Callister Materials Science Engineering Introduction 8Th材料科学工程1

CallisterCallister MaterialsMaterials ScienceScience EngineeringEngineering IntroductionIntroduction 8Th8Th材料科学工程材料科学工程1 1 Characteristics ofSelected ElementsAtomicDensity ofCrystal AtomicIonic MostMeltingAtomic WeightSolid 20 C Structure Radius RadiusCommon PointElementSymbol Number amu g cm3 20 C nm nm Valence C Aluminum Al1326 982 71FCC0 1430 0533 660 4Argon Ar1839 95 Inert 189 2Barium Ba56137 333 5BCC0 2170 1362 725Beryllium Be49 0121 85HCP0 1140 0352 1278Boron B510 812 34Rhomb 0 0233 2300Bromine Br3579 90 0 1961 7 2Cadmium Cd48112 418 65HCP0 1490 0952 321Calcium Ca2040 081 55FCC0 1970 1002 839Carbon C612 0112 25Hex 0 071 0 0164 sublimes at3367 Cesium Cs55132 911 87BCC0 2650 1701 28 4Chlorine Cl1735 45 0 1811 101Chromium Cr2452 007 19BCC0 1250 0633 1875Cobalt Co2758 938 9HCP0 1250 0722 1495Copper Cu2963 558 94FCC0 1280 0961 1085Fluorine F919 00 0 1331 220Gallium Ga3169 725 90Ortho 0 1220 0623 29 8Germanium Ge3272 645 32Dia cubic0 1220 0534 937Gold Au79196 9719 32FCC0 1440 1371 1064Helium He24 003 Inert 272 at26atm Hydrogen H11 008 0 1541 259Iodine I53126 914 93Ortho 0 1360 2201 114Iron Fe2655 857 87BCC0 1240 0772 1538Lead Pb82207 211 35FCC0 1750 1202 327Lithium Li36 940 534BCC0 1520 0681 181Magnesium Mg1224 311 74HCP0 1600 0722 649Manganese Mn2554 947 44Cubic0 1120 0672 1244Mercury Hg80200 59 0 1102 38 8Molybdenum Mo4295 9410 22BCC0 1360 0704 2617Neon Ne1020 18 Inert 248 7Nickel Ni2858 698 90FCC0 1250 0692 1455Niobium Nb4192 918 57BCC0 1430 0695 2468Nitrogen N714 007 0 01 0 025 209 9Oxygen O816 00 0 1402 218 4Phosphorus P1530 971 82Ortho 0 1090 0355 44 1Platinum Pt78195 0821 45FCC0 1390 0802 1772Potassium K1939 100 862BCC0 2310 1381 63Silicon Si1428 092 33Dia cubic0 1180 0404 1410Silver Ag47107 8710 49FCC0 1440 1261 962Sodium Na1122 990 971BCC0 1860 1021 98Sulfur S1632 062 07Ortho 0 1060 1842 113Tin Sn50118 717 27Tetra 0 1510 0714 232Titanium Ti2247 874 51HCP0 1450 0684 1668Tungsten W74183 8419 3BCC0 1370 0704 3410Vanadium V2350 946 1BCC0 1320 0595 1890Zinc Zn3065 417 13HCP0 1330 0742 420Zirconium Zr4091 226 51HCP0 1590 0794 1852JWCL187 ifc 001 002 qxd11 11 095 18PM Page1Values ofSelected PhysicalConstantsQuantity SymbolSI Unitscgs UnitsAvogadro s numberN A6 022 10236 022 1023molecules mol molecules molBoltzmann s constantk1 38 10 23J atom K1 38 10 16erg atom K8 62 10 5eV atom KBohrmagon B9 27 10 24A m29 27 10 21erg gauss aElectroncharge e1 602 10 19C4 8 10 10statcoul bElectronmass 9 11 10 31kg9 11 10 28gGas constantR8 31J mol K1 987cal mol KPermeabilityof a vacuum 01 257 10 6henry m unityaPermittivity ofavacuum 08 85 10 12farad m unitybPlanck s constanth6 63 10 34J s6 63 10 27erg s4 13 10 15eV sVelocityof lightin avacuum c3 108m s3 1010cm saIn cgs emu units bIn cgs esu units Unit AbbreviationsA ampere in inch N newton angstrom J joule nm nanometerBtu British thermalunit K degrees KelvinP poiseC Coulomb kg kilogram Pa Pascal degrees Celsiuslb f pound forces secondcal calorie gram lb m pound massT temperaturecm centimeter m meter m micrometereV electron voltMg megagram micron degrees Fahrenheitmm millimeter W wattft foot mol mole psi pounds persquareg gram MPa megapascal inch F C SI Multipleand SubmultiplePrefixesFactor byWhichMultiplied PrefixSymbol109giga G106mega M103kilo k10 2centi ac10 3milli m10 6micro 10 9nano n10 12pico paAvoidedwhen possible JWCL187 ifc 001 002 qxd11 11 095 18PM Page3JWCL187 fm i xxiv qxd11 17 091 11PM Pageiv Students achieveconceptmastery in