metafunction(元功能).ppt

Theoriginandmeaningofmetafunction Metafunction 纯理功能or元功能 韩礼德 MichaelHalliday TheLondonschool atraditionoflayingstressonthefunctionsoflanguageandattachinggreatimportancetocontextsofsituationandthesystemaspectoflanguage Systemic functionalGrammar 系统功能语法 Thetermmetafunctionoriginatesinsystemicfunctionallinguisticsandisconsideredtobeapropertyofalllanguages AccordingtoHalliday thoughlanguagesvaryinhowandwhattheydo andwhathumansdowiththeminthecontextsofhumanculturalpractice alllanguagesareconsideredtobeshapedandorganisedinrelationtothreefunctions ormetafunctions 纯理功能思想是系统功能语法核心思想之一韩礼德认为语言的性质决定人们对语言的要求 在语言所必须完成的众多功能中 尽管这些功能千变万化 我们可以把它们归纳为若干个有限的最为抽象 最具概括性的功能 即纯理功能 元功能 它们是语言所固有的 具有语言的普遍特征 Halliday ssystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent thatis theinterpretationofgrammaticalpatternsintermsofconfigurationsoffunctions Sinceheseesthesefunctionsasparticularlyrelevanttoteanalysisoftext bywhichhemeans everythingthatissaidorwritten Hallidaydefinesafunctionalgrammaras essentiallyanaturegrammar inthesensethateverythinginitcanbeexplained ultimately byreferencetohowlanguageisused Hallidaybelievesthatlanguageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainfunctions Inotherwords socialdemandonlanguagehashelpedtoshapeitsstucture Heinterpretslanguagefromafunctionalpointofviewandformulatesafunctonaltheoryoflanguage Origin Hallidayviewslanguagedevelopmentinchildrenas themasteryoflinguisticfunction and learningalanguageislearninfhowtomean Soheproposessevenfunctionsinchildren smodeloflanguage 1 theinstrumentalfunction 工具功能 2 theregulatoryfunction 控制功能 3 theinteractionalfunction 交互功能 4 thepersonalfunction 自指性功能 5 theheuristicfunction 探索功能 6 theimaginativefunction 想象功能 7 theinformativefunction 信息功能 AccordingtoHalliday theadult slanguagebecomesmuchmorecomplexandithastoservemanymorefunctions andtheoriginalfunctionalrangeofthechild slanguageisgraduallyreducedtoasetofhighlycodedandabstractfunctions whicharemetafunctions thetheideational interpersonal andtextualfunctions Theideationalfunctionisfurtherdividedintotheexperientialandlogical 从16个半月开始 幼儿语言开始向成人语言转化 在这个时期 幼儿开始运用成人语言中的词汇和语法 他们的语言功能也更为抽象和复杂 由于成人的语言更为复杂而且要完成很多功能 因此幼儿语言最初的功能范围逐渐缩小为一组高度字符化并且抽象的功能 即元功能 Metafunctionsaresystemicclusters thatis theyaregroupsofsemanticsystemsthatmakemeaningsofarelatedkind Hallidayarguesthattheconceptofmetafunctionisoneofasmallsetofprinciplesthatarenecessarytoexplainhowlanguageworks thisconceptoffunctioninlanguageisnecessarytoexplaintheorganisationofthesemanticsystemoflanguage Meaning Thethreemetafunctionsaremappedontothestructureoftheclause Forthisreason systemiclinguistsanalyseaclausefromthreeperspectives Thesemetafunctionsappearsatanewlevelinthelinguisticsystem takingtheformof grammar Thegrammaticalsystem asitwere afunctionalinputandastructuarloutput itprovidesthemachanismfordifferentfunctionstobecombinedinoneutteranceinthewaytheadultrequires InSFL themetafunctionsoperatesimultaneously andanyutteranceisaharmonyofchoicesacrossallthreefunctions Metafunction纯理功能 Ideationalfunction 概念功能 Interpersonalfunction 人际功能 experientialfunction 经验功能 Textualfunction 语篇功能 logicalfunction 逻辑功能 Ideationalfunction概念功能Theideationalfunctionistoconveynewinformation tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer Presentinalllanguageuses theideationalfunctionisameaningpotential becausewhateverspecifcuseoneismakingoflanguagehehastorefertocategoriesofhisexperienceoftheworld Itincludestheexperientialfunctionandthelogicalfunction Theideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsof transitivity 及物性系统 and voice 语态 Thisfunctionnotonlyspecifiestheavailableoptionsinmeaningbutalsodeterminesthenatureoftheirstructuralrealisations Forexample Johnbuiltanewhousecanbeanalysedasaconfigurationofthefunctionroles Actor JohnProcess Material Creation builtGoal Affected anewhouse Experientialfunction经验功能Theexperientialfunctionreferstothegrammaticalchoicesthatenablespeakerstomakemeaningsabouttheworldaroundusandinsideus 经验功能指的是语言对人们在现实世界 包括内心世界 中的各种经历的表达 换言之 就是反映客观世界中所发生的事 所牵涉的人和物以及与之有关的时间 地点等环境因素 Logicalfunction逻辑功能Hallidaydescribesthelogicalfunctionasthosesystems whichsetuplogical semanticrelationshipsbetweenoneclausalunitandanother 指的是是语言对两个或两个以上的意义单位之间逻辑关系的表达 Interpersonalfunction 人际功能 TheInterpersonalfunctionembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations Thisincludesthevariouswaysthespeakerentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact Becausctheclauseisnotconfinedtotheexpressionoftransitivity therearenon一ideationalelementsintheadultlanguagesystem 人际功能是指语言具有表达说话者身份 地位 态度 动机和对事物的判断 参加社会活动 建立社会关系等功能 InterpersonalfunctionisrealisedbyMOOD 语气 andMODALITY 情态 Moodshowswhatrolethespeakerselectsinthespeechsituationandwhatroleheassignstotheaddressee Ifthespeakerselectstheimperativemood heassumestheroleofonegivingcommandsandputstheaddresseeintheroleofoneexpectedtoobeyorders Modalityspecifiesifthespeakerisexpressinghisjudgementormakingaprediction Forexample Givemethatteapot Moodismadeupoftwoparts the Subject andthe Finite element Thesubjectcanbeanoun anounphrase oraclause Eg Toarguewiththecaptainisaskingfortrouble Ignoringtheproblemwillnotmakeyourworkeasier Finiteelementsaretensemorphemes auxiliaryverbsandmodalverbsthatexpresstenseormodality andtheyarepartoftheverbphrase Intheaboveexamples isandwillarefniteelements Textualfunction 语篇功能 Hallidayarguesthatbothexperientialandinterpersonalfunctionsareintricatelyorganized butthatbetweenthetwo thereiscomparativelyverylittleconstraint Thismeansthat byandlarge youcanputanyinteractional spin onanyrepresentationalcontent Whatallowsmeaningsfromthesetwomodestofreelycombinei