Unit-2-Daniel-Defoe.ppt

DanielDefoe 1660to24April1731 bornDanielFoe wasanEnglishtrader writer journalist pamphleteer檄文执笔者andspy whogainedfameforhisnovelRobinsonCrusoe Defoeisnotable著名的forbeingoneoftheearliestproponents支持者ofthenovel ashehelpedtopopularisetheforminBritain and alongwithotherssuchasRichardson isamongthefoundersoftheEnglishnovel Aprolificandversatilewriter hewrotemorethan500books pamphlets小册子andjournalsonvarioustopics includingpolitics crime religion marriage psychologyandthesupernatural Hewasalsoapioneerofeconomicjournalism Earlylife DanielFoe hisoriginalname wasprobablybornintheparish教区ofSt GilesCripplegate London Defoelateraddedthearistocratic sounding De tohisnameandonoccasionclaimeddescentfromthefamilyofDeBeauFaux Thedateandtheplaceofhisbirthareuncertain withsourcesoftengivingdatesofanywherebetween1659to1661 Hisfather JamesFoe amemberoftheButchers Company wasaprosperous兴旺的tallowchandler蜡烛制造者 InDefoe searlylifeheexperiencedfirst handsomeofthemostunusualoccurrences事件inEnglishhistory in1665 70 000werekilledbytheGreatPlagueofLondon TheGreatFireofLondon 1666 leftstandingonlyDefoe sandtwootherhomesinhisneighborhood In1667 whenDefoewasprobablyaboutsevenyearsold aDutch荷兰人fleet舰队saileduptheMedwayviatheRiverThamesandattackedChatham Bythetimehewasabout10 Defoe smotherAnniehaddied HisparentswerePresbyteriandissenters反对者 hewaseducatedinadissentingacademyatNewingtonGreenrunbyCharlesMortonandisbelievedtohaveattendedthechurchthere Duringthisperiod Englandwasnottolerantofallformsofreligiousbelief RomanCatholicswerefearedandhated DissentersrefusedtoconformtotheservicesoftheChurchofEngland theyweredespised受轻视的andoppressed受压制的 Defoeenteredtheworldofbusinessasageneralmerchant商人 dealingatdifferenttimesinhosiery针织品 generalwoollengoodsandwine Thoughhisambitionsweregreatandhewasabletobuybothacountryestate房地产andaship aswellascivetcats灵猫tomakeperfume hewasrarelyoutofdebt In1684 DefoemarriedMaryTuffley thedaughterofaLondonmerchant receivingadowry嫁妆of 3 700 ahugeamountbythestandardsoftheday Withhisdebtsandpoliticaldifficulties themarriagewasmostlikelytroubled butitlasted50yearsandproducedeightchildren sixofwhomsurvived In1685 Defoejoinedtheill fated不幸的MonmouthRebellionbutgainedapardonbywhichheescapedtheBloodyAssizesofJudgeGeorgeJeffreys WilliamIIIwascrowned加冕in1688 andDefoeimmediatelybecameoneofhisclosealliesandasecretagent Someofthenewking spolicies however ledtoconflictwithFrance thusdamagingprosperous繁荣的traderelationshipsforDefoe whohadestablishedhimselfasamerchant BusinessCareer In1692 Defoewasarrestedfordebtsof 700 andhiscivetswereseized夺取 thoughhistotaldebtsmayhaveamountedto 17 000hislaments悲痛之情wereloudandhealwaysdefended辩护unfortunatedebtors债务人butthereisevidencethathisfinancialdealingswerenotalwayshonest Followinghisrelease heprobablytravelledinEuropeandScotland citationneeded anditmayhavebeenatthistimethathetradedwinetoCadiz加的斯 PortoandLisbon By1695hewasbackinEngland nowformallyusingthename Defoe andservingasa commissioner理事oftheglassduty responsibleforcollectingtaxesonbottles In1696heranatile瓷砖andbrickfactoryinwhatisnowTilbury Essexandlivingintheparish教区ofChadwellStMary Writing Defoe sfirstnotablepublicationwasAnEssayuponProjects aseriesofproposals建议书forsocialandeconomicimprovement publishedin1697 From1697to1698hedefendedtherightofKingWilliamIIItoastandingarmyduringdisarmament裁军aftertheTreatyofRyswick 1697 hadendedtheNineYears War 1688 97 Hismostsuccessfulpoem TheTrue BornEnglishman 1701 defendedthekingagainsttheperceivedxenophobia仇外ofhisenemies satirising讽刺theEnglishclaimtoracialpurity 笛福最早的创作是1697年出版的 关于一些问题的观点 提出了一些社会改革的建议 1698年他维护威廉三世对常备军的权力 1701年他发表诗歌 地道的英国人 继续拥护信仰新教的威廉三世 ThedeathofWilliamIIIin1702onceagaincreatedapoliticalupheaval剧变asthekingwasreplacedbyQueenAnne whoimmediatelybeganheroffensive攻击的againstNonconformists不从国教者 Anaturaltarget Defoe spamphleteering小册子作者andpoliticalactivitiesresultedinhisarrestandplacementinapillory示众on31July1703 principallyonaccountofapamphletentitledTheShortest WaywiththeDissenters Or ProposalsfortheEstablishmentoftheChurch purporting声称toarguefortheirextermination消灭 Initheruthlessly无情地satirized讽刺boththeHighchurchToriesandthoseDissenterswhohypocritically伪善地practicedso called occasionalconformity suchashisStokeNewingtonneighborSirThomasAbney Thoughitwaspublishedanonymously化名地 thetrueauthorshipwasquicklydiscoveredandDefoewasarrested Hewaschargedwithseditiouslibel 诽谤罪Thehistoricityofthisstoryisquestionedbymostscholars althoughJohnRobertMoorelatersaidthat nomaninEnglandbutDefoeeverstoodinthepillory示众andlaterrosetoeminence显赫amonghisfellowmen ThomasCochrane the10thEarlofDundonaldandfamousRoyalNavyofficer wassentencedtothepillorybutwasexcused赦免forfearhispopularitywouldcauseariot 暴乱 Afterhisthreedaysinthepillory DefoewentintoNegatesPrison RobertHarley 1stEarlofOxfordandEarlMortimer brokeredhisreleaseinexchangeforDefoe sco operationasanintelligenceagentfortheTories Inexchangeforsuchcooperationwiththerival竞争的politicalside HarleypaidsomeofDefoe soutstandingdebts improvinghisfinancialsituationconsiderably Withinaweekofhisreleasefromprison DefoewitnessedtheGreatStormof1703whichragedfrom26to27November ItcausedseveredamagetoLondonandBristolanduprootedmillionsoftreesandkilledover8 000people mostlyatsea TheeventbecamethesubjectofDefoe sTheStorm 1704 acollectionofwitnessaccountsofthetempest暴风雨 Manyregarditasoneoftheworld sfirstexamplesofmodernjournalism 新闻业InthesameyearhesetuphisperiodicalAReviewoftheAffairsofFrancewhichsupportedtheHarleyMinistry chronicling记录theeventsoftheWaroftheSpanishSuccession 1702 1714 笛福在哈利支持下于1704年创办了 法国时事评论 同年笛福根据自己在1703年飓风中的经历写成了 飓风 一书 NotallofDefoe spamphletwritingwaspolitical Onepamphlet originallypublishedanonymously entitledATrueRelationoftheApparitionofOneMrs VealtheNextDayafterherDeathtoOneMrs MargraveatCanterburythe8thofSeptember 1705 dealswithinteraction相互作用betweenthespiritualrealm领域andthephysicalrealm ItwasmostlikelywritteninsupportofCharlesDrelincourt sTheChristianDefenseagainsttheFearsofDeath 1651 DanielDefoediedon24April1731 probablywhileinhidingfromhiscreditors债权人 Hewasinterredin被埋葬在BunhillFields London wherehisgravecanstillbevisited Defoeisknowntohaveusedatleast198pennames Bibliography FictionTheConsolidatoror MemoirsofSundryTransactionsfromtheWorldintheMoon 1705 AtlantisMajor 1711 RobinsonCrusoe 1719 TheFartherAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe 1719 TheKingofPirates 1719 CaptainSingleton 1720 MemoirsofaCavalier 1720 AJournalofthePlagueYear 1722 MollFlanders 1722 Roxana TheFortunateMistress 1724 Non fictionTheStorm 1704 TheFamilyInstructor 1715 AGeneralHistoryofthePyrates 1724 Atourthro thewholeislandofGreatBritain dividedintocircuitsorjournies 1724 1727 ThePoliticalHistoryoftheDevil 1726 EssaysTheShortestWaywiththeDissenters 1703 SeriousReflectionsofRobinsonCrusoe 1720 TheCompleteEnglishTradesman AnEssayUponProjects AnEssayUponLiterature 1726 MereNatureDelineated 1726 ConjugalLewdness 1727 APlanoftheEnglishCommerce 1728 PoemsTheTrue BornEnglishman ASatyr 1701 HymntothePillory 1703 RobinsonCrusoeisanovelbyDanielDefoethatwasfirstpublishedin1719 ThestorywasperhapsinfluencedbythelifeofAlexanderSelkirk aScottishcastawaywholivedforfouryearsonthePacificislandcalled M saTierra in1966itsnamewaschangedtoRobinsonCrusoeIsland Chile ThedetailsofCrusoe sislandwereprobablybasedontheCaribbeanislandofTobago sincethatislandliesashortdistancenorthoftheVenezuelancoastnearthemouthoftheOrinocoriver insightofTrinidad ItispossiblethatDefoewasinspiredbytheLatinorEnglishtranslationsofIbnTufail sHayyibnYaqdhan anearliernovelalsosetonadesertisland AnothersourceforDefoe snovelmayhavebeenRobertKnox saccountofhisabductionbytheKingofCeylonin1659in AnHistoricalAccountoftheIslandCeylon Glasgow JamesMacLehoseandSons PublisherstotheUniversity 1911 Plotsummary Crusoe thefamilynamecorruptedfromtheGermanname Kreutznaer setssailfromtheQueen sDockinHullonaseavoyageinAugust1651 againsthisparents wishes whowanthimtopursueacareer possiblyinlaw Afteratumultuous骚乱的journeywherehisshipiswrecked失事的 船 inastorm hislustforthesearemainssostrongthathesetsouttoseaagain Thisjourney too endsindisasterastheshipistakenoverbySal pirates theSal Rovers andCrusoeisenslaved奴役byaMoor Twoyearslater heescapesinaboatwithaboynamedXury aCaptainofaPortugueseshipoffthewestcoastofAfricarescueshim Theshipisenroute航线toBrazil Withthecaptain shelp Crusoeprocures取得aplantation大农场 Plotsummary Yearslater CrusoejoinsanexpeditiontobringslavesfromAfricabutheisshipwreckedinastormaboutfortymilesouttoseaonanisland whichhecallstheIslandofDespair nearthemouthoftheOrinocoriveronSeptember30 1659 Onlyheandthreeanimals thecaptain sdogandtwocats survivetheshipwreck Overcominghisdespair hefetchesarms tools andothersuppliesfromtheshipbeforeitbreaksapartandsinks Hebuildsafenced inhabitatnearacavewhichheexcavates Bymakingmarksinawoodencross hecreatesacalendar Byusingtoolssalvagedfromtheship andoneshemakeshimself hehunts growsbarleyandrice driesgrapestomakeraisins learnstomakepottery andraisesgoats Healsoadoptsasmallparrot HereadstheBibleandbecomesreligious thankingGodforhisfateinwhichnothingismissingbuthumansociety MoreyearspassandCrusoediscoversnativecannibals食人者 whooccasionallyvisittheislandtokillandeatprisoners Atfirstheplanstokillthemforcommittinganabominationbutlaterrealizeshehasnorighttodoso asthecannibalsdonotknowinglycommitacrime Hedreamsofobtainingoneortwoservantsbyfreeingsomeprisoners whenaprisonerescapes Crusoehelpshim naminghisnewcompanion Friday afterthedayoftheweekheappeared CrusoethenteacheshimEnglishandconvertshimtoChristianity Plotsummary Aftermorenativesarrivetopartakeinacannibalfeast CrusoeandFridaykillmostofthenativesandsavetwoprisoners OneisFriday sfatherandtheotherisaSpaniard whoinformsCrusoeaboutotherSpaniardsshipwreckedonthemainland AplanisdevisedwhereintheSpaniardwouldreturntothemainlandwithFriday sfatherandbringbacktheothers buildaship andsailtoaSpanishport BeforetheSpaniardsreturn anEnglishshipappears mutineershavecommandeeredthevesselandintendtomaroontheircaptainontheisland Crusoeandtheship scaptainstrikeadealinwhichCrusoehelpsthecaptainandtheloyalsailorsretaketheshipandleavetheworstmutineersontheisland BeforeembarkingforEngland Crusoeshowsthemutineershowhesurvivedontheislandandstatesthattherewillbemoremencoming Crusoeleavestheisland19December1686andarrivesinEnglandon11June1687 Helearnsthathisfamilybelievedhimdead asaresult hewasleftnothinginhisfather swill CrusoedepartsforLisbontoreclaimtheprofitsofhisestateinBrazil whichhasgrantedhimmuchwealth Inconclusion hetransportshiswealthoverlandtoEnglandtoavoidtravellingbysea Fridayaccompanieshimand enroute theyendureonelastadventuretogetherastheyfightofffamishedwolveswhilecrossingthePyrenees Interpretations Despiteitssimplenarrativestyle itwasreceivedwellintheliteraryworld Thebookisoneofthemostwidelypublishedbooksinhistory Ithasbeenpopularsincethedayitwaspublished Colonial NovelistJamesJoycenotedthatthetruesymboloftheBritishconquestisRobinsonCrusoe Heisthetrueprototype 原型 oftheBritishcolonist ThewholeAnglo SaxonspiritisinCrusoe themanlyindependence theunconsciouscruelty thepersistence theslowyetefficientintelligence thecalculatingtaciturnity InasenseCrusoeattemptstoreplicatehissocietyontheisland ThisisachievedthroughtheuseofEuropeantechnology agricultureandevenarudimentarypoliticalhierarchy SeveraltimesinthenovelCrusoereferstohimselfasthe king oftheisland whilstthecaptaindescribeshimasthe governor tothemutineers Attheveryendofthenoveltheislandisexplicitlyreferredtoasa colony Theidealisedmaster servantrelationshipDefoedepictsbetweenCrusoeandFridaycanalsobeseenintermsofculturalimperialism Crusoerepresentsthe enlightened EuropeanwhilstFridayisthe savage whocanonlyberedeemedfromhisbarbarouswayoflifethroughassimilationintoCrusoe sculture NonethelessDefoealsotakestheopportunitytocriticisethehistoricSpanishconquestofSouthAmerica Religious AccordingtoJ P Hunter Robinsonisnotaherobutaneveryman Hebeginsasawanderer aimlessonaseahedoesnotunderstandandendsasapilgrim crossingafinalmountaintoenterthepromisedland ThebooktellsthestoryofhowRobinsonbecomesclosertoGod notthroughlisteningtosermonsinachurchbutthroughspendingtimealoneamongstnaturewithonlyaBibletoread RobinsonCrusoeisfilledwithreligiousaspects DefoewasaPuritanmoralistandnormallyworkedintheguidetradition writingbooksonhowtobeagoodPuritanChrist