Development-by-cause-and-effect.ppt

6 CauseandEffect TeachingAims 1 Typesof CauseandEffect paragraph2 Usefulexpressions3 Samples4 Quiz 1 Types Readandanalyzethetwosamplesinthetextbookandtellwhattypeofparagraphtheybelongtoandhowtheauthorarrangetheorderofthecausesandeffects Sample1 Newwords recordcompany唱片公司version版本 形式botherdoingsth 费心Beethoven贝多芬symphony交响乐available可利用的 可得到的 Sample2 Newwords PuertoRican波多黎各emigrate移居 移民apartment一套公寓房间damp潮湿的undesirable不受欢迎的 不良的 不合意的 讨厌的 http upload wikimedia org wikipedia commons 5 53 CIA map Central America 26 Caribbean png Typesofcauseandeffect 1 Onecause manyeffects 2 Oneeffect manycauses 3 Onecause oneeffect 3 Manycauses manyeffects 2 Usefulexpressions Cause Because since asowingto becauseof asaresultof Thereareseveralreasonswhy Thereasonsfor are Thereasonswhy areasfollows istheresultof iscausedby isdueto etc Effect So therefore hence thus consequently forthisreason toleadto tocause toproduce tobringabout toresultin toresultfrom tobedueto tobecausedby inviewof asaresult hasanimpacton etc Theusesofthesignalwords Heforgottoturnontheradioandthusmissedtheprogram Itisverylate henceyoumustgotobed Handmadeandhenceexpensive thehighprice Thetwocountrieswereonthepointofwarduetothediplomaticdisputes Duetocircumstancesbeyondourcontrolthelecturewascancelled Itfollowsthatifyouworkhard youwillsucceed Hewasaskedtoleavetheplaceandaccordinglyhewent Itrainedyesterdayandinconsequencethematchwascanceled NowthatIamfree Icanenjoymusicforawhile Theiranxietywassuchthattheycouldnotsleep Thankstothebadweather thematchhadbeencancelled Thankstohiseffort itismoresuccessfulthanwehaveexpected Seeingthatit sraininghard thefetewillprobablybecancelled Hetoldustokeepquietforfearthatwemightdisturbothers Shefailedtomeasuretheeffectofheractionsonherfamily Thisenvironmentaleffectofthisnewfactorycouldbedisastrous Suchamistakewouldperhapsleadto resultindisastrousconsequences Spaceshipmakeitpossibletotraveltothemoon Sample1 ThereareseveralreasonswhysomanypeopleattendtheOlympicgamesorwatchthemontelevision Onereasonistradition ThenameOlympicsandthetorchandflameremindpeopleoftheancientgames PeoplecanescapetheordinarinessofdailylifebyattendingorwatchingtheOlympics Theyliketoidentifywithsomeoneelse sindividualsacrificeandaccomplishment Nationalprideisanotherreason andanathlete sorateam shardearnedvictorybecomesanation svictory Therearenationalmedalcountsandpeoplekeeptrackofhowmanymedalstheircountry sathleteshavewon Type Oneeffect manycauses 3 Samples Sample2 Duringholidays thetrafficinbigcitiesisalwaysparticularlyheavy Thisismainlybecausemostcitizensdonothavetoworkinthesedaysandtheyridetheirbicyclestothestreetstodoshopping Farmersinthecountryalsofloodintothecitiesbybusorbytheirownmotorcycles Thestreetsarefullofbuses taxicabs trolleybuses minibusesandpedestrians Thestreetsseemnarrower Asaresult trafficjamsoftenoccur Type Oneeffect manycauses Sample3 Inflationisaneconomicconditioninwhichpricesforconsumergoodsincrease andthevalueofmoneyorpurchasingpowerdecreases Therearethreeimportantcausesofinflation Thefirstandmostimportantcausemaybeexcessivegovernmentspending Forexample inordertofinanceawarorcarryoutsocialprograms thegovernmentmayspendmoremoneythanithasreceivedthroughtaxesandotherrevenue thuscreatingadeficit Inordertooffsetthisdeficit theTreasuryDepartmentcansimplyexpandthemoneysupplybyissuingmorepapermoneytomeetthedebtsofgovernment Thisincreaseinthemoneysupplywillcausethevalueofthedollartoautomaticallydecrease