castles-城堡世界解析.ppt

castles 3 24 2020 Whatisthecastle Howwerethecastlesconstructed Howdidthecastlesdevelop Doyoukonwsomefamouscastles Questions 3 24 2020 DenifinitionandEtymology 词源 AcastleisafortifiedstructurebuiltinEuropeandtheMiddleEastduringtheMiddleAgesbynobility ThewordcastleisderivedfromtheLatinwordcastellumwhichmeans fortifiedplace ThewordcastlewasintroducedintoEnglishshortlybeforetheNormanConquesttoindicatethistypeofbuilding whichwasthennewtoEngland 3 24 2020 MotteandBaileyCastles anartificialmoundcalledamotte 土墩 Thebaileywasthecourtyardwithinthewallsofthecastle 城堡外庭 3 24 2020 Drawbridge 吊桥 Awoodenbridgethatledtoagatewayandwascapableofbeingraisedorlowered 3 24 2020 Moats 护城河 Water orawideditch 沟渠 veryoftensurroundedthecastles 3 24 2020 Turrets 炮塔 andTowers 塔楼 Acastleturretwasasmalltowerrisingaboveandrestingononeofthemaintowers usuallyusedasalookoutpoint 3 24 2020 Battlements 城垛 Anarrowwallbuiltalongtheouteredgeofthewalltoprotectsoldiersagainstattack 3 24 2020 Gatehouse 城楼 Thegatehouseguardedtheentranceofthecastleoritstown Theportcullis 吊闸门 insidethegatehousewasextremelyheavyandwasusedtosealofftheentrance 3 24 2020 ArrowSlits 箭缝 Anarrowvertical 垂直的 slitcutintoawallthroughwhicharrowscouldbefiredfrominside 3 24 2020 Keep 城堡主楼 Theinnerstrongholdofthecastlewascalledthekeep 3 24 2020 ConcentricCastles 同轴城堡 Concentriccastleswouldhavetwocircuits 圈 ofwallsandflankingtowers Theinnerwallwouldbehigherthantheouter 3 24 2020 ACastle sFunction Fortress 堡垒 andmilitaryprotectionCenteroflocalgovernmentHomeoftheowner usuallyaking 3 24 2020 Briefhistoryofcastles 9thand10thcenturiesThebreakdownoftheCarolingianEmpireledtotheprivatisationofgovernment andlocallordsassumedresponsibilityfortheeconomyandjustice 3 24 2020 11thcenturyDespitethecommonperiodinwhichcastlesrosetoprominenceinEurope theirformanddesignvariedfromregiontoregion Intheearly11thcentury themotteandkeeparethemostcommonformofcastleinEurope WhileBritain France andItalysharedatraditionofwoodconstructionincastlearchitecture Spainmorecommonlyusedstoneormud brickasthemainbuildingmaterial 3 24 2020 Untilthe12thcentury stone builtandearthandwoodencastleswerecontemporary butbythelate12thcentury thenumberofcastlesbeingbuiltwentintodecline Untilthelate12thcentury castlesgenerallyhadfewtowers agatewaywithfewdefensivefeaturessuchasarrowslitsoraportcullis 吊闸门 anewlyconstructedcastle polygonal 多边形的 inshape withtowersatthecornerstoprovidefireforthewalls 12thcentury 3 24 2020 13thto15thcenturies Intheearly13thcentury CrusadercastlesweremostlybuiltbyMilitaryOrders TheCrusadesalsoledtotheintroductionofmachicolations 炮眼 intoWesternarchitecture ConcentriccastleswerewidelycopiedacrossEurope ThegreatestperiodofcastlebuildinginSpainwasinthe11thto13thcenturies andtheyweremostcommonl