning, kui (fast, quick), which evolved into the current term,“kuizi.” This gradually spread until it became the word for“chopsticks” in most varieties of modern Chinese. Thecharacter forthis new meaning of “chopsticks” for kui has the radical for bambooadded to the character meaning “fast” kui. The English term,“chopsticks,” is supposedly derived from the Pidgin English spoken in British Chinese colonies. The Chinese term, “kuai-tzu,” or “quick ones”became chop (Pidgin for “quick”) sticks.Chopsticks come in many differentforms. Bamboo tends to be the most popular material from which to makethem. There is plenty of bamboo in Asia, and it is easy to split andextremely resistant to heat. Other popular materials have included woodand bone, and chopsticks made of precious metals were not uncommonamong the wealthy in ancient times. It was believed that silverchopsticks would turn black upon contact with poisoned food, althoughthis has since been disproven by modern science.It is believed the first chopstickswere developed over 5000 years ago in China. The earliest evidence of apair of chopsticks made out of bronze was excavated from the Ruins ofYin near Anyang, Henan, dating back to roughly 1200 B.C. Early Asianman would retrieve his food from the fire using sticks or branchesbroken from trees. Later, as the population grew and resources becamescarce, people would cut food into smaller pieces to save fuel becausethe smaller portions cooked faster. This eliminated the need forknives, and chopsticks became the utensils of choice. The onset ofConfucianism is believed to have further cemented the use of chopsticksas the primary Asian eating utensil. Confucius taught, “The honorableand upright man keeps well away from both the slaughterhouse and thekitchen, and he allows no knives on his table.” Confucius disdain forthe presence of knives at the kitchen table, coupled with thepopularity of his teachings no doubt contributed to the expanding useof chopsticks among the population.By 500 A.D., chopsticks had spread fromChina to other countries such as Korea, Vietnam andJapan. Whileoriginally only used for religious ceremonies in Japan, chopsticksquickly gained popularity there as well, and in no time their usebecame as widespread there as in the rest of Asia. Soon chopsticksevolved into an important icon of Asian culture and an important partofhistory.In much of Asia, especially the so-called rice bowl cultures of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.Chopsticks are two long, thin, usually tapered, pieces of wood. Bamboois the most common material, but they are also be made of various types of wood, as well as plastic, porcelain, animal bone, ivory, metal, coral, agate, and jade.During the Middle Ages, aristocrats often favored silver chopsticks since it was thought that silver would turn color if it came into contact with poison.Elegant CraftsmanshipSometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Chopsticks can be made of lacq