Thesecondcauseofinflationoccurswhenthemoneysupplyincreasesfasterthanthesupplyofgoods Ifpeoplehavemoremoney theywillrunouttobuypopulargoodsliketelevisionsandcomputers forexample andashortagewillresult Industrywillthenproducemore athigherprices tosatisfydemand Furthermore ifpeoplethinkthatthepricesofpopulargoodsaregoingup theywillbuyandevenborrowmoneyathighinterestratestopayforthem Finally iflaborunionsdemandthatworkers wagesbeincreasedtocoverthehighcostofliving industrywillmeetthisdemandandaddothercostsofproductionontotheconsumer Insummary allofthesecausescancreateinflationaryproblemsthatcanaffectthewelfareofanation However ofthesethreecauses excessivegovernmentspendingmaybethemostimportant Type Oneeffect manycauses TheEffectsofEatingTooMuchSugar Severalyearsago mostpeoplethoughtthatsugarwasarelativelyharmlesssweetenerwhichgaveapleasanttasteandprovidedasmallamountofenergy Therewaslittleconcernabouttheeffectsofeatingsugar Butinrecentyearsourconsumptionofsugarhasincreasedtremendously Inaddition someunpleasantandseriouseffectsofeatingsomuchsugarhaverisen Asthechartshowsthatexcessiveconsumptionofsugarcancontributetobloodsugarimbalanceandweightgain Oneofthemajoreffectsofeating Italsobringsabout Finally there snodenyingthefactthat Type Manyeffectswithonecause Quiz Writeaparagraphofcauseandeffectonthefollowingtopicbelowusingeithercertaincauseandeffectpattern Wordlimit nomorethan120words Topic TheCausesofOverpopulationOr TheEffectsofOverpopulation Sample1 CausesofOverpopulation DeclineintheDeathRate Thefallindeathratesthatisdeclineinmortalityrateisonefundamentalcausesofoverpopulation Owingtotheadvancementsinmedicine manhasfoundcurestothepreviouslyfataldiseases Thenewinventionsinmedicinehavebroughtintreatmentsformostofthedreadfuldiseases Thishasresultedinanincreaseinthelifeexpectancyofindividuals Mortalityratehasdeclinedleadingtoanincreaseinpopulation Thebrightersideofitisthatwehavebeenabletofightmanydiseasesandpreventdeaths Ontheotherhand themedicalboonhasbroughtwithit thecurseofoverpopulation RiseintheBirthRate Thankstothenewdiscoveriesinnutritionalscience wehavebeenabletobringinincreaseinthefertilityratesofhumanbeings Medicinesoftodaycanboostthereproductiverateinhumanbeings Therearemedicinesandtreatments whichcanhelpinconception Thus sciencehasledtoanincreaseinbirthrate Thisiscertainlyareasontobeproudandhappybutadvancesinmedicinehavealsobecomeacauseofoverpopulation Migration Immigrationisaprobleminsomepartsoftheworld Iftheinhabitantsofvariouscountriesmigratetoaparticularpartoftheworldandsettleoverthere theareaisboundtosufferfromtheilleffectsofoverpopulation Iftheratesofemigrationfromacertainnationdonotmatchtheratesofimmigrationtothatcountry overpopulationmakesitsway Thecountrybecomesoverlypopulated Crowdingofimmigrantsincertainpartsoftheworld resultsinanimbalanceinthedensityofpopulation LackofEducation Illiteracyisanotherimportantcauseofoverpopulation Thoselackingeducationfailtounderstandtheneedtopreventexcessivegrowthofpopulation Theyareunabletounderstandtheharmfuleffectsthatoverpopulationhas Theyareunawareofthewaystocontrolpopulation Lackoffamilyplanningiscommonlyseenintheilliteratelotoftheworld Thisisoneofthemajorfactorsleadingtooverpopulation Duetoignorance theydonottaketofamilyplanningmeasures thuscontributingtoariseinpopulation Viewingtheissueofincreasingpopulationoptimistically onemaysaythatoverpopulationmeanstheincreaseinhumanresources Theincreaseinthenumberofpeopleistheincreaseinthenumberofproductivehandsandcreativeminds Butwecannotignorethefactthattheincreaseinthenumberproducersimpliesanincreaseinthenumberofconsumers Greaternumberofpeoplerequiresagreaternumberofresources Noteverynationiscapableofprovidingitspeoplewiththeadequateamountofresources Theever increasingpopulationwilleventuallyleavenonationcapableofprovidingitspeoplewiththeresourcestheyneedtothrive Whentheenvironmentfailstoaccommodatethelivingbeingsthatinhabitit overpopulationbecomesadisaster Effectsofoverpopulation Whatimpactdoesoverpopulationhaveontheeconomy WhatimpactdoesOverpopulationhaveontheenvironment Whatimpactdoesoverpopulationhaveonpolitics Overpopulationhasadefiniteeffectonacountry seconomy Firstofall whencountriesareoverpopulated wehardlyhaveenoughfoodtosupportthemselves nevermindthehopeofhavingasurplustosell ThiscancontributetoalowGDPperCapitawhichistheeffectoverpopulationhasontheeconomy Inanattempttosavethepeoplefromthestarvation thegovernmentwillmostlikelyhavetorelyonforeigndebt Thisputsthecountryindebtatstretchesthegovernment salreadymeagreresources Furthermore whenacountryisoverpopulated thereisahighrateofunemploymentbecausetherejustaren tenoughjobstosupportthepopulation Thisresultsinahighlevelofcrimebecausethepeoplewillneedtostealthingsinordertosurvive Overpopulationdoesnotjustaffectthestandardofliving butalsotheenvironment Everypersonontheplanettakesupspace butspaceisneededforfarmland andforests Peopleexcretewastesandpollutionthatflowintowatersystems andanimalhabitats pollutingwater andkillingwildlife Manypeoplecannotbatheorbrushtheirteethbecauseofthestatusofthewaterintheirland Forestsarebeingtorndownasmorewoodandlandisneededtosupportourever growingpopulation Thelossoftheseforestsleadstoextinctionofplantsandanimals Theseplantscouldcontaincuresfordiseasesthatwillneverbefound Urbanareasareexpanding pollutingtheairandwatersystems TheseareasdepletetheEarth sresources andover2billionhectaresofarablelandhavealreadybeenlost with16millionmorehectaresbeingremovedeachyear InNigeriaalone 351000haoflandarebeingremovedeveryyear 51 ofthefossilfuelsonEartharebeingusedbyUSAandChinaalone leavinglessthanhalffortheremainingcountries includingthoseinAfrica Infact mostofthoseremainingfossilfuelsgotootherdevelopedcountries leavingadismalamountforAfricans Governinganoverpopulatedcountrypresentsproblems Theeconomyisstretchedbeyondbelief andcivilwarsbreakourleft right andcentre Thesecivilwarsarefoughtoverfarmland andthepeoplespendsomuchtimefighting thatthefarmlandisnotevenputtouse Importantfossilfuelsneedtobetradedawayforpitifulamountsofcashusedtonoavail Thegovernmentofanoverpopulatedcountryfallsintoconstantlyincreasingdebt andcannotclimbbackupoutoftheholetheyhavedug Sample2 Wehaveabout6 8billionpeopleonatinyorbonly8 000mileswideand24 000milesincircumferencethatwecallEarth Weaddaboutamillionandhalfpeopletoourworldpopulationeveryweek Howhavewereachedthepointthatmanydescribeasglobaloverpopulation WhatisourPlanet scarryingcapacity Iszeropopulationgrowthdesirable orattainable Whatarethecausesandeffectsofhumanoverpopulation Hello Thefamilyofhumans knownasthehominids haspopulatedEarth accordingtothefossilrecord for5to6millionyears Overtime weaccumulatedpeople Theeffectsofhumanoverpopulationaremultipleandominous Asbirthratesclimb naturalresourcesgetusedupfasterthantheycanbereplaced creatingenormouseconomicpressuresathomewhilethestandardoflivingplummetsthroughouttherestoftheworld Astheresultofhavingsomanypeoplewhodonotunderstandourrealityanditsbehavioraldemands wehavecreatedaninterrelatedwebofglobalenvironmentalproblems Wearedepletingournaturalresources ourforests fisheries rangelands croplands andplantandanimalspecies Wearedestroyingthebiologicaldiversityonwhichevolutionthrives thisisbeingcalledthesixthgreatwaveofextinctioninthehistoryoflifeonearth differentfromtheothersinthatitiscausednotbyexternalevents butbyus Withpowerfulnewelectricalanddieselpumpingtechniques wearedrainingouraquifersandloweringourwatertables Wearesystemicallypollutingourair water andsoil andconsequentlyourfoodchain Wearedepletingthestratosphericozonethatshieldsusfromharmfulultravioletradiation And weareexperiencingsymptomsofglobalwarming heatwaves devastatingdroughts dyingforests acceleratedspeciesextinction dyingcoralreefs meltingglaciers risingsealevels morefrequentandintensestorms andamorerapidspreadofdiseases Whatisthesolutionforglobaloverpopulation Whatmustwedotoensurethatpopulationgrowthisnotoutofcontrol Theanswerliesineducation Wehumansareaveryyoungspecies Wehavebeenhereforonlyashorttime Wearelikeachildjustlearningtowalk Wefacegravechallengesthatdemandarapidshiftinourbehavior Ourteacherisourparent Ourparentisthenaturalworldfromwhichweemerged Ineveryway ineveryfacetofourexistence wemustlearntoalignourselveswiththatwhichsupportslife Thereisnoalternativeifwearegoingtoavoidcatastrophicconsequences Withsomanyofusonaverysmallplanet andwiththeadditionofsomanymoreeveryweek wecannolongercontinuetorelatetoeachother ourenvironment ecologicalsystemsandbiosphereaswehaveorwewillsuccumbtotheeffectsofhumanoverpopulation Nature whichcouldnotcareless willeliminateus Wehumansmustgrowupandlearntowalk handinhandwitheachotherandwithournaturalworld Thereisnoalternativeifwewishtosustainhumanityandadvanceourcivilization Analysis sample1 Thelargenumberofourpopulationhasbecomeoneofthemostseriousproblemsofoursociety Overpopulationhasbroughtaboutaseriesofnegativeeffectstooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity Inthefirstplace toomanypeopleimposeaheavyburdenonourenvironment So wesufferfromashortageoffreshwaterandnaturalresources Inthesecondplace asthesupplyoflaborgreatlyexceedsthedemandofsociety manypeoplebecomeunemployed Lastbutnotleast wehavetomanufactureallkindsofproductstomeettheneedsofthepeople whichcausesenvironmentalpollutiontoourlakesandland Seriousthoughtheproblemmayseem wehavetotakesomemeasurestotackleit Sample2 Nowadays overpopulationhasbeenabigproblemThereareseveralreasonstocausethisproblem suchasthepolicy thetraditions andtheabundantamountofresources Therefore thepopulationbecomelargerandlarger Inapositiveview itprovidesenoughlaborstofactories However italsoleadstosomeproblems Overpopulationhasanimpactonenvironment Theheavypollutionmakespeoplesick Atthesametime peoplehavemuchmorepressurethanbefore Theygetfewopportunitiestoentercolleges theyneedtoimprovethemselvessothattheycangetabetterjob Buyingahousewithaproperpricemightbeadream trafficjamwouldbeanormalthing socialconflictswouldbecomesharpagain Asaresult thissituationmustbechanged Sample3 Thereisalargepopulationintheworld Althoughtheearthhasvastterritoryandabundantresources theoverpopulationhascausedmanyproblems suchastheproblemofeducation theproblemofmedicaltreatmentandtheproblemofhousing Therearemanyschools hospitalsandhousesintheworld buttheyarestillnotenoughforthepeopletostudy attendandlivein InIndia afamilyof4peoplemayliveinasmallroomwhichislessthan20squaremeters Thetrafficjamisanotherbigproblem too Becauseoftheoverpopulation m