Research-s-and-Dissertation-Writing-论文写作.ppt

ResearchMethodsandDissertationWriting Glatthorn 1998 WritingtheWinningDissertation Walliman 2001 YourResearchProject THESISPREPARATIONforgraduatestudiesDept ofpharmacology Univ ofToronto AnM Sc Thesisingeneralisfrom70 120pagesinlength APh D thesisingeneralisfrom100 130pagesinlength Ph D andM Sc thesismanuscriptsshouldbewrittenunderthefollowingheadings components TITLEPAGEABSTRACTACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSLISTOFTABLES whereapplicable LISTOFPLATES whereapplicable LISTOFFIGURESLISTOFAPPENDICES whereapplicable SectionIINTRODUCTIONSection2METHODOLOGYSection3RESULTSSection4DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONSREFERENCESLISTOFPUBLICATIONSANDABSTRACTSAPPENDICES asnecessary DissertationPattern Mostdissertationsareorganizedinthetime honoredpattern IntroductionReviewoftheliteratureMethodologyResultsSummaryanddiscussion TheFocusedReviewoftheLiteratures Proposal aresearchcontractthatspellsoutthedetailsofyourresearchplan Prospectus apreliminarysketchoftheproposalBothneedthefocusedreviewoftheliteraturesproject專案 plan計畫 proposal提案書 prospectus說明書 EvaluatetheLiteratures Checktheauthor Checkthetitle Checkthedate Notethesource importance Checkthedocumenttype Readtheabstract Code1 must have sourceCode2 maybehelpful sourceCode3 notuseful source ExampleofProspectus StudentNameOctober15 2004Prospectus DoctoralDissertationResearchtopic PerformanceassessmentsResearchproblem Whatproblemsdosocialstudiesteachersencounterinusingperformanceassessmentsintheclassroom Methodology RESEARCHPERSPECTIVE Qualitativeprimary qualitativefirstRESEARCHTYPE CasestudyRESEARCHMETHODS Theresearchwillmakeprimaryuseofobservations supplementedbyinterviews ThreeteachersofAmericanhistorywillbeobservedduringclasssessionswhentheyhavedecidedtouseperformanceassessments Eachteacherwillbeinterviewedaftertheobservation Theresearchwillcoveronlythesecondtermoftheschoolyear Preliminarycalendar PlanscallforthedissertationtobedefendedinApril 2005 Adetailedbuttentativeplanningcalendarisattached DevelopingtheProspectus Theprospectususuallyincludesthreeelements 1 ResearchtopicandresearchproblemAretheresearchtopicandproblemclearlystated 2 MethodologyIsthemethodologyclearlyexplicated 3 PreliminarycalendarforcompletingthedissertationDoesthepreliminarycalendaraccuratelyreflectmyworkingconditionsandthelikelypaceoftheresearch OrganizingtheCommittee TimingoftheCommitteeSelectionProcessChoosingtheChairAvailability Reputationforrespondingpromptlyandconstructively Interestinyourresearchtopic Interpersonalcompatibility Researchskills Complementarity OrganizetheRestoftheCommitteeComplementsthechair Generallyavailable Getalongwitheachother ExaminetheResearchProblem Explaintheresearchproblemclearly Explainyourpersonalinterest Explainitsprofessionalsignificance Testsatheory Contributestowardthedevelopmentoftheory Extendsexistingknowledge Testsprevailingbeliefs Suggestsrelationshipsbetweenphenomena Extendsaresearchmethodology Providesgreaterdepthofknowledgeaboutpreviouslystudiedphenomena FollowUpontheConference Sendthecommitteealetterthankingthemfortheirsuggestionsandsummarizingthedecisionsmade Infact inallmeetingswiththecommitteemakeitapracticetotakecarefulnotes systematizethemfortherecord andsendcopiestothecommittee MaintainGoodResearchPracticesThroughouttheSearch Maintainyoursearchrecord Keepyourresearchjournal Makecopiesofallsources Besurethatthecopyhasfullbibliographicinformation Checkthereferencelistofeverysourceyouhavelocated Backupallcomputerfiles Getexperthelpwheneveryouneedit Keepyourdissertationchairinformedaboutprogressandproblems ItisusefultosetupandmaintainahomepageontheInternet ComprehensiveSearch PubMedIngenta UnCover NetLibrary Yourlibrary ProQuestDigitalDissertationsHighWire TheWashingtonDCPrinciplesforFreeAccesstoScience EngineeringVillage2 conferencematerials DelphionPatentSearch PDFfiles LengthofaProposal TheProposal Chapter1 IntroductiontothechapterThebackgroundofthestudyTheproblemstatementTheprofessionalsignificanceofthestudy TheProposal Chapter2Thereviewoftheliterature ReviewingtheTheoreticalLiteratureReviewingtheoriesDevelopingaconceptualframework aviewgraphoraflowchart TheProposal Chapter3Methodology TypeofresearchandspecificsubtypeContextandaccessParticipantsandhowselectedInstrumentationDatacollectionDataanalysis TheProposal TheAppendixSection AnysupportingmaterialsPlanningscheduleorsummaryofitUseCBEstyleforwriting TheProposalDefense Preproposalsummary Yesorno Whowillleadthesession Chairoryou Whowillberesponsibleformakingnotesofdecisionsmade You Howlongwillthesessionprobablylast 1hour Abouthowmuchtimeshouldthestudenttaketopresenttheproposal 30minassumingthatyourcommitteehasreadtheproposal Procedure I YousendChapter1toyourchair Heorshereviewsitandsuggestrevisions Youreviseandsubmittherevisiontothechair whoreviewsitandapprovesit unlessadditionalchangesareneeded YouthenusethesameprocedureswithChapters2and3 insuccession Whenthechairhasapprovedthefirstthreechapters heorshenotifiestheothercommitteemembersthatthosechaptersarereadyfortheirreview Procedure II 6 YousendtheothercommitteememberstheapproveddraftsofChapter1 2 and3 7 Theothercommitteememberssendtheirsuggestionsforrevisiontothechair whoreviewsthemandconferswithyouaboutadditionalchangesrequiredforChapters1 3 8 YoureviseChapters1 3 Procedure III 9 YouwriteChapter4andsendittothechair whosuggestsrevisions 10 YoureviseChapter4andsendtherevisedchapterstoyourchair 11 YouwriteChapter5andsendittothechair whosuggestsrevisions 12 YoureviseChapter5 Procedure IV 13 Yourchairnotifiesthecommitteethatallchaptershavebeenapprovedandthatyouarereadyforthedissertationdraft 14 Yousendthecompleteddissertationtothecommittee 15 Youmakeanyfinalchangestheothercommitteemembersrequest Besuretoresolvetheprocedureissuewiththecommittee FollowingtheRecommendedStyleGuide Usehigh qualitywhitepaper minimum20 poundweight 8 by11 Donotuseerasablestock Double spacealltext Longquotationsandfootnotesmaybesingle spaced Usea10 pointor12 pointfont Usealetter qualityprinter Donotusecorrectionfluidortape Usealeftmarginof1 inchestoprovideroomforbinding AnEffectiveApproachtoWriting Ensurethatyouhavereadyaccesstoacomputerandgoodwordprocessingsoftware Thecomputerisascholarlynecessity Createaresearch writingcenterforyourself Equipitwithyourresearchandwritingneeds computer files dictionary andrelatedprofessionalworks Reservethecenteronlyfordissertationwork sothateverytimeyousitdowninthatspecialchair theenvironmentsays dissertationtime AnEffectiveApproachtoWriting Developawritingschedulethatwillhelpyouwritesystematicallyandeffectively Youcan twritewhileyou rewatchingthebaby doingthelaundry orwatchingtelevision Arrangeforthehelpyouwillneed aprofessionalwordprocessor agoodeditor Professorsarescholars noteditors WriteWithanEfficientProcess Begintowrite Checkyouroutline Whatdoyoudoifyouhave writer sblock thatfrustratingfeelingthatallwritersknowattimes whenthewordsjustwillnotcome Thebestansweristowriteyourwaythroughit Grityourteethandwritewhatevercomesintoyourhead Forceyourselftowrite evenifthewritingseemsbad Donotsitthereandworrythatyoucannotwrite WriteWithanEfficientProcess Useheadingsandverbalsignalstomakeyourorganizationcleartothereader Theappropriateuseofheadingswillhelpthereadertrackyourorganizationalpattern Youshouldalsouseverbalsignalsthatshowwherethechapterisgoing suchasfirst next also finally Withthatfirstdraftfinished thebestadviceistoputitasideforafewhoursatleast andthereaditwithafresheye DocumentAssertions Thejournalistwrites Expertsnowbelievethatmostlargeemployerswillsoonbeprovidingchild careservicesforworkingparents Thescholarswrites Accordingtoseveralstudies alargepercentageofthecompaniesemployingmorethan1 000employeesprovidesomeformofchildcareforworkingparents see forexample theMurphy1997survey TheWayYouIdentifySources AccordingtoWalker 1998 parentsreportedsatisfaction Walker 1998 concludedthat Parentsreportedahighlevelofsatisfactionwiththecharterschoolstheirchildrenattended Walker 1998 Severalstudiesconcludethatparentsaregenerallysatisfiedwiththecharterschooltheirchildrenattended see forexample Jones 1996 King 1990 Walker 1998 Inthe1998studybyWalker WriteClear MatureSentences Combineshortersentences Tooshort Gray 1998 studiedtheeffectivenessofthenewschedule HeusedscoresontheStanfordAchievementTestasthemeasure Combined Gray 1998 studiedtheeffectivenessofthenewschedule usingscoresontheStanfordAchievementTestasthemeasure WriteClear MatureSentences 2 Putthemainideainthemainclause Incorrect Theschedulewasineffectonly1year withstudentsachievingbetterresults Better Studentsachievedbetterresults althoughtheschedulewasineffectonly1year WriteClear MatureSentences 3 Reducethenumberofands Toomanyands Theteacherputtheassignmentontheboard andthenshecheckedtherollandfoundthatthreestudentswereabsent Better Afterputtingtheassignmentontheboard theteacherfoundbycheckingtherollthatthreestudentswereabsent WriteClear MatureSentences 4 Achieveaneffectofclarityanddirectnessbyexpressingthemainactionofthesentenceintheverbandthemaindoeroftheaction theagent inthesubject Nonactionverbs do make have be perform andoccur Vagueandwordy Orientationsandexplanationsareimportantmethodsusedbyteachersinteachingwriting Better Teachersteachwritingbyorientingandexplaining WriteClear MatureSentences 5 Avoidinsertinglongmodifiersbetweenthesubjectandtheverb Tooseparated Schooladministratorswhoareinterestedinmakingchangesthatarenottooexpensiveortoocomplexforthemostparthavebeenoverlyreceptivetosimplisticsolutions Better Becausemanyschooladministratorsseeminterestedinmakingonlysimpleandinexpensivechanges theyhavebeenoverlyreceptivetosimplisticsolutions WriteClear MatureSentences 6 Avoidusingsubordinateclausesthatmodifyothersubordinateclauses Tandemsubordination Oneoftheobstaclesthatdetertheinstallationofsolarenergysystemsthataredesignedtoachievethesavingsthatareimportanttoallpeopleisthereluctanceofthosesameindividualstomakelargecapitalinvestments Better Manypeoplearereluctanttoinstallsolarenergysystemsbecauseofthelargecapitalinvestmentrequired WriteClear MatureSentences 7 Placemodifierssothattheyclearlymodifywhatyouintendthemtomodify Incorrect Havingexplainedthedirections thestudentsbegantowrite Correct Aftertheteacherexplainedthedirections thestudentsbegantowrite WriteClear MatureSentences 8 Avoidexcessiveuseofthepassivevoice Passivevoiceresultedinawordy lifelessstyle OnewayofavoidingtheexcessiveuseofthepassiveistouseItorefertotheresearcher Donotoverdoit DonotriddleyourpaperwithI s Youarewritingadissertation notapersonalessay WriteClear MatureSentences 9 Beconsistentinmattersofverbtense Usefuturetenseintheproposal Arandomsampleofstudentswillbeselected Usepasttenseintheliteraturereview unlessyouarereferringtoacurrentbeliefoftheresearcher Inthedissertation usepasttenseforthedesignorprocedure Inthedissertation usepresenttensetodescribeanddiscusstheresultsthataretherebeforethereader TheOrganizationofIndividualChapters First eachchaptermustseemtorelatetothewhole Next eachchaptershouldmakesensebyitselfandbeorganizedinsuchawaythatthereadercaneasilyfollowthelineofargument Finally thepartsofthechaptershouldclearlyrelatetoeachother conveyingasenseoforderandform Also besuretoframeeachchapterwithadefiniteintroductionthatopensthechapterandsuggestswhatistocomeandaclearconclusionthatdrawsthechaptertoaclose Chapter1 Statementoftheproblem GeneralbackgroundofthestudyProblemstatementProfessionalsignificanceoftheproblemOverviewofthemethodologyDelimitationsofthestudyDefinitionsofkeytermsOrganizationofthedissertation Chapter2 Areviewoftheliterature AnoverviewofhowthechapterisorganizedReviewofthetheoreticalandempiricalliterature organizedaccordingtooneofcertainpatternsAsummaryofwhatthepreviousresearchseemstomeanandhowitrelatestothisstudy Chapter3 Themethodologyofthestudy AdescriptionofthegeneralmethodologyTheresearchcontextorsiteThesubjectsorparticipantsTheinstrumentsandmaterialsusedTheproceduresfollowedThedataanalysesmadeAsummarystatementofthemethodology Chapter4 Theresultsofthestudy AnoverviewofthechapterApresentationoftheresults organizedintermsofhowtheproblemstatementwasposedinthefirstchapterAsummaryingeneraltermsoftheresultsobtained Chapter5 Thesummaryanddiscussion Asummaryoftheresults organizedintermsofhowtheproblemstatementwasposedAdiscussionofthefindings OrganizationofaChapter YoubeginbyindicatinginChapter1howthedissertationisorganized Youopeneachchapterbylinkingitwiththepreviouschapterandbyindicatingwhatwillcome Youuseheadingsandsubheadingsatthemajordivisionsofthechapter Aseachdivisionbegins youuseatransitionbetweenthatdivisionandwhathasgonebefore TransitionParagraph Atransitionparagraphisashortparagraphthatlinksmajorsectionsofthepaper Thefirstsentencelooksbacktotheprevioussectionordivision Thesecondsentencelooksahead TransitionSentence Atransitionsentencehasthesamestructureincondensedform Thefirstpart usuallyasubordinateclause ofthesentencelooksback Thesecondpart usuallythemainclause looksahead Inadditiontothisexaminationofthetypesofquestions researchershavealsostudiedthefrequencyofquestionasking HowIstheDissertationPackaged Approvalpage Acknowledgmentspage Contents NotTableofContents Listoftablesandfigures Thechapters References Appendixes Index ExampleofIntroductoryChapter 1 IntroductiontothestudyThisdissertationisareportofanethnographicstudyoftheteachingofwriting Thestudywasbasedprimarilyuponthedirectobservationofafifth gradeteacherinanurbanschooldistrictwhoused BackgroundoftheStudyItmightbeusefulatthisjuncturetodescribebrieflytheprofessionaldevelopmentsoccurringatthetimethatinfluencedthestudy Itwasfirstofallatimewhenthepublicingeneraland TheFinalOutlinefortheReviewoftheLiterature SearchProcessTheoreticalLiteratureA JacksonB BurdenC HubermanEmpiricalResearchA Stages1 Entry2 Stabilization3 Experimentation reassessment4 Serenity conservatism5 DisengagementB Factorsinfluencingdevelopment1 Personal2 Contextual3 Intervention relatedC Meansoffosteringprofessionaldevelopment1 Supervision2 Staffdevelopment3 Graduatestudy4 Externalworkshops5 Changeinrole6 Changeinteachingassignment Headings 4Levels 3 MethodologyThischapterexplainsthemethodsusedincarryingoutthestudy givingspecialemphasistotheanalysisofdata Itshouldbenotedattheoutsetthatthemethodologywastoacertainextentanevolvingonethattookdefiniteshapeasthestudyprogressed TheGeneralPerspectiveAsaqualitativestudy theresearchreportedhereembodiedbothaquantitativeandaqualitativeperspective TheResearchContextThestudytookplaceinacharterschoolinitsfirstyearofoperation Forpurposesofconfidentiality theschoolwillbereferredtowiththefictitiousname TheResearchParticipantsAlthoughtheresearcherwasinevitablyawareoftheactionsofboththedirectorandthestudents hisprimaryconcernwaswiththeactionsoftheteachers Table1 PrimarySourceUsedforDevelopingLong TermPlansforInstruction SummaryandDiscussion AnolderstyleusesthetitleConclusionsandRecommendations Thepreviouschapterreportedtheresultsindetail thelastchapterreportsthegeneralfindings Becausemanyreaderswillturnfirsttothelastchapterofyourdissertation youshouldwriteitsothatittellsthefullstoryofyourstudy DevelopanOutlineoftheFinalChapter IntroductionStatementoftheproblemReviewofthemethodologySummaryoftheresultsDiscussionoftheresults1 Interpretationofthefindings2 Relationshipofthecurrentstudytopreviousresearch3 Recommendationsforeducators4 Suggestionsforadditionalresearch Summary andDiscussion WritetheIntroductoryParagraph Asanaidtothereader thisfinalchapterofthedissertationrestatestheresearchproblemandreviewsthemajormethodsusedinthestudy Themajorsectionsofthischaptersummariestheresultsanddiscusstheirimplications RestatetheProblemandReviewtheMethodologySummarizetheResults WritetheDiscussionSection Inwritingthediscussionsection donotfeelthatyouhavetofollowaprescribedorder Thissectionisoneplacewhereinterchapterconsistencyisnotcritical Tellyourstoryinanywaythatseemseffective andfeelfreetobesomewhatmoresubjective WritetheAbstract Theabstractisasummarylimitedto350words Youshouldstatetheproblemandbrieflyindicatethemethodology Youalsoshouldsummarizetheresults IfIwerearesearchertryingtodecideifthisdissertationisworthretrieving whatwouldIwanttoknow PreparingfortheDefense Eventhoughyouprobablywillhavetomakechangesafterthehearing thegoodcopywillmakeamorep