a rich structured environmentthat s available24 7From multiplestudy paths to self assessment to awealth ofinteractivevisual and audio resources WileyPLUS givesyou everythingyou needtopersonalize the teaching and learning experience With WileyPLUS Find outhow toMAKE ITYOURS This onlieaching and learning environmentintegrates the entire digital textbookwith themost effective instructor and student resources Instructors personalizeand managetheir course more effectively withassessment assignments gradetracking and more manage timebetter study smarter save money wileyplus JWCL187 fm i xxiv qxd11 17 095 37PM PageiMAKE ITYOURS ALL THEHELP RESOURCES AND PERSONALSUPPORTYOU ANDYOUR STUDENTSNEED Technical Support24 7FAQs online chat and phonesupport wileyplus supportStudent supportfrom anexperiencedstudent userAskyour localrepresentativefor details Your WileyPLUSAountManagerTraining andimplementation support wileyplus aountmanagerCollaborate withyour colleagues find amentor attend virtualand liveevents and viewresources WhereFacultyConnect Pre loaded ready to useassignments andpresentations wiley college quickstart2 Minute Tutorialsand allof the resources youdark blueand lightblue spheresdenote Fe2 and Fe3 iron ions respectively As dis cussed in Chapter20 some of the magieramic materialshave thisinversespinelcrystalstructure Back Cover The imageon theright showsthe ionicpacking ofa close packed planefor theinverse spinelcrystalstructure The relationshipbetween this close packed planeand the unitcellis representedby theimageon theleft a sectionhas beentaken throughtheunitcell which exposesthisclose packed plane VICE PRESIDENTAND EXECUTIVEPUBLISHER DonaldFowleyACQUISITIONS EDITORJennifer WelterEDITORIALPROGRAM ASSISTANTAlexandra SpicehandlerPRODUCTIONSERVICES MANAGERDorothy SinclairPRODUCTIONEDITOR JaFoxmanEXECUTIVE MARKETINGMANAGER ChristopherRuelCREATIVE DIRECTORHarry NolanSENIORDESIGNER KevinMurphyPHOTO EDITORHilary NewmanPHOTORESEARCHER TeriStratfordILLUSTRATION EDITORAnna MelhornMEDIAEDITOR LaurenSapiraPRODUCTION SERVICESElm StreetPublishing ServicesCOVERART RoyWiemann andBill CallisterThis book wasset inTimes TenRoman10 12by Aptara Inc and printedand boundby WorldColorUSA Versailles The coverwas printedby WorldColor USA Versailles Thisbookis printedon acid free paper Copyright xx xx xx 2000JohnWileyalso in mostcases some practicalrele vance isprovided Discussions are intended tobe clearand conciseand tobegin atappropriatelevels ofunderstanding The fourthobjective isto includefeatures in the bookthat willexpedite thelearningprocess These learningaids include Numerous illustrations now presentedin fullcolor and photographsto helpvisualizewhat isbeing presented Learning objectives to focusstudent attentionon what they shouldbe gettingfromeach chapter Why Study and Materials ofImportance items thatprovide relevancetotopic discussions Concept Check questions thattest whether or nota studentunderstandsthe subjectmatter ona conceptuallevel Key termsand descriptionsof keyequations highlightedin themargins forquickreference End of chapter questions and problemsdesigned toprogressively developstudents understanding ofconcepts andfacility withskills Answers toselected problems so thatstudents cancheck theirwork A glossary list of symbols and referencesto facilitateunderstanding thesubjectmatter The fifthobjective isto enhancethe teaching andlearningprocess byusing thenewertechnologies thatare availableto mostinstructors and students ofengi neering