教育心理学双语

精品文档 1欢迎下载 U1U1 AnAn IntroductionIntroduction toto EducationalEducational PsychologyPsychology KEYKEY WORDSWORDS Treatment 治疗 Negative correlation 负相关 Variables 变量 Uncorrelated 不相关 Laboratory 实验室 Descriptive Researches 描述研究 Internal validity 内部效度 Action research 行为研究 External validity 外部效度 Correlational study 相关性研究 Control group 对照组 Qualitative researches 定性研究 Quantitative researches 定量研究 Positive correlation 正相关 QuestionsQuestions 1 Why is educational psychology valuable for teachers 为什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值 Because according the educational psychology teacher can make decisions better It provided teachers a language to discuss our experiences and thinking 2 Generally speaking what is educational psychology concerned about 精品文档 2欢迎下载 一般来说 教育心理学关注的是什么 The study of 1 Learners the nature of students 2 Learning principles of learning 3 Teaching methods of teaching U2U2 HowHow PiagetPiaget ViewView DevelopmentDevelopment schemes 格式 conservation 守恒 adaptation 适应 centration 自我中心化 assimilation 同化 reversibility 可逆性 accommodation 顺应 reflexes 反射 Cognitive structure 认知结构论 Equilibration 平衡 1 To Piaget how did one develop cognitively 1 Knowledge comes from action 知识来自行动 2 Development depends on child s manipulation and active interaction with the environment 发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用 3 A child s cognitive abilities progress through four distinct stages Each stage is characterized by the emergence of new abilities and ways of processing information 孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展 每一个阶段的特点是新的能力和方法的出现 2 According to Piaget s theory what is the best way to treat a child 1 To know the process children use to get to the answer is as important as the result 知道孩子学习的过程和结果一样重要 精品文档 3欢迎下载 2 Children s self initiated active involvement in learning activities is crucial to their recognition 孩子自己发现 积极参与学习活动对他们的认知发展极为重要 3 Premature education is not necessary for children 过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的 4 Children develop at the same sequence but different rates so individuals and small group activities should be properly arranged in class 孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度 所以课堂活动安排要合理 3 How can learning happen according to Piaget According to piaget learning depends on this process of assimilation and accommodation Assimilation understanding new experiences in terms of existing schemes Accommodation modifying existing schemes to fit new situations U3U3 HowHow VygotskyVygotsky ViewView CognitiveCognitive DevelopmentDevelopment sign system 符号系统 ZPD 最近发展期 self regulation 自我调节 scaffolding 支架教学 1 To Vygotsky how did one develop cognitively 1 Development depends on the sign systems that individuals grow up with 2 Cognitive development is strongly linked to input from others It is a process of learning from others and internalizing 2 According to Vygotsky s theory what is the best way to treat a child 1 Reading is very important in children s intellectual development 阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要 2 Imitation and cooperation is efficient ways in children s study 模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式 精品文档 4欢迎下载 3 Teaching is finding the proper ZPD of children 找到孩子的最近发展期 4 Encourage private speeches during solving tasks 解决问题时鼓励自言自语 5 Teach the way of doing things in order that students can know how to do not only what to do 教会学生如何去做而不是做什么 4 How can learning happen according to Vygotsky Learning depends on the process of self regulation Action and sound have a meaning Practice Using signs to think and solve problem TOPICTOPIC 4 4 TheoryTheory intointo PracticePractice 1 Make a brief comparison between Piaget s and Vygotsky s theories Where do they agree with each other 1 Children are active 2 Trial and error is always a way to learn 3 Facing challenges will improve one s development 4 Developing is to improve one s ways of thinking and helping them when they really need ZPD 2 What can we do in class teaching according to their theory 1 It is not a good idea to get your kids to sit and listen except reading 2 Making chances to get your kids to do something by themselves is always helpful 3 Give your kids tasks individually or in small groups if you can It is a proper way to find their ZPD where learning happens 4 Try to give opportunities for your kids to talk in which you will find out when and how to help scaffolding 3 When planning to teach what should we consider according to their ideas 1 What can the kids do with their hands 2 What have they known about my content 3 Can I make the content into tasks for small groups 4 What abilities of the kids can I use in the class 5 Is it possible to introduce other areas into this class 6 How long do I plan for the kids to sit and listen to me 7 What else may draw the children attention TOPICTOPIC 5 5 BehavioralBehavioral TheoriesTheories ofof LearningLearning 1 1 精品文档 6欢迎下载 TheoreticalTheoretical BasisBasis learning 学习 extinction 消失 stimulus 刺激 classical conditioning 经典条件反射 Laboratory 实验室 operant conditioning 操作性条件反射 conditioned stimulus 有条件刺激 negative positive reinforcer 负强化 正强化 unconditioned stimulus 无条件刺激 primary second reinforcer 一级强化物 二级强化物 neutral stimulus 无关刺激 punishment 惩罚 shaping 塑造 一级强化物 满足人类的基本需求 二级强化物 与一级强化物相联系 1 How can we use reinforcement in the classroom 1 Decide what behaviors you want 2 Tell the students what behaviors you want 3 Reinforce the wanted behaviors and tell the students why 4 Reinforce proper behaviors as soon as possible 5 Get the students to judge their own and their classmates behaviors and try to tell why 6 Make sure to turn them into new habits 2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the usage of reinforcement 精品文档 7欢迎下载 优点 1 低端学生形成新行为时非常有效 2 通过培养新行为来减少不良行为 缺点 1 让孩子形成依赖 2 被动习惯 TOPICTOPIC 5 5 BehavioralBehavioral TheoriesTheories ofof LearningLearning 2 2 ReinforcementReinforcement 1 Can you tell the process of a reinforcement Operation pleasant consequence strengthening behavior 2 What is the general way to use reinforcement in your class 1 Decide what behaviors you want 2 Tell the students what behaviors you want 3 Reinforce the wanted behaviors and tell the students why 4 Reinforce proper behaviors as soon as possible 5 Get the students to judge their own and their classmates behaviors and try to tell why 6 Make sure to turn them into new habits 3 What can we do if we want to stop the kids learned behaviors If you want to stop a learned behavior 1 Neglecting and patience are usually needed 2 Telling kids what you will do and why 精品文档 8欢迎下载 3 Shift your attention to his other behavior 4 Praising him once he has improvement even very little Shaping a new behavior is usually a way to stop an unwanted one 4 What should you do if you want to stop or form a behavior according to theory of reinforcement 2 3 5 What should you avoid doing when using reinforcement 1 不要过度运用强化 2 不要强化错误行为 TOPICTOPIC 5 5 BehavioralBehavioral TheoriesTheories ofof LearningLearning 3 3 SkillsSkills ofof ReinforcementReinforcement Maintenance 强化 variable ratio schedule 变化比率强化计划 Intrinsic reinforcer 内部强化 fixed interval schedule 固定时间强化计划 extrinsic reinforcer 外部强化 extinction 消减 shaping e