中英文翻译与文献.doc

精品文档Monolithic integrated circuit historyThe monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC three big stages. SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded systems best architecture. “the innovation pattern” obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievements. MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system requests each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy responsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking from this angle, Intel fades out the MCU development also to have its objective factor gradually. Is developing the MCU aspect, the most famous factory family belongings count Philips Corporation. Philips Corporation by it in embedded application aspect huge superiority, MCS-51 from monolithic microcomputer rapidly expand to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system development path, do not forget Intel and the Philips historical merit. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded systems road of independent development, to the MCU stage developments important attribute, seeks application systems on chip maximized solution; Therefore, the special-purpose monolithic integrated circuits development has formed the SOC tendency naturally. Along with the microelectronic technology, the IC design, the EDA tools development, can have the big development based on the SOC monolithic integrated circuit application system design. Therefore, to the monolithic integrated circuit the understanding may from the monolithic microcomputer, the monolithic micro controller extend to the monolithic application system.At present the monolithic integrated circuit seeps each domain which lives to us, which domain was nearly very difficult to find not to have monolithic integrated circuits trail. Missiles navigation equipment, on the airplane each kind of measuring appliances control, computers network communication and the data transmission, the industrial automation processs real-time control and the data processing, the widespread uses each kind of intelligent IC card, the civil luxury cars safety system, the videocorder, the camera, the completely automatic washers control, as well as program control toy, electronic pet and so on, these cannot leave the monolithic integrated circuit. Say nothing of automatic control domain robot, intelligent measuring appliance, medical instrument. Therefore, monolithic integrated circuits study, the development and the application will accomplish one batch of computer application and the intellectualized control scientist, engineer. The monolithic integrated circuit widely applies in the instruments and meters, the domestic electric appliances, the medical equipment, domains and so on aerospace, special purpose equipments intellectualized management and process control, approximately separable following several categories.Monolithic integrated circuit has the volume on smart instrument measuring appliances application the to be small, the power loss is low, the control function is strong, the expansion is flexible, merits and so on microminiaturization and easy to operate, widely apply in the instruments and meters, the union different types sensor, may realize such as physical quantity and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, current capacity, speed, thickness, angle, length, degree of hardness, element, pressure surveys. Uses the monolithic integrated circuit control to cause the instruments and meters digitization, the intellectualization, the microminiaturization, and the function compares uses the electron or the digital circuit is more formidable. For example precise measurement equipment (dynamometer, oscilloscope, each kind of analyzer).May constitute various control system, the data acquisition system in industrial controls application with the monolithic integrated circuit. For example factory assembly line intellectualized management, elevator intellectualization control, each kind of alarm system, with computer networking constitution two-stage control system and so on.May say like this in domestic electric appliances application , presents domestic electric appliances basically have used the monolithic integrated circuit control, praises, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air conditioner, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipment from the electricity food, to arrive at the electronic weighting equipment again, all kinds of gate, omnipresent. Modern of monolithic integrated circuit has the correspondence connection generally in the computer network and correspondence domains application the , may carry on the data communication very conveniently with the computer, for provided the extremely good physical conditions application between the computer network and communication facilitys, presents communication facility has basically realized the monolithic integrated circuit intelligent control, from the handset, the telephone, the small program controlled switch, the building automatic correspondence ringing system, the train wireless communication, arrived at the mobile phone which again in the routine work found at everywhere, the colony mobile communication, radio intercom and so on.Monolithic integrated circuits monolithic integrated circuits is also quite widespread in medical equipment domain application the in medical equipment use, for example medical life-support machine, each kind of analyzer, guardianship meter, ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system and so on.Certain special-purpose monolithic integrated circuit design uses in each kind of large-scale electric appliances modulation using the realizing the specific function, thus carries on the modular application in each kind of electric circuit, but does not request to use the personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integration monolithic integrated circuit, looked that resembles the simple function, micro shrinks in the pure electronic chip (is different with magnetic tape units principle), needs complex being similar in computers principle. For example: Music signal saves by the digital form in the memory (is similar to ROM), reads out by the micro controller, transforms (is similar for the simulation music electrical signal to sound card). in the large-scale electric circuit, this kind of modular application reduced the volume enormously, simplified the electric circuit, reduced the damage, the error rate, also facilitates in the replacement. in addition, the monolithic integrated circuit in the industry and commerce, the finance, the scientific research, the education, domains and so on national defense aerospace has the very widespread use.The monolithic integrated circuit founded the modern electron system time.The monolithic integrated circuit and embedded system the embedded system stems from computers embedded application, the early embedded system for the general-purpose calculator after the re-equipping inserts to the object systems in each kind of electronic system, like ships autopilot, turbine observation system and so on. The embedded system first is a computer system, next it is inserted to the object system, realizes in the object system object functions and so on request data acquisition, processing, condition demonstration, output control, because inserts in the object system, embedded systems computer does not have computers absolute form and the function. The monolithic integrated circuit is completely defers to the embedded system request design, therefore the monolithic integrated circuit is the most typical embedded system. The early monolithic integrated circuit is only according to the embedded applied technology request design computer single chip integration, therefore famous monolithic integrated circuit. Afterward, the monolithic integrated circuit to satisfy embedded strengthens its control function and the periphery interface function unceasingly using the request, particularly prominent control function, therefore internationally rectified names the monolithic integrated circuit for the micro controller (MCU, Microcontroller Unit). Monolithic integrated circuit constitutes the modern electron system will become mainstream electron system the monolithic integrated circuit will be the component level computer system, it may insert to any object system, realizes the intellectualized control. Slightly to miniature machinery, like wristwatch, hearing aid. The integrated device levels low end, lowers to several Yuan, several Yuan, causes the monolithic integrated circuit to popularize sufficiently to many civil electrical appliances, the electronic toy. The monolithic integrated circuit constitutes the modern electron system penetrated into various each household, is changing our life, like in family sound, television, washer, microwave oven, telephone, burglary protection system, air conditioner and so on. The monolithic integrated circuit innovated the original electronic system, after like the microwave oven uses the monolithic integrated circuit control, but carries on the clock establishment, the procedure memory, the power control conveniently; After the air conditioner uses the monolithic integrated circuit, not only the remote control parameter establishment is convenient, the running status transforms automatically, but may also realize the frequency conversion control. After at present many domestic electric appliances like VCD, DVD only then the monolithic integrated circuit appears, only then possibly realizes its function.The embedded system has led entire electronic industry the present electron primary device industry besides the microprocessor, the embedded system component, mostly is revolves the modern electron systems assembly the primary device industry, for example satisfies the pressed key which the man-machine interaction uses, LED/LCD demonstrated that the actuation, the LED/LCD display unit, the pronunciation integrated device and so on, satisfies the data acquisition channel request the digital sensor, ADC, the data acquisition module, the signal recuperation module and so on, satisfies the servo to actuate the control DAC, the solid relay, to step-by-step electrical machinery controller, the frequency conversion control unit and so on, satisfies the correspondence request each kind of main line driver, the level switch and so on. world electron primary device under the embedded system leads, along satisfies the embedded application fully the modern electron system request development. This causes the original classical electron systems world to be getting more and more small. In the electronic systems each kind of jobholders should change the modern electron systems broad road as soon as possible.The monolithic integrated circuit will accomplish the new generation electron outstanding person.If the 50s, the radio world has accomplished several generation of outstanding people, then the now monolithic integrated circuit world will accomplish the new generation electron outstanding person.The monolithic integrated circuit leads you to enter intellectualized electron domain , if treats as the classical electron system a deathly stiff electronic system, then the intellectualized modern electron system has “the life” the electronic system. The monolithic integrated circuit application systems hardware architecture gives the electronic system “the stature”, the monolithic integrated circuit application systems application procedure entrusts with it “the life”. For example, when design intellectualization instrument monitors demonstration function, may when starting display system self-checking result, not when come on the line demonstrated each kind of readiness for action, the instrument moves when demonstrated the movement process, after end of job, might demonstrate the current result, the self-checking result, the primary data, each kind of processing report form and so on. When unattended, may assign each kind of automatic movement function. The electron systems intelligence changes into the without limits boundary, does not need the hardware source the addition to be able frequently to realize each kind to renovate the function. This is also one of current many domestic electric appliances function massive addition factors.The monolithic integrated circuit leads you to enter calculates the mechanic to control domain in the 21st century is the universe enters Computer Age the century, many people are not are making the computer are using the computer. In uses in computers people, is engaged in the embedded system application the talented person enters truly to computer systems internal software and hardware system, can comprehend computers intellectualized essence truly and grasp the intellectualized design the knowledge. Obtains from the study monolithic integrated circuit applied technology raises one of now computer application software and hardware technology talented persons best paths.The monolithic integrated circuit leads you to enter most charming electronic world the alone charm the monolithic function to cause you to realize computers true meaning, you may use the monolithic integrated circuit to begin to design the intelligent toy personally, may design the different application procedure to realize the different function. Both has the hardware to manufacture and has the software design, also moves the brain, to begin. The primary level potential intelligence toy, programs with the macro instruction. Intermediate level potential some intelligence controller, like computer mouse, intelligent vehicle, each kind of remote-control model. The high-level level potential robot, like the robot soccer game, the develop industry control unit, the network service and so on, and uses the assembly language or the higher order language design application procedure. Electronic industry future which form regarding the monolithic integrated circuit and the embedded system, will provide the broad world for the electronic amateur, was radio the world the same year to be broader than, to be richer, is more lasting, has the charm the electronic world. Joins in the monolithic integrated circuit world to come, will cause your life to profit.9欢迎下载。精品文档单片机历史单片机诞生于20世纪70年代末，经历了SCM、MCU、SOC三大阶段。 SCM即单片微型计算机（Single Chip Microcomputer）阶段，主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。“创新模式”获得成功，奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上，Intel公司功不可没。 MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）阶段，主要的技术发展方向是：不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时，对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路，突显其对象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关，因此，发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看，Intel逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。在发展MCU方面，最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。 Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势，将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。因此，当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时，不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。 单片机是嵌入式系统的独立发展之路，向MCU阶段发展的重要因素，就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决；因此，专用单片机的发展自然形成了SOC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展，基于SOC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。因此，对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。导弹的导航装置，飞机上各种仪表的控制，计算机的网络通讯与数据传输，工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理，广泛使用的各种智能IC卡，民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统，录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制，以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些都离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。因此，单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的科学家、工程师。单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域。单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备（功率计，示波器，各种分析仪）。用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化管理，电梯智能化控制、各种报警系统，与计算机联网构成二级控制系统等。可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，无所不在。现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能，从而在各种电路中进行模块