unit7TimeandSpacecrossCultures跨文化交际大学教学课件.ppt

Unit7 TimeandSpaceAcrossCultures WhatisTimeLanguage SeePage253 256 Howlateis late P 254 InBritainandAmerica InArabcountries InItaly InEthiopia InJava IntheUnitedStates InLatinAmerica InGerman Time 1 perceptionsofpast present andfuture2 Hall smonochronicandpolychronicclassifications Past orientedcultures Peopleregardpreviousexperiencesandeventsasmostimportant Theyplaceaprimaryemphasisontradition Theyshowgreatrespectforparentsandtheelderly Country P255 Present orientedcultures Peopleregardcurrentexperiencesasmostimportant Theyplaceamajoremphasisonspontaneityandimmediacy Theyexperienceeachmomentasfullyaspossible Country P255 Future orientedcultures Peoplebelievetomorrowismostimportant Currentactivitiesareaccomplishednotfortheirownsakebutforthepotentialfuturebenefits Theirfateisatleastpartiallyintheirownhandsandthereforetheycancontroltheconsequencesoftheiraction Country P255 Whatdoesitmeantointerculturalcommunication Peoplefrompresent orientedculturesmightviewpeoplefrompast orientedculturesastootiedtotradition Peoplefromfuture orientedculturesmayberegardedaspassionlessslavestoefficiencyandmaterialism Timesystems Hall 1976 MonochronicTime M Time PolychronicTime P Time 美国人类学家霍尔 EdwardHall 在 超越文化 BeyondCulture 一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念 即 单向计时制 monochronictime 和 多向计时制 polychronictime a Monochronictime M time b Polychronictime P time Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime Monochronicandpolychronicviewsoftime MonochronicTime M Time Itschedulesoneeventatatime Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture Country P256 PolychronicTime P Time P timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime Itismoreflexibleandmorehumanistic PeoplefromP timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem Country P256 MonochronicPeople Doonethingatatime Concentrateonthejob Taketimecommitments deadlines schedules seriously Arecommittedtothejob Adheretoplans PolychronicPeople Domanythingsatonce Areeasilydistractedandsubjecttointerruptions Considertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved ifpossible Arecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationships Changeplansoftenandeasily MonochronicPeople Areconcernedaboutnotdisturbingothers followrulesofprivacy Showgreatrespectforprivateproperty seldomborroworlend Emphasizepromptness Areaccustomedtoshort termrelationships PolychronicPeople Aremoreconcernedwithpeopleclosetothem family friends closebusinessassociates thanwithprivacy Borrowandlendthingsoftenandeasily Basepromptnessontherelationship Havestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationships PersonalSpace Yourpersonalspaceislikeaninvisiblebubblethatsurroundsyou Thebubbleexpandsandcontractsaccordingto P239 PrivateSpace Thesizeoftheprivatespaceisinfluencedby P240 PersonalSpaceintheU S ConceptofTerritoriality Doyouknockbeforeyouentersomeoneelse sroom Englishman shomeishiscastle Thisismycar One meterline Jourardsatincoffeeshopsinfourdifferentcities Wheneverhesawpeopletouch herecordedthetouch Hisrecordsareasfollowed SanJuan PuertoRico 180 Paris 10 Gainesville Florida 2 London 0 InternationalStudentsHandbook GesturesandmovementsDirecteyecontactisgivenandexpectedinreturnbyAmericanstalkingwithotherpeople AsmileistheuniversalsignofgreetingandAmericansgiveitfreely Peoplewhohavegoodpostureusuallyappearmoreself confidentSomeAmericanstellstoriesortalkinadramaticmanner usingalotofhandandbodygesturing Thesepeopleareconsideredpopular attractive andofhighsocialstatus Mentakeupmorespacethanwomenintheiruseofgestures bodypostureandmovements LegsspreadapartwhenstandingWideuseofarmswhenspeakingAndlegscrossedattheankleswhensitting Imitatingthepostureofthepersonswithwhomyouarecommunicatingshowsyouareprobablyagreeingwiththem Somepeopleusealotofnoddingandsmilingastheylisten Otherschoosetocommunicatebyleaningforward touching oruseofaconversationalstyle TotouchornottotouchResearchersclassifyAmericansaslowtouchersinrelationtootherpeopleoftheworld However touchinamulticulturalsocietyisveryindividual Youwillmeetsomepeoplewhowillnevertouchyou eventhoughtheyhighlyprizeyourfriendship Andyouwillmeetotherswhowilltouchyouoften usuallyontheshouldersandarms butsuchtoucheswillnotreallyexpressameaning BecauseUSsocietyisveryawareofthepotentialforpeopletousenegativetouchtointimidateorthreaten peoplearecarefulinhowtheytouch IntheUS touchisusedmainlyasgreetingtosaygoodbye Americanscangivethefeelingoftouch withouttouching byallowingotherstomoveinclosewhentalking Goodfriendsmayexchangehugs friendlypunches kisses andmaytouchfrequentlywhentalkingtoeachother Foracquaintancesandsuperiors likeprofessorsorinterviewers asimplehandshakeisallthatisexpected Somepeoplearehightouchersandgivefriendlyarm backandshouldertoucheseventonewacquaintances Youwillfindthatsomestudentsfeelfreetoshowinpublicwhatmightbeconsidered private expressionsofaffectioninyourculture Anexamplemightbekissingoutsideclassrooms SpaceisjealouslyguardedPrivacyisthekeytounderstandingtheuseofspaceandterritoryintheUSAmericansclaim useandwilldefendwhatistheirchair theirtelevision theirstereo ortheirkitchen Mostinterpersonaldisagreementsbetweenroommatesfocusaroundtheuseofspaceandtheideaofownership Forinstance Hedrankmymilkfrommysideoftherefrigerator Sheusedmystaplerandkeptitonherdesk Theyjustwalkedinandturnedonmystereowithoutasking Hetookfivedrawersforhisclothesandleftmejusttwo USstudentsfeelfreetodecoratetheirenvironmentsiftheyhave paid forthemthroughrentordormfees Ingeneral Americansaregenerouspeoplewhowilllendandgivefreelyofpossessions butonlytothosewhoaskfirst Eveninpublicplaces libraryorlargedorml