Unit-18--Eugene-O-Neil(尤金奥尼尔).ppt

Unit18AmericanDrama EugeneO Neil 1888 1953 AmericanDrama Overview 17thcenturytothepresent AmericandramabeginsintheAmericancoloniesinthe17thcenturyandcontinuestothepresent Beforethemid 18thcentury littletheatricalactivity 19thcentury Britishinfluence melodrama 独幕剧 themostpervasivedramaticgenreofthe19thcentury typicallyoverflowingwithemotion setinmysteriouslocations andpeopledwithstereotypicalcharacters heartlessvillains heroinesindistress andstrongheroeswhofacedalmostinsurmountable 不能克服的 oddsinrescuingthoseheroines AmericandramawasnotbornuntiltheendofWorldWarI AmericanDrama Overview late 19th centuryandearly20thcentury psychologicalrealisminEuropeantheater NorwegianplaywrightHenrikIbsen AmericanplaywrightsbegantomoveinthedirectionofIbsen 1900s Realism dominanttrendofthe20thcenturyAmericandrama Newlevelsofpsychologicalrealism Ibsen experimentaldevicesoftheexpressionists Strindberg EugeneO Neill America sfirstdramatistofworldstature beforehim Americandramawasconsideredofminorsignificance revolutionizedAmericantheatrebyinspiringotherplaywrightstowriteseriousandchallengingscriptsforthestage TennesseeWilliams mostimportantdramatistaftertheW W II ArthurMiller alongwithTennesseeWilliams ledthepostwarnewdrama AmericanDrama Overview ThreegiantsthatrepresentthebestofAmericantheatreinthe20thcentury EugeneO Neill 1888 1953 TheHairyApe 1922 TheIcemanCometh 1946 LongDay sJourneyIntoNight 1940 TennesseeWilliams 1911 1983 AStreetcarNamedDesire 1947 ArthurMiller 1915 2005 DeathofaSalesman 1949 TheCrucible 1953 EugeneO Neill 1888 1935 EugeneO NeillisunquestionablyAmerica sgreatestplaywright HewonthePulitzerPrizefourtimesandwastheonlydramatistevertowinaNobelPrize 1936 Heiswidelyacclaimed founderoftheAmericandrama Life 1 1888 borninaBroadwayhotel whichlaterbecameknownasTimesSquare Educatedbytoursforhisfirstsevenyearswithhisfather In1895 heenteredastrictCatholicboardingschoolwhereherebelledthedemandsofschoolandreligion 1906 wenttoPrincetonUniversity Waskickedoutafterhisfirstyearowingtopooracademicsandheavydrinking Life 2 1910 becameaseaman Hiswife Kathleen gavebirthasonwhomethisfatherwhenhewas11 1912 heattemptedsuicideinhisroom HeandKathleendivorced Hecontractedtuberculosis TB andhelivedinatubercularsanatorium 疗养院 for6months Readalotofplays 1914 1915 studiedinProf GeorgeP Baker sworkshop HarvardUniversity Life 3 1918 O Neillmarriedhissecondwife writerAgnesBoulton withwhomhehadtwochildren ShaneandOona 1920 publishedhisfirstlongplay BeyondtheHorizon 天边外 whichestablishedhisfameasacreativeplaywright 1928 helefthiswifeAgnesandsetsailtoEuropeandin1929 hemarriedCarlotta 1936 wontheNobelPrizeforLiterature Hisdeathandinfluences In1953 hishealthfalling helivedhislastdaysinahotelroom HediedonNovember27 1953 LongDay sJourneyIntoNight 长日终入夜 shouldnotbepublisheduntil25yearsafterhisdeath Butiswaspublishedin1956 andwonPulitzerPrizeinthesameyear HisplayshavegreatinfluenceonTennesseeWilliams WilliamInge EdwardAlbeeandCaoYu ect MajorWorksEarlyPhase BoundEastforCardiff 1916 东航加迪夫 IntheZone 1917 在这一带 TheLongVoyageHome 1917 漫长的返航 TheMoonoftheCaribbean 1918 加勒比的月亮 BeyondtheHorizon 1920 天边外 MajorWorksSecondPhase TheEmperorJones 1920 琼斯皇帝 AnnaChristie 