first-language-acquition.ppt

FirstLanguageAcquisition 潘洁20114004038 WhatarethemajorL1acquisitiontheories TherearethreemajorL1acquisitiontheories 1 BehavioristicApproaches2 TheNativistApproach3 FunctionalApproaches BehavioristicApproaches BehaviorismwasapredominantlyAmericanlearningtheorydevelopedintheearlyperiodofthe20thcenturyandassociatedwithmanyresearchersandpsychologists Fouroftheprincipalprotagonistsinbehaviorismareanearlytwentieth centuryRussian IvanPavlov earlytwentieth centuryAmericans JohnWatsonandEdwardThorndike andamid twentieth centuryAmerican BurrhusSkinner Threebasicbehaviouristicideasaboutlearning 1 ConditioningLearningisseenasaquestionofdevelopingconnections knownasstimulus responsebonds betweenevents Theprocessofdevelopingconnectionsiscalledconditioning 2 HabitformationBehavioristsbelievedthatlearningwasamechanicalprocessofhabitformation Whenthebehaviortobelearnedwascomplex itmightbebrokendownintosmallparts andeachpartwouldbetaughtoneatatime untileventuallythewholecomplexbehaviorisbuildup 3 Theimportanceofthe environment environment isherebeingusedinaverywidesensetorefertoanythingexternaltotheorganism Thepersonoranimalthatdosethelearning suchasaneventorasituation orevenanotherperson ateacheroraparentforexample Differentlearningtheoriesgivedifferentdegreesofimportancetotheorganismandtheenvironment Inbehaviorism theenvironmentisall andtheroleoftheorganismisconsideredinsignificant TheNativistApproach NativistApproach sometimescalledInnatenessHypothesisorMentalistTheory theterm nativist isderivedfromthefundamentalassertionthatlanguageacquisitionisinnatelydetermined thathumanbeingsarebornwithabuild indeviceofsomekindwhichpredisposesthemtolanguageacquisition toasystematicperceptionoflanguagearoundthem resultingintheconstructionofaninternalizedsystemoflanguage ThethreeimportantrepresentativesofthisapproachareNoamChomsky DavidMcNeillandEricLenneberg LanguageAcquisitionDevice Nativiststronglyheldthefundamentalassertionthatlanguageacquisitionisinnatelydetermined thathumanbeingsarebornwithaninnateorinternalizedsystemoflanguage Thisinnateknowledge accordingtoChomsky isembodiedina littleblackbox ofsortswhichChomskycalledthelanguageacquisitiondeviceorLAD UniversalGrammar AccordingtoCook 1997 UGistheblackboxresponsibleforlanguageacquisition Itisthemechanisminthemindwhichallowschildrentoconstructagrammaroutoftherawlanguagematerialssuppliedbytheirparents Inotherwords allhumanbeingsinheritasetofuniversalprincipleswhichcontroltheshapehumanlanguagecantake andwhichmakehumanlanguagessimilartooneanother FunctionalApproach Thefunctionalapproachesputspecialemphasisonthefunctionsoflanguage Inthefunctionalview languagewashardlysomethingyoucouldextractanddetachfromyourcognitiveandaffectiveframeworkandconsiderseparately Oneoftherepresentativesoffunctionalapproaches JeanPiagent described Overalllanguagedevelopmentastheresultofchildren sinteractionwiththeirenvironment withacomplementaryinteractionbetweentheirdevelopingperceptualcognitivecapacitiesandtheirlinguisticexperience Themaincriticismsonthesetheoriesinlanguageacquisition Criticismsonbehavioristictheoryinlanguageacquisition 1 Thebehavioristictheoryinlanguagelearningfailedtoexplaintheabstractnatureoflanguageasasystemandviewedlanguagelearningonlyasacquiringconcretelinguisticformsandstructures 2 Itdidnotadequatelyaccountforthechild sabilitytoacquirelanguageandcreativeuseoflanguage 3 Itfailedtointerpretthechild sacquisitionofcomplexityofmeaningandcommunicativefunctionsoflanguage Criticismsonthenativisttheoryinlanguageacquisition Thegenerativerulesthatwereproposedunderthenativisticframeworkabstract formal explicit andquitelogical yettheydealtspeciallywiththeformsoflanguageandnotwiththeverydeepestleveloflanguage Besides theyfailedtoaccountforthefunctionsoflanguage Whatisuniversalgrammar Theterm UniversalGrammar referstothelanguagefacultybuiltintothehumanmindconsistingofprinciplesandparameters thatis inChomsky swords thesystemofprinciples conditions andrulesthatareelementsorpropertiesofallhumanlanguages theessenceofhumanlanguage 1976 UGclaimsthatallhumanbeingsinheritauniversalsetofprinciplesandparameterswhichcontroltheshapehumanlanguagecantakeandwhicharewhatmakehumanlanguagessimilartooneanother WhatisLAD AccordingtoChomsky theLADisaconstructthatdescribesthechild sinitialstate beforethechildreceiveslinguisticinputfromtheenvironment IstheuniversalgrammardifferentfromLAD LAD 语言习得机制 是离开人类其他功能而独立存在的 其最终目的是语言规则 UniversalGrammar 内化 语言习得得益于天生的语言机制 即UG Whatenablesthechildtoacquirehisfirstlanguage BehavioristicApproaches 1 Theroleofenvironmentisemphasized 2 Humanlearningisequatedwithanimallearning 3 Languageislearnedinthesamewayasotherknowledgeandskillsarelearned 4 Learningishabitformation TheNativistApproach Languagelearningisspeciesspecific LanguagelearningisdeterminedbyLAD Languagelearningisin