文献翻译-打包机

附录 3 英文翻译BalerA baler is a piece of farm machinery used to compress a cut and raked crop (such as hay, straw, or silage) into compact bales that are easy to handle, transport and store. Several different types of balers are commonly used, each producing a different type of bales rectangular or cylindrical, of various sizes, bound with twine, netting, or wire. Industrial balers are also used in material recycling facilities, primarily for baling metal, plastic, or paper for transport.Round balerThe most frequently used type of baler in industrialized countries is the large round baler. It produces cylinder-shaped round or rolled bales. Grass is rolled up inside the baler using rubberized belts, fixed rollers, or a combination of the two. When the bale reaches a predetermined size, either netting or twine is wrapped around it to hold its shape. The back of the baler swings open, and the bale is discharged. The bales are complete at this stage, but they may also be wrapped in plastic sheeting by a bale wrapper, either to keep hay dry when stored outside or convert damp grass into silage. Variable-chamber balers typically produce bales from 48 to 72 inches (120 to 180 cm) in diameter and up to 60 inches (150 cm) in width. The bales can weigh anywhere from 1,100 to 2,200 pounds (500 to 1,000 kg), depending upon size, material, and moisture content.Originally conceived by Ummo Luebbens circa 1910, the first round baler did not see production until 1947, when Allis-Chalmers introduced the Roto-Baler. Marketed for the water-shedding and light weight properties of its hay bales, AC had sold nearly 70,000 units by the end of production in 1960. The next major innovation came in 1972, when the Vermeer Company began selling its model 605 - the first modern round baler. Previously, round hay bales had been little more than lumps of grass tied together, but the Vermeer design used belts to compact hay into a cylindrical shape as is seen today. Large rectangular balerAnother type of baler in common use produces large rectangular bales, each bound with a half dozen or so strings of twine which are then knotted. Such bales are highly compacted and generally weigh somewhat more than round bales. In the prairies of Canada they are called prairie raptors.Small rectangular balerA type of baler which is less common today in some places but which is still prevalent in many countries such as New Zealand and Australia to the exclusion of large bales produces small rectangular (often called square) bales. Each bale is about 15 in x 18 in x 40 in (40 x 45 x 100 cm). The bales are wrapped with two, three, or sometimes four strands of knotted twine. The bales are light enough for one person to handle, about 45 to 60 inches (1.1 to 1.5 m).To form the bale, the material to be baled, (which is often hay or straw) in the windrow is lifted by tines in the balers pickup. This material is then dragged or augered into a chamber that runs the length of one side of the baler. A combination plunger and knife moves back and forth in the front end of this chamber. The knife, positioned just ahead of the plunger, cuts off the material at the spot where it enters the chamber from the pickup. The plunger rams the material rearwards, compressing it into the bales. A measuring device measures the amount of material that is being compressed and, at the appropriate length it triggers the mechanism (the knotter) that wraps the twine around the bale and ties it off. As the next bale is formed the tied one is driven out of the rear of the baling chamber onto the ground or onto a special wagon hooked to the rear of the baler. This process continues as long as there is material to be baled, and twine to tie it with.This form of bale is not much used in large-scale commercial agriculture, because of the costs involved in handling many small bales. However, it enjoys some popularity in small-scale, low-mechanization agriculture and horse-keeping. Besides using simpler machinery and being easy to handle, these small bales can also be used for insulation and building materials in straw-bale construction. Square bales will also generally weather better than round bales because a more much dense stack can be put up.Convenience is also a major factor in farmers deciding to continue putting up square bales, as they make feeding and bedding in confined areas (stables, barns, etc.) much easier.Many of these older balers are still to be found on farms today, particularly in dry areas, where bales can be left outside for long periods.The automatic-baler for small square bales took on most of its present form in 1940. It was first manufactured by the New Holland Ag and it used a small petrol engine to provide operating power. It is based on a 1937 invention for a twine-tie baler with automatic pickup.Wire balersBales prior to 1937 were manually wire-tied with two baling wires. Even earlier, the baler was a stationary implement, driven by power take-off (PTO) and belt, with the hay being brought to the baler and fed in by hand. The biggest change to this type of baler since 1940 is being powered by the tractor through its PTO, instead of by a built-in internal combustion engine.In present day production, small square balers can be ordered with twine knotters or wire tie knotters.Pickup and handling methodsIn the 1940s most farmers would bale hay in the field with a small tractor with 20 or less horsepower, and the tied bales would be dropped onto the ground as the baler moved through the field. Another team of workers with horses and a flatbed wagon with would come by and use a sharp metal hook to grab the bale and throw it up onto the wagon while an assistant stacks the bale, for transport to the barn.A later time-saving innovation was to tow the flatbed wagon directly behind the baler, and the bale would be pushed up a ramp to a waiting attendant on the wagon. The attendant hooks the bale off the ramp and stacks it on the wagon, while waiting for the next bale to be produced.Eventually, as tractor horsepower increased, the thrower-baler became possible, which eliminated the need for someone to stand on the wagon and pick up the finished bales. The first thrower mechanism used two fast-moving friction belts to grab finished bales and throw them at an angle up in the air onto the bale wagon. The bale wagon was modified from a flatbed into a 3-sided skeleton frame open at the front, to act as a catchers net for the thrown bales.As tractor horsepower further increased, the next innovation of the thrower-baler was the hydraulic tossing baler. This employs a flat pan behind the bale knotter. As bales advance out the back of the baler, they are pushed onto the pan one at a time. When the bale has moved fully onto the pan, the pan suddenly pops up, pushed by a large hydraulic cylinder, and tosses the bale up into the wagon like a catapult.The pan-thrower method puts much less stress on the bales compared to the belt-thrower. The friction belts of the belt-thrower stress the twine and knots as they grip the bale, and would occasionally cause bales to break apart in the thrower or when the bales landed in the wagon.New Holland has invented a machine named the Stackcruiser, or a stacker. Small square bales are dropped by the baler with the strings facing outward, the stacker will drive up to the bales and it will pick it up and set it on a three-bale-wide table (the strings are now facing upwards). Once three bales are on the table, the table lifts up and back, causing the three bales to face strings to the side again; this happens 3 more times until there are 16 bales on the main table. This table will lift like the smaller one, and the bales will be up against a vertical table. The machine will hold 160 bales (ten tiers), usually there will be cross-tiers near the center to keep the stack from swaying or collapsing if any weight is applied to the top of the stack. The full load will be transported to a barn, the whole rear of the stacker will tilt upwards until it is vertical. There will be two pushers that will extend through the machine and hold the bottom of the stack from being pulled out from the stacker while it is driven out of the barn.In Britain (if small square bales are still to be used), they are usually collected as they fall out of the baler in a bale sledge dragged behind the baler. This has four channels, controlled by automatic mechanical balances, catches and springs, which sort each bale into its place in a square eight. When the sledge is full, a catch is tripped automatically, and a door at the rear opens to leave the eight lying neatly together on the ground. These may be picked up individually and loaded by hand, or they may be picked up all eight together by a bale grab on a tractor, a special front loader consisting of many hydraulically-powered downward-pointing curved spikes. The square eight will then be stacked, either on a trailer for transport, or in a roughly cubic field stack eight or ten layers high. This cube may then be transported by a large machine attached to the three-point hitch behind a tractor, which clamps the sides of the cube and lifts it bodily.A simple method of handling large and small round bales can be seen in the article Hay Delivery. This is a simple do-it-yourself modification to the tractor bucket. Two hooks are welded to the outside top of a tractor front loader bucket and a 14-foot (4.3 m) logging chain which allows the user to stay on the tractor, grab bales, transport them, stack them and place them out for animals to eat. The advantage of this simple system is that it uses no expensive equipment which must be swapped back and forth on the tractor. This allows a small farmer to avoid the costs of extra equipment and not have a separate tractor just for that one function. With a little practice, one can be as quick as the specialized hydraulic bale grabs. This method, developed by Walter Jeffries of Sugar Mountain Farm, also requires less maintenance and is safer than bale spears and clamps.译文打包机打包机是一种农机。它用于压缩切割好的、倾斜的农作物，如干草，秸秆，或青贮饲料，成易于处理，运输和储存的紧密捆包，常见的打包机有几种不同的类型。不同类型的打包机可以生产出不同形状的包捆，有矩形的，圆柱体的，大小不一，用绳索，网，或电线扎捆打包。工业打包机也用在材料回收设备，主要用于打包运输金属，塑料或纸张。圆形打包机在工业化国家，最常用的打包机就是大型圆形打包机。它生产出圆柱体的“圆”或“筒状”的包。草在打包机内被卷起，使用橡胶带，固定滚轮，或者是两者的结合。当包或者是捆达到预定的规模大小，网或是麻绳就会缠绕周围包裹来固定它的形状。之后打包机背部打开，打包好的草就生产出来了。到这个阶段，包就打包好了，但它们还可能再包装一个塑料薄膜，使储存在室外的干草保持干燥或者是将湿草转换成青贮饲料。变室打包机通常生产直径长从 48英寸到 72英寸（120 厘米至 180厘米） ，宽可达 60英寸（150 厘米）的包。根据大小、材料和水分含量的不同，这些包裹重约 1100至 2200英镑（约合 500至 1000公斤） 。 最初，大约在 1910年，由 Ummo Luebbens构思的圆形打包机，但是直到 1947年，当 Allis-Chalmers引进了鼓式打包机后，第一台圆形打包机才得以问世。由于其干草包脱水干燥及重量轻的特点，在 1960年生产结束时，AC 已售出近 70000个单位。接下来一个重大创新发生在 1972年。Vermeer（弗米尔）公司开始销售其型号 605的第一台现代打包机。在此之前，圆捆干草也只不过是草块捆绑在一起，但 Vermeer（弗米尔）设计的使用用过的带子来压缩干草成圆柱体，一直沿用至今。 大型矩形打包机另一种常用的打包机生产大型长方形包。每一个包绑有半沓左右的麻绳，然后再打结。这种包捆高度压缩，一般重量略大于圆捆包。在加拿大的草原，他们被称为草原的猛禽。 小型矩形打包机这是一种现如今在一些地方比较少见的打包机，但它仍然在许多国家很流行，如新西兰和澳大利亚，除了大型包捆的生产，他们生产小型矩形包（通常称为“正方形” ） 。每个小型矩形包的大小大约是 15英寸 18英寸 x 40英寸（40 厘米 45厘米 100厘米） 。这些包捆绕有两股，三股，有时四股打结绳索。这些小型矩形包轻得一个人都举起，大小大约是 45英寸至 60英寸（1.1 米至 1.5米） 。 为了形成捆，要打包的材料（通常是干草或秸秆）由打包机的皮卡齿举起。然后这种材料再被拖动或钻一个长达打包机一个边长的空儿。柱塞和刀在本室的前端来回移动。刀在柱塞的前面，它可以当场切断从皮卡进入室内的材料。柱塞将这些材料迅速后移，压缩成包捆。一个测量装置来测量被压缩的材料的量，并在适当的长度，触发捆绑麻绳并且将其系好的机械设备（打结器）来捆绑包装并系好它。当下一个包捆处理成型时，这个系好的包捆就从打包机的后面出来到地上或挂接到一个连在打包机后部的特殊的马车上。只要有材料需要打包，并且有麻绳来捆绑包装，这一进程就一直都在进行中。这种类型的打包不太适合大型商业性农业，因为处理许多小捆的成本比较高。但是在一些小规模，低机械化的农业和马饲养厂享有一定声望。除了使用简单的机械设备及容易处理外，这些小包也可用于绝缘和草捆建筑中的建筑材料。正方形包捆一般也会比圆捆包要好，因为他们可以更密集地放在一起。便利也是农民决定继续使用方包的一个主要因素，因为它们使得食宿在有限的地区（马厩，仓库等）容易得多。这些旧式打包机，现如今在农场还有很多可以找得到，特别是在干旱地区，在那里，包捆可以长期在室外存储。小方捆的自动打包机于 1940年成型。它首先是由 New Holland Ag生产制造的，并采用了小型汽油发动机提供运行动力。它是基于 1937年一个具有自动拾取功能的合股绳打结打包机发明创造的。线材打包机早在 1937年以前，包捆是由两股线材人工包裹的。甚至在更早之前，打包机是一个固定的打包设施，由电力（PTO）和传送带驱动。干草被带到打包机处并用手塞进去。自 1940年之后，这种打包机最大的改变是通过PTO采用拖拉机带动，而不是通过 A型内置式内燃机。在目前的生产中，人们可以选择订购合股绳打结器或者是电线缠绕打结器的小方捆打包机。捡拾和处理方法 在 20世纪 40年代，大多数农民将会使用一个不超过 20马力的小型拖拉机在田地里捆干草，并且当打包机从田里走过时，捆绑包将被留在地上。另一组工人用平板货车托运这些捆绑包。他们用尖锐的金属钩来钩起捆绑包，并把它们扔到平板货车上，同时另外一个助手摞好这些捆绑包，以便运输到谷仓。之后，一个节约时间的发明是直接将平板拖车接在打包机后，这样包捆就可以顺着舷梯到达马车。等待在马车上的助手用钩子钩住包捆，移离舷梯，并在马车上剁好，来等待下一个生产好的包捆。 最后，随着拖拉机马力的增大，抛掷打包机就成为了可能。抛掷打包机消除了需要有人站到