1921 安娜 克里斯蒂 TheHairyApe 1922 毛猿 DesireundertheElms 1924 榆树下的欲望 MajorWorksSecondPhase 2 StrangeInterlude 1928 奇妙的插曲 MourningBecomesElectra 1931 悲悼 Ah Wilderness 1933 theonlycomedy 啊 荒野 MajorWorksLastandBestPhase TheIcemanCometh 1946 送冰的人来了 LongDay sJourneyintoNight 1956 长日终入夜 AMoonfortheMisbegotten 1957 月照不幸人 ATouchofthePoet 1958 诗人的气质 O Neill sThemes O Neillisalwaysrememberedforhistragicviewoflifeandmostofhisplaysdealwiththebasicissuesofhumanexistenceandpredicament 困境 lifeanddeath illusionanddisillusion alienation 异化 andcommunication dreamandreality selfandsociety desireandfrustration etc Hischaractersintheplaysaredescribedasseekingmeaningandpurposeintheirlivesindifferentways somethroughlove somethroughreligion othersthroughrevenge butallmeetdisappointmentanddespair O Neill sThemes Asaplaywright O Neillhimselfwasconstantlywrestlingwiththeseissuesandstrugglingwiththeperplexity 困惑 aboutthetruthoflife Hewassearchingforananswerbothpsychologicallyandartistically andhisdramaticthoughtfollowedatragicpatternrunningthroughallhisplays fromacelebrationandexaltationof pipedreams 白日梦 theromanticdreamsotospeak tothedoubtabouttherealityofthedreamortheinevitabilityofthedefeat So hisfinaldramasbecame transcendental inthewaythatthedramatizationofman seffortinfindingthesecretofliferesultsinareconciliationwiththetragicimpossibility Expressionism 表现主义 Itisusedtodescribetheworksofartandliteratureinwhichtherepresentationofrealityisdistortedtocommunicateaninnervision transformingnatureratherthanimitatingit Inliteratureitisoftenconsideredarevoltagainstrealismandnaturalism aseekingtoachieveapsychologicalorspiritualrealityratherthantorecordexternalevents Indrama theexpressionistworkwascharacterizedbyabizarredistortionofreality Expressionistwriters concernwaswithgeneraltruthratherthanwithparticularsituations hencetheyexploredintheirplaysthepredicaments 困境 ofrepresentativesymbolictypesratherthanoffullydevelopedindividualizedcharacters Expressionism 表现主义 Emphasiswaslaidontheinternal onanindividual smentalstate theemotionalcontent thesubjectivereactionsofcharacters andsymbolicorabstractrepresentationsofreality hencetheimitationoflifeisreplacedinExpressionistdramabytheecstaticevocationofstatesofmind InAmerica EugeneO Neill sEmperorJones TheHairyApe etc aretypicalplaysthatemployExpressionismtohighlightthetheatricaleffectoftherupture 破裂 betweenthetwosidesofanindividualhumanbeing theprivateandthepublic Themovement thoughshort lived gaveimpetustoafreeformofwritingandoftheatricalproduction ChieffeaturesofExpressionism Theartistisnotconcernedwithrealityasitappearsbutwithitsinnernatureandwiththeemotionsarousedbythesubject Toachievetheseends thesubjectisfrequentlycaricatured exaggerated distorted orotherwisealteredinordertostresstheemotionalexperienceinitsmostintenseandconcentratedform 4 O Neill sExperimentationsinDramaticArt O Neill sinventivenessseeminglyknewnolimits Hewasconstantlyexperimentingwithnewstylesandformsforhisplays 1 HeintroducedtherealisticoreventhenaturalisticaspectoflifeintotheAmericantheater HeborrowedfreelyfromthebesttraditionsofEuropeandramas beitGreektragedies ortherealismofIbsen ortheexpressionismofStringberg andfusedthemintotheorganicofhisown Inthoseexpressionisticplays abstractandsymbolicstagesetsareusedtosetoffagainsttheemotionalinnerselvesandsubjectivestatesofmind lightingandmusicareemployedtoconveythechangesofmood 4 O Neill sExperimentationsinDramaticArt 2 Heborrowedfreelyfrommodernliterarytechniquessuchasthestream of consciousnessdevicewiththehelpofwhichhemanagedtorevealtheemotionalandpsychologicalcomplexitiesofmodernman Hemadeuseofsettingandstatepropertytohelpinhisdramaticrepresentation 4 O Neill sExperimentationsinDramaticArt 3 Astohislanguage O Neillfrequentlywrotethelinesindialect orspelledwordsinwayswhichindicateaparticularaccentormannerofspeech This sometimes makeshisplaysdifficulttoread butwhentheyarespokenaloud thesensebecomesclearandthemeaningisamplifiedbytheaccent O Neill sceaselessexperimentationenrichedAmericandramaandinfluencedlaterplaywrights DesireundertheElms 榆树下的欲望 DesireUndertheElms 1925 alludestothemesofGreekmythologyandusesNewEnglandfarmlifeasthesettingforatragictaleinvolvingadultery 通奸 incest 乱伦 andinfanticide 杀婴 Background Inthelate19thandearly20thcentury thecapitalistprimitiveaccumulationandthedevelopmentofpersonalitystimulatedthedesiresofluxuriousliving money loveandpossession Peoplecrazilypursuedthematerialwealth Thesatisfactionofthesedesiresstronglyimpactedontraditionalreligion ethicandmorality Thesecausedallsortsoftragedyatthattime DesireundertheElms 榆树下的欲望 DesireUndertheElmswasperformedinNewYork sBroadwayTheaterforthirty sixweeksonendintheyear1925 DesireUndertheElmstellsastoryofaruthlessstruggleforfamilyproperty afarmandthemansion betweenfatherandsons betweenhusbandandwife betweenbrothers andbetweenlovers Thelovers The75year oldfatherCabot SimeonandPeter TwosonsofCabot sfirstwife AbbieandEben Synopsis 1 WidowerEphraimCabotabandonshisNewEnglandfarmtohisthreesons whohatehimbutsharehisgreed Eben theyoungestandbrightestsibling feelsthefarmishisbirthright asitoriginallybelongedtohismother Synopsis2 Ebenbuysouthishalf brothers sharesofthefarmwithmoneystolenfromhisfather andPeterandSimeonheadofftoCaliforniatoseektheirfortune Synopsis3 Later Ephraimreturnswithanewwife thebeautifulandheadstrongAbbie whoentersintoanadulterous 不忠贞的 affairwithEben Soonafter AbbiebearsEben schild butletsEphraimbelievethatthechildishis inthehopesofsecuringherfuturewiththefarm TheproudEphraimisobliviousashisneighborsopenlymockhimasacuckold Synopsis4 MadlyinlovewithEbenandfearfulitwouldbecomeanobstacletotheirrelationship Abbiekillstheinfant Anenraged 激怒的 anddistraught 烦恼的 EbenturnsAbbieovertothesheriff butnotbeforeadmittingtohimselfthedepthsofhisloveforherandthusconfessinghisownroleintheinfanticide 杀婴 Dramaticconflict 戏剧冲突 Gooddramashowscharactersinconfrontationindynamicrelationshipsthatemphasizethedifferencesareforcethemtotransform Gooddramaticconflictpushescharacterstoexpresshumanqualitiesthatrevealadeeperunderstandingofthestory ourselvesandtheworldaroundus CommonexamplesofconflictsfromWIKIPEDIA ManVs SelfPersonVs PersonManVs SocietyManVs NatureManVs Machine TechnologyManVs Destiny EphraimCabot Simeon Peter Eben Abbie Freytag sAnalysis P SgotoCalifornia Theyreturn AbbieseducesEben AbbiefallsinlovewithEben AbbiehasababyNeighbourmockatCabot Abbiekillsthebaby EbendenouncesAbbietothesheriff Theyface