欧洲文化入门.ppt

1 TermPlan GreekCultureRomanCultureBible ChristianityMiddleAgesRenaissance Reformation counter reformationThe17thCenturyEnlightenmentRomanticismRealism 2 GreekCulture AncientGreecetimelineHomerGreekDramaGreekMythologyPhilosophy ScienceAthenianArchitectureandArts 3 1100BC the8thcenturyBC GreekDarkAges the8thcenturyBC 323BCThereignofAlexandertheGreatendedwithhisdeathin323BC AncientGreecetimeline 1600BCtoabout1100BCHistoryofMycenaeanGreece 迈锡尼 knownforthereignofKingAgamemnon 阿伽门农 andthewarsagainstTroy ItisthehistoricalsettingoftheepicsofHomerandmuchotherGreekmythology 4 authoroftheIliad 伊利亚特 andtheOdyssey 奥德赛 twoepicsofancientGreece Homer TheIliadissetinthefinalyearoftheTrojanwar TheOdysseydescribesthereturnoftheGreekheroOdysseusfromtheTrojanwar 5 Aeschylus PrometheusBound 被缚的普罗米修斯 Sophocles OedipustheKing 俄底浦斯王 theOedipuscomplex Euripides Medea 美狄亚 GreekDrama 6 Pandora sbox Achilles heel Penelope sweb Gordianknot 万恶之源 致命弱点 完不成的任务 难题 僵局 GreekMythology 7 Philosophy Science SocratesPlatoAristotlePythagoras毕达哥拉斯Archimedes阿基米德Euclid欧几里得 8 Socrates thinking Scantregardformaterialwealth Ignoranceisasourceofevilandwrongdoing Hequestionedeverything everyone 9 Platovs Aristotle A emphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandtheoryshouldfollowfact P reliedonsubjectivethinking idealism A thought form andmattertogethermadeupconcreteindividualrealities P heldideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld 10 Pythagoreantheorem Proposition勾股定理 Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯 Archimedes阿基米德 principleofthelever Givemeaplacetostand Icanmovetheworld Euclid欧几里德 Euclideangeometry fatherofgeometry 11 Parthenon AnenduringsymbolofGreekculture帕特农神庙 AthenianArchitectureandArts Discusthrower 掷铁饼者 VenusdeMilo 米洛的维纳斯 Laocoonandhissons 拉奥孔 12 RomanCulture RomanHistoryRomansandGreeksLiteratureRomanLegacy 13 Romulus RemusReputedlydescendantsofAeneaschosetheplacewheretheshe wolfhadnursedthem RomanHistory she wolf 14 RomanRepublic共和时期 RomanEmpire帝国时期 year27BC SevenKingsofRome王政时期 year509BC year753BC RomanHistory time line 15 RomanRepublic TheRomanRepubliclastedforabout500yearsfrom509BCuntilaroundthetimeoftheassassination 暗杀 ofJuliusCaesar 16 OctavianCaesarwasproclaimedEmperorbytheRomanSenatein27BC LeadershipofAugustusmarkedthebeginningoftheRomanEmpireAttheend theempirewaspermanentlydividedintoeast theByzantineEmpire andWest RomanEmpire 17 Augustussetintomotionaprocessofpoliticalandsocialstability resultinginalongperiodofpeacelastingtwohundredyears PaxRomana theRomanpeace RomanEmpire 18 ManyaspectsoftheRomanculturewereappropriatedfromtheAncientGreeks RomansandGreeks ChiefDifference TheRomansbuiltupavastEmpire TheGreeksdidn t TheRomanwriterHoracesaid CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive 19 JuliusCaesar凯撒 recordingwhathedidmodelsofsuccinctLatin Icame Isaw Iconquered MarcusTulliusCicero 西塞罗 oratory finewritingstyle describedasCiceronian hashadaninfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose Virgil维吉尔 Aeneid 埃涅伊德 Ovid奥维德 Metamorphoses 变形记 Literature ExamplesfromMetamorphosesApolloandDaphneNarcissus 20 Colosseum罗马圆形大斗兽场ThePantheon万神殿 Romanlegacy 21 Romansputtheirsystemsmoothlyandquicklyintoeffectwherevertheywentintheworld RomanlawbecomesthecoreofmoderncivilandcommerciallawinmanyWesterncountries RomansborrowedthereligiousandethicalaspectsofJudaism犹太教 teachingsofthenewreligionofChristianityandspreadarchitecture Latinliterature Impact theGreco Romanculturetookshape ItisstillreflectedintheWesterntradition TheBibleandChristianity TheBibleRiseofChristianityTranslationsoftheBible Christianityisthemostinfluentialreligioninthewest Judaism 犹太教 andChristianityarecloselyrelated Jewish 犹太的 traditiongavebirthtoChristianity BothoriginatedinPalestine 巴勒斯坦 Bible acollectionofreligiouswritingsOldTestament GodandthelawsofGodNewTestament thedoctrineofJesusChristTestament theagreementbetweenGodandMan TheBible TheOldTestament TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books Pentateuch 摩西五书 ThefirstfivebooksoftheHebrewScriptures Theoldest mostimportant ThePentateuch 摩西五书 I Genesis 创世纪 theoriginoftheHebrewpeople theworldandman II Exodus 出埃及记 historyoftheHebrews flightfromEgypt I Genesis创世纪 GardenofEdenAdamandEveNoah sArkTheTowerofBabel II Exodus出埃及记MosesandTheTenCommandments十诫 PersecutionsofChristiansinearlydays Attractpeoplefromallclassesgradually RiseofChristianity ConstantineissuedtheEdictofMilanin313 madeChristianitylegal In392AD EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempire outlawedallotherreligions TheGospel福音 thefirstfourbooksoftheNewTestamentdescribingthelife death andresurrectionofJesusandrecordinghisteaching ActsoftheApostles使徒行传PaulineandotherEpistles使徒书信theBookofRevelation启示录 TheNewTestament TranslationsoftheBible Septuagint 希腊文本Vulgate themostancientextantLatinversionofthewholeBiblebySt Jerome拉丁文本ThefirstEnglishversionbyJohnWycliff WilliamTyndale sversion ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleTheAuthorizedVersion钦定英译本andwassometimescalledtheKingJamesBible TheEnglishBibleandShakespeare twogreatreservoirsofModernEnglish 32 TheMiddleAges AgeofFaith ManorandChurchLiteratureArtandArchitecture 33 476 1453476 thefalloftheWesternRomanEmpire1453 theRenaissance TheMiddleAges Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics law art andlearningforhundredsofyears Itshapedpeople slives AgeofFaith 34 TheManor庄园 领地 封建时代贵族的 采邑 fiefKnighthood CodeofChivalry Feudalism KnighthoodAlmostallnobleswereknightsintheMedievaldays Noonewasbornaknight knighthoodhadtobeearned Thetrainingwaslong hard CodeofChivalryProtecttheweak FightforthechurchBeloyaltohislordRespectwomenofnoblebirths 35 MedievalChurch After1054 theRomanCatholicChurch theEasternOrthodoxChurch St Jerome圣哲罗姆 Vulgate 36 TheCrusades AnyofthemilitaryexpeditionsundertakenbyEuropeanChristiansinthe11th 12th and13thcenturiestorecovertheHolyLandfromtheMoslems 37 NationalEpics民族史诗运动 Theepicwritteninvernacular土语languages thelanguagesofvariousnationalstatesthatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges Literature TransitionfromLatintovariety 38 Beowulf thefirstEnglishliterarymasterpieceSongofRoland 罗兰之歌 FrenchmedievalepicDanteAlighieri但丁 TheDivineComedy 神曲 GeoffreyChaucer TheCanterburyTales 坎特伯雷故事集 Literature TransitionfromLatintovariety 39 Romanesque罗马式 the11thand12thcenturies Gothic哥特式 startedinFrance fromthemid 12thtotheendof15thcenturyand insomeareas intothe16th Notre DameCathedraldesignedintheGothicarchitecturalstyle ArtandArchitecture 40 RenaissanceTheRiseofhumanism Aculturalandintellectualmovementthatemphasizedsecularconcernsasaresultoftherediscoveryandstudyoftheliterature art andcivilizationofancientGreeceandRome ThestartingplaceoftheRenaissance CentralItaly especiallyFlorence 41 FrancescoPetrarch彼特拉克 anItalianscholar poet andoneofthegreatesthumanistsHeandDantearebothconsideredthefathersoftheRenaissance GiovanniBoccaccio卜迦丘 anItalianauthorandpoet importantRenaissancehumanistDecameron 十日谈 ItalianRenaissance 42 TheHighRenaissanceart Late15thandEarly16thcenturyItalianArt aculmination顶点oftheRenaissance Artistswenttheirownwaywiththetools technology trainingandconfidence LeonardodaVinciMichelangeloBuonarrotiRaphael RaffaelloSancio ItalianRenaissance 43 LeonardodaVinci MonaLisaandTheLastSupper TheVirginoftheRocks 44 MichelangeloBuonarroti MajorWorksthefrescoceilingoftheSistineChapeltheLastJudgmentoverthealtarsculpturesofDavid thePieta Moses thedesignofthedomeofSt Peter sBasilica 45 Raphael RaffaelloSancio apainterandarchitectBestknownfortheportrayalofMadonnaAlsofamousforthepaintingSchoolofAthens 46 AnotherOutstandingRenaissanceArtist Titian Venetianpainter supremecoloristFatherofthemodernmodeofpaintingHispaintingestablishedoilcoloroncanvasinwesternart 47 Fran oisRabelais拉伯雷 thesatiricalworkGargantuaandPantagruel 巨人传 MichelEyquesdeMontaigne蒙田 Generallyconsideredtobetheinventorofthepersonalessay MainworkisknownasEssays 随笔集 RenaissanceinFrance 48 MigueldeCervantes塞万提斯 Anovelist adramatistandapoet Knownforhisimmortal不朽的masterpieceDonQuixote 堂吉柯德 RecognizedasthefatherofthemodernEuropeannovel RenaissanceinSpain 49 EnglishRenaissance early16thcenturytothemid 17thcentury theAgeofShakespeare theElizabethanEra Intheperiod thecountrygainedbothpoliticalandreligiousstabilityandeconomicprosperity 50 ThomasMore托马斯 莫尔 Hecoinedtheword Utopia 乌托邦 WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚 FourTragedies Hamlet 哈姆雷特 Othello 奥瑟罗 KingLear 李尔王 Macbeth 麦克佩斯 EnglishRenaissance 51 ChristopherColumbus哥伦布 NavigatoranddiscovererofthenewworldBartholomeuDias迪亚斯 sailedaroundtheCapeofGoodHopeVascodaGama达 伽马 theroutetoIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodHope GeographicalDiscoveries Reformation Counter reformation ReformationgiantsCounter reformationProtestantismandtheriseofcapitalism Reformation Areligiousandsocio politicalmovementinWesternEuropeseriesofattemptstoreformtheRomanCatholicChurchAimedat opposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchreplaceitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible Reformationgiants Wycliffe English thetranslationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttimeMartinLuther German 95theses Lutheranbelief againsttheindulgences Biblewasthesupremeauthority JohnCalvin French Rejectedthepapalauthorities FoundthePresbyteriangovernment Calvinism Counter Reformation Catholicchurchesintroducedreformsandimprovementstobringbackitsvitality ThisrecoveryofpowerisoftencalledbyhistorianstheCounter Reformation climaxedattheCouncilofTrent Ignatiusandhisfollowers Jesuits membersoftheSocietyofJesus Christianity Orthodox Catholicism Protestantism Protestantismandtheriseofcapitalism Calvinism helptherisingbourgeoisieonitspath ManyhistorianshavesuggestedthatCalvinismwasoneofthemaincoursesofthecapitalistspirit 57 ForerunnerofModernScience NicolausCopernicus哥白尼 Polishastronomer theheliocentrictheory Hedidnotbelongtothe17thcentury butwastheimmediateforerunnerofmodernscience 58 JohannesKepler开普勒 lawsofplanetarymotion行星运行定律 Greatscientistsin17thcentury GalileoGalilei伽利略FirsttoapplytelescopetothestudyoftheskyGalileo smechanics Lawofinertia Lawoffallingbodies IsaacNewton牛顿lawofuniversalgravitation万有引力定律 IfIhaveseenfurtherthanothers itisbystandingontheshouldersofgiants 59 FrancisBacon培根Englishphilosopher essayistandstatesman Knowledgeispower Foundedmoderninductivemethod归纳法 JohnMilton弥尔顿rankswithShakespeareandChaucerMostfamousforParadiseLost ParadiseRegained PhilosophyandLiteratureinEngland 60 ReneDescartes笛卡尔哲学Frenchphilosopher physicistandmathematicianalsoknownasCartesiusTheMethodofCartesianDoubtFamousfor Ithink thereforeIam FrenchClassicism法国古典主义 61 BaroquePeriod巴洛克1600 1750 OriginatedinItalyCharacterizedbydramaticintensityandsentimentalappealwithalotofemphasisonlightandcolorGiovanniLorenzoBernini贝尼尼ItaliansculptorandarchitectProminentfigureofItalianBaroque TheEnlightenment GeneralintroductionFrenchPhilosophyEnglishLiteratureGermanLiteratureandPhilosophyRococoArtMusic WhatisEnlightenment AnintellectualmovementoriginatinginFranceinthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorStateTheAgeofReason Intellectualorigin ThemostimportantforerunnersJohnLocketheoriginofideasattributedtosensationsinscribedontheblankslateofmind IsaacNewtontheuniverseisgovernedbylawsthatcouldbeunderstoodbythehumanmind Materialisttheory TheoryofGravitation DenisDiderot狄德罗 aFrenchphilosopherandwriterChiefeditorofEncyclop die Voltaire伏尔泰 Frenchpoet dramatist historian philosopherImportantwritingsLettresAnglaise 哲学通信 Candide 老实人 FrenchEnlightenment Swiss bornphilosopher author politicaltheoristandcomposerHisideaswereinfluentialatthetimeoftheFrenchRevolution Jean JacquesRousseau卢梭 FrenchEnlightenment Montesquieu孟德斯鸠 Frenchjurist satirist politicalandsocialphilosopherMostfamouswritingsParisianLetters 波斯人信札 TheSpiritoftheLaws 论法的精神 Politicalthoughtadvocatedtheseparationofthelegislative judicial andexecutivepowers FrenchEnlightenment AlexanderPope OneofthegreatestEnglishpoetof18thcenturyRenownedforhistranslationsofHomerDanielDefoe Englishnovelistandpoliticaljournalist BestknownforRobinsonCrusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记 JonathanSwift politicalwriterandpoet BestknownforhissatiricalworkGulliver sTravels 格列佛游记 EnglishLiterature Goethe歌德 GreatGermanpoetsFamousfor TheSorrowsofYoungWerther 少年维特之烦恼 Faust 浮士德 GermanLiteratureandPhilosophy ImmanuelKant康德 KeyfigureoftheGermanclassicalphilosophy consideredtobethewaterheadofmodernphilosophy proposed nebularhypothesis 古典唯心主义的创始人 星云假说 GermanLiteratureandPhilosophy RococoArt洛可可艺术 anartisticstyleinFrancein18th 19thcenturyassociatedwitharchitectureandinteriordecorationcharacterizedbyelaborateornamentationstyleinminorarts furniture tapestries织锦 clocksandceilingchandeliers吊灯 MainMusicFigures JohannSebastianBach 巴赫 GeorgeFriderickHandel 亨德尔 JohephHaydn 海顿 WolfgangAmadeusMozart 莫扎特 73 GoetheSchillerHeine LakersByronShelleyKeats Hugo Pushkin GoyaDavid BeethovenSchubertChopinSchumannMendelssohnBrahmsTchaikovsky Romanticism 74 Romanticism startedfromtheideasofRousseauinFranceandfromtheStormandStressmovement 狂飙突进 文学运动 inGermany emphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsociety 75 WhatpreparedforRomanticism TwoRevolutions Enlightenment Romanticism TheFrenchRevolutionTheIndustrialRevolution WhatwerethecharacteristicsofRomanticism Passion emotionIndividualism 76 TheStormandStressMovement GoetheandSchillerGoethe theSorrowsofYoungWertherSchiller theRo