ology老外关于写作和科研的ppt讲案.ppt

1 ResearchMethodology 2 Lecturetopics PurposeDifferenttypesofresearchExamplesofmethodsectionsCommonproblemsLanguageconventionsinmethodsection 3 PurposeThemethodsectionanswersthesetwomainquestions 1 Howwasthedatacollectedorgenerated 2 Howwasitanalyzed Inotherwords itshowsyourreaderhowyouobtainedyourresults 4 Thissectiondescribesthestepsyoufollowedinconductingyourstudyandthematerialsyouusedateachstep Themethodsectionisusefultoreaderswhowanttoknowhowthemethodologyofyourstudymayhaveinfluencedyourresults orwhoareinterestedinreplicatingorextendingyourstudy 5 Butwhydoyouneedtoexplainhowyouobtainedyourresults Weneedtoknowhowthedatawasobtainedbecausethemethodaffectstheresults Knowinghowthedatawascollectedhelpsthereaderevaluatethevalidityandreliabilityofyourresults andtheconclusionsyoudrawfromthem 6 Oftentherearedifferentmethodsthatwecanusetoinvestigatearesearchproblem Yourmethodologyshouldmakeclearthereasonswhyyouchoseaparticularmethodorprocedure Thereaderwantstoknowthatthedatawascollectedorgeneratedinawaythatisconsistentwithacceptedpracticeinthefieldofstudy 7 Theresearchmethodsmustbeappropriatetotheobjectivesofthestudy Ifyouperformacasestudyofonecommuterinordertoinvestigateusers perceptionsoftheefficiencyofpublictransportinShanghai yourmethodofgivingquestionnaireisobviouslyunsuitedtoyourobjectives 8 Themethodologyshouldalsodiscusstheproblemsthatwereanticipatedandexplainthestepstakentopreventthemfromoccurring andtheproblemsthatdidoccurandthewaystheirimpactwasminimized 9 Insomecases itisusefulforotherresearcherstoadaptorreplicateyourmethodology sooftensufficientinformationisgiventoallowotherstousethework Thisisparticularlythecasewhenanewmethodhadbeendeveloped oraninnovativeadaptationused 10 DIFFERENTTYPESOFRESEARCH1 analysis parison twoormoreexistingsituationsarestudiedtodeterminetheirsimilaritiesanddifferences 3 correlation prediction statisticallysignificantcorrelationcoefficientsbetweenandamonganumberoffactorsaresoughtandinterpreted 11 4 casestudy thebackground development currentconditionsandenvironmentalinteractionsofoneormoreindividuals groups communities businessesorinstitutionsisobserved recordedandanalyzedforstagesofpatternsinrelationtointernalandexternalinfluences 12 5 evaluation researchtodeterminewhetheraprogramorprojectfollowedtheprescribedproceduresandachievedthestatedoutcomes 6 theoryconstruction anattempttofindordescribeprinciplesthatexplainhowthingsworkthewaytheydo 7 trendanalysis predictingorforecastingthefuturedirectionofevents 13 8 design demonstration newsystemsorprogramsareconstructed testedandevaluated 9 survey questionnaire behaviors beliefsandobservationsofspecificgroupsareidentified reportedandinterpreted 10 experiment oneormorevariablesaremanipulatedandtheresultsanalyzed 14 InformationConventions Themainpartofthissectionisadescriptionoftheproceduralstepsusedinyourstudyandthematerialsemployedateachstep Theelementsincludedandtheorderinwhichtheyarepresentedarenotfixed However thelistinthefollowingboxisconventionalandprovidesyouwithyourgoodmodel 15 InformationElementsIncludedinMethod OverviewoftheexperimentPopulation SampleLocationRestrictions LimitingConditionsSamplingTechniquesProceduresMaterialsStatisticalTreatment 16 Example RatioofSerumUreatoSerumCreatinineinWildBlackBears Our3 yearstudyofchangeintheratioofserumureaorserumcreatinineinColoradowildbearsbeganinthewinterof1981andendedinthefallof1983 overview what whenandwhereistheresearchdone 17 TheinvestigationwasperformedintheBlackMesa CrystalCreekareainwest centralColorado Thestudyareahasthreemajorvegetationbands amountainshrubcommunityatlowerelevations largeaspenforestsatelevationsbetween2330and3330m andmixedforestsofEngelmannspruceandfirathigherelevations Descriptionoflocationanditscondition 18 Atotalof76bloodsampleswereobtainedform27femalesand21males Subjects Thesampleswerecooled serumwasseparatedfromredbloodcells andureaandcreatinineconcentrationsweredetermined Techniques StatisticalanalysisofchangesinbloodparameterswasdonewithScheffe scomparison statisticaltreatment 19 Example MethodLumpedParameterModelofIceGrowthInthissection governingequationsaredevelopedtomodelicegrowthontheheatexchangerplates Themodelisintendedtocharacterizethedynamicsoftheicegrowthwithoutthe addedproblem ofthedetailediceprofiles Thepresentationbeginswithmassandenergybalancesandconcludeswiththedevelopmentofamodelfortheheattransferbetweenthewaterandthecoolant 20 Example MethodEnergyandMassbalanceTheheatexchanger illustratedinFigs 1and2 consistsoftwoplateswithattachedtubesplacedinparallelbetweensupplyandreturnheaders Thistypeofheatexchangerwaschosenbecauseofitsthermalcharacteristics largesurfacearea readyavailability andbecausetheiceremainsattachedtotheheatexchanger Tosimplifythemode nostratificationofthewaterisallowedinthestoragetank Asubmergedpumpisplacedinthetanktokeepthewaterwellmixed 21 CommonProblems unnecessaryexplanationofbasicproceduresRememberthatyouarenotwritingahow toguideforbeginners Yourreaderswillbepeoplewhohavealevelofexpertiseinyourfieldandyoucanassumethattheyarefamiliarwithbasicassessments laboratoryproceduresetc sodonotexplaintheseindetail 22 problemblindnessMostofusencountersomeproblemswhencollectingorgeneratingourdata Donotignoresignificantproblemsorpretendtheydidnotoccur Often recordinghowyouovercameobstaclescanformaninterestingpartofthemethodology andmeansyoucanalsogivearationaleforcertaindecisions plusarealisticviewofusingthemethodsyouchose 23 LanguageConventions VerbTenseandMethodMostofyourmethodologysectionwillbewritteninthepasttensebecauseyouarerecordingwhatyouhavedone Noticetoothatitisusuallywritteninthesimplepast Forexample 1 Thesamplewasweighed 2 Fishseedwereaddedtothepool 3 Athermometerrecordedchangesinexternaltemperature 24 Examples ProceduralDescriptions1 Surveysweresenttostudenthealthservicesat180colleges 2 Thestudywascarriedoutonamarinelaboratoryresearchvessel 3 Thegeneratorssuppliedabout14 000ampswhenfullyoperational 4 WeusedconcreteB225type inaccordancewithgovernmentregulations 5 Theplantswereseededbyhandintothebedstoobtainbetweentwotofiveplantsperhillwhichwerespacedat3 ftintervals 25 Forfactsorinformationthataretrueandunlikelytochange writeabouttheminthepresenttense Forexample Vietnamwaschosenforthisstudybecauseithasalongcoastline Cornmealwasusedtofeedthefingerlingsbecauseitprovideshighnutritionalcontentatarelativelylowcost 26 ANEXAMPLEOFVERBTENSESANDVERBTENSESHIFTSLookatthetextbelowandseeifyoucandecidewhyeachhighlightedtensehasbeenused 27 InTheCurrentStatusofFishNutritioninAquaculture MaterialsandMethodsFormulationsandproximatecompositionsoftheexperimentaldietsareshowninTable1 Brownfishmealwasusedtopro