today viiPrefaceJWCL187 fm i xxiv qxd11 17 091 11PM PageviiF EATUREST HATA REN EWTO THIS EDITIONNew Revised ContentSeveralimportant changeshave beenmade withthis EighthEdition One ofthemost significantis theincorporation ofa numberof newsections as wellas revisions amplifications ofother sections New sections discussions are as follows Diffusion insemiconductors Section5 6 Flash memory in Section18 15 Biodegradable andBiorenewable Polymers Plastics Materials ofImportancepiece in Chapter22 Other revisionsand additionsinclude the following Expanded discussionon nanomaterials Section1 5 A moreprehensive discussionon theconstruction ofcrystallographicdirections inhexagonal unitcells also ofconversion fromthe three indexscheme tofour index Section3 9 Expanded discussionon titaniumalloys Section11 3 Revised andenlarged treatmentof hardnessand hardnesstesting ofceram ics Section12 11 Updated discussionon theprocess formaking sheetglass in Section13 9 Updates onmagic storage hard diskdrives andmagic tapes Section20 11 Minor updatesand revisionsinChapter22 Economic Environmental and SocietalIssues inMaterials Science and Engineering especially onrecycling Appendix C Costs andRelative Costsfor SelectedEngineering Materials has beenupdated End of chapter summaries have been revisedto reflectanswers responses totheextended listsof learningobjectives to betterserve studentsas astudyguide Summary tableof importantequations atthe end of each chapter Summary listofsymbolsatthe endof eachchapter New chapter opener photosand layouts focusing onapplications ofmaterialsscience tohelp engagestudents andmotivate adesire tolearn moreaboutmaterials science Virtually allHomework problemsrequiring putationshave beenrefreshed Processing Structure Properties Performance CorrelationsOnenew featurethat hasbeen incorporatedthroughout thisnew editionis atrack ing ofrelationships amongthe processing structure properties and performanceponentsfor fourdifferent materials steel alloys glass ceramics polymer fibers and siliconsemiconductors This conceptis outlinedinChapter1 Section1 7 whichincludes thepresentation ofa topic timeline This timelinenotes thoselocations by section where discussionsinvolving theprocessing structure properties andperformance ofeach ofthese fourmaterial typesare found These discussionsare introducedin the Why Study sections ofappropriatechapters and in addition end of chaptersummarieswith relationaldiagrams arealsoincluded Finally for each ofthefour materialsa processing structure properties viii PrefaceJWCL187 fm i xxiv qxd11 17 091 11PM Pageviiiperformance summaryappears attheendof thatchapter in which thelast itemonthe topictimeline appears Discipline Specific ModulesA set ofdiscipline specific modulesappear onthe book s web site Student Com panion Site These modulestreat materialsscience engineering topicsnot coveredinthe printtext thatare relevantto specificengineering disciplines mechanicaland biomaterials All ChaptersNow InPrintFive chaptersoftheprevious editionwere inelectronic formatonly i e not inprint In this edition all chaptersareinprint Case StudiesInprior editions Materials Selectionand DesignConsiderations consisted ofaseries of case studiesthat wereincluded asChapter22 These casestudies willnowappear asa libraryofcasestudies onthe book s website Student Compan ion Site at wiley college callister This libraryincludes thefollowing Materials Selectionfor aTorsionally StressedCylindrical Shaft Automobile ValveSpring Failure ofan AutