Divisioin-5-Reference.ppt

ANINTRODUCTIONTOWESTERNCULTURE WESTERNCULTURE ThisisanintroductorycourseinEuropeancivilizationwithspecialfocusesonmajordevelopmentsinhistory philosophy society cultureandpoliticalsystemsuptotheEnlightenmentMovement Thegoalistoprovideabasicunderstandingofthefoundationofmodernwesternculture Theclasswillbeconductedintheformoflectures discussions andstudents presentations Readings 1 Textbook AnybookonWesternCivilization inEnglish isOK Boththeuniversitylibraryandtheschoollibraryhavebooksonthissubject Mostuniversitylibrarieshaveimportedtextbooksonwesterncivilization Ifyoucan tfindone thefollowingbookisavailableattheQinghuaBookstore 斯皮瓦格尔 西方文明简史 北大出版社2006王佐良EuropeanCulture AnIntroductionForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress2009 2 SupplementaryReadings Starr ChesterG AHistoryoftheAncientWorld 3rdedition NewYork OxfordUniversityPress 1983 Homer Iliad Odyssey anyedition Plato TheRepublic Anyedition Hoyt RobertS EuropeintheMiddleAges NewYork HarcourtBraceJovanovich Publishers 1985 Jensen DeLamar RenaissanceEurope AgeofRecoveryandReconciliation 2ndedition Lexington D C HeathandCompany 1992 Jensen DeLamar ReformationEurope AgeofreformandRevolution 2ndedition Lexington D C HeathandCompany 1992 3 MoviesDVD TVPrograms YoumaywatchTV DVD seefilmsrelatedtothiscoursebothinandoutofclass Theyarequitehelpfulforyourunderstandingofwesternculture CourseRequirements 1 Completethereadingassignmentbeforeeachclassandparticipateinclassdiscussion 30 2 Haveafinalexamination 70 Chapter1 CultureinAncientGreece I INTRODUCTION Theterm ancientGreece TheClassicalAge 480to323bc Thecity statesofancientGreececradleofWesterncivilization Theterm ancientGreece Geographically itindicatestheheartlandofGreekcommunitiesonthenorthcoastandnearbyislandsoftheMediterraneanSea Culturally itreferstothewaysancientGreeksspoke worshiped understoodthenatureofthephysicalworld organizedtheirgovernments madetheirlivings entertainedthemselves andrelatedtootherswhowerenotGreek TheClassicalAge 480to323bc Duringthisperiod ancientGreeksreachedtheirhighestprosperityandproducedamazingculturalaccomplishments Unlikemostotherpeoplesofthetime GreeksoftheClassicalAgeusuallywerenotruledbykings Greekcommunitiestreasuredthefreedomtogovernthemselves Theyhighlightedtheidealofdemocracyandtheimportanceoftheindividual Thelastingeffect Manyaspectsofwesternculture suchaseducationalsystems publicinstitutions waysofcounselingandmakingdecisions spiritualpursuitsandconcernsforculture arecontributedtotheinfluenceoftheclassicalperiod Westerns rationalwayofthinking practicalspirit respectforhumanvaluesandinclinationtoresearchnatureareobvioustheresultsofclassicistheritage II THELANDSANDSETTLEMENTOFANCIENTGREECE 雅典 III TheearlyperiodofGreekcivilization 1 theNeolithic 2600 2000BC A CretanCivilization2 Minos 2000 1600BC 3 MinoanDynasty 1600 1125BC A MinoanCrete 2200 1400 bc TheMinoanswerethefirstgreatcultureofAegeancivilization Theymasteredmetallurgy 冶金术 andothertechnologies andknewhowtowrite Theydecoratedtheirbuildingswithbrilliantlycoloredfrescoes 壁画 andcelebratedatlivelyfestivals B TheFirstGreekState TheMycenaeans 1550 1000 bc ScholarscalltheMycenaeansthe earliestGreeks byabout1400bctheMycenaeanshadbecomeveryprosperous TheMycenaeans wealthalsocamefromagricultureandinternationaltrade andtheyhadaredistributiveeconomy TheMycenaeanshadawarriorcultureTheTrojanWar C TheGreekDarkAge 1000 750 bc ThewarscausedGreece seconomytocollapseanditspopulationtofallsuddenly whichcreatedpovertyandpoliticalconfusionthatlastedformorethan200years ThisperiodtraditionallyiscalledtheGreekDarkAge 1000 750 bc Greekshadlostthedistinguishingmarksofcivilization cities greatpalacesandtemples avigorouseconomy andknowledgeofwriting IV DevelopmentandtheendofGreekcivilization 1 TheCulmination A Thestate city Byabout750bc Greekshadorganizedthemselvesintoindependentcity states poleis Centurieslater theGreekBreakingtheMediterraneantraditionofroyalrule Greeksstruggledtocreatenewkindsofpoliticalorganizationfortheirgrowingcommunities Themaingoalwastoavoidstrongcentralpoliticalauthority Sparta SpartabecamethedominantGreekstate TheSpartansbecamearaceofresolute asceticwarriors capableofself sacrificingpatriotism bututterlyunabletoadoptawisepoliticalandeconomicprogram Athens Solonaschiefarchonin594bc Solonestablishedacouncil boul apopularassembly ekkles a andlawcourts Withindebtedcitizensbeingsoldintoslavery Solonsetaboutcraftingreforms B Solon sReformandItsSignificance 1 Solonmadeitillegaltoborrowonthesecurityofindebtedpeople andheforgavealldebtsandmortgages 2 Inthepoliticalsphere Solonaddedafourthtier thethetes tothepropertiedclassdivisionsofAtheniansociety Thethetes whousuallypossessednoproperty wereallowedtoparticipateinthepublicassembly SolonalsopassednewlawsthatguaranteedcertainlibertiestoeveryAtheniancitizen Healsoencouragedtrade reformedthecoinage andinvitedforeignbusinesspeopletothecity Solon sreformedlaythefoundationforAtheniandemocracy Pericles Pericles anAthenianfromadistinguishedfamily becametheera sleadingpoliticianinthe450sbcbypromotingAtheniandominance IntheAgeofPericles theAtheniansbecamedeeplyattachedtotheirdemocraticsystem 3 TheDeclineofCivilization TheChallengeofPersiaTheGrowthofanAthenianEmpireintheAgeofPericlesThePeloponnesusWar V GreekCulture GreekMythologyandReligion Bothmanandgodassumethesameform itisthemostpreminentfeatureofGreekmyth TherearemanyGodswhoareinchargeofdifferentworks TherearealsomanyminorgodsinGreekmyth 12godsemergedasthemostimportant Zeus thechiefgodofthesky Hera thegoddessofmarriagePoseiden theGodlookingafterseas Hade theGodreignstheunderworldAthena adeityofwisdomApollo theGodofthesunArtemis thegoddessofthemoonandhunting goddessofnature Aphrodite goddessofloveAres godofwarDemeter goddessofgrain theharvestDionysus godofwine vegetationHephaestus godoffireHermes messengerofthegods GreekPhilosophy Socrates 470 399BC Plato 427 347BC Aristotle PhilosophyisaGreekwordthatliterallymeans loveofwisdom EarlyGreekphilosophersbelievedthatthephysicalworldwasgovernedbylawsofnature notbythewhimsofthegods Theycalledtheuniversecosmos meaning abeautifulthing becauseithadorderbasedonscientificrules notmythology Therefore thephilosophersbelievedinlogic Theirargumentthatpeopleproduceevidencefortheirbeliefsopenedthewaytomodernscienceandphilosophy Socrates sidea Socrates 469 399bc insistedthattheSophistswerewrongandthatwell informedpeoplewouldneverdowrongonpurpose Hetaughthispupilsnotforpayforhebelievedthegoalofeducationwasonlytoimprovetheindividual Histeachingmethodutilizesaquestion and answertechniquetoleadpupilstoseethingsforthemselvesbyusingtheirownreason Hebelievedthatallrealknowledgeiswithineachperson onlycriticalexaminationwasneededtocallitforth Thiswastherealtaskofphilosophysince theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving Plato stheoryofidealism Hiscomplicatedworksarguedthatuniversaltruthsdidexistandthatthehumansoulmadethebodyunimportant AccordingtoPlato ahigherworldofeternal unchangingIdeasorForms 本质 hasalwaysexisted ToknowtheseFormsistoknowtruth TheseidealFormsconstituterealityandcanonlybeunderstoodbyatrainedmind whichisthegoalofphilosophy TheobjectsthatweperceivewithoursensesaresimplyreflectionsoftheidealForms Hencetheyareshadows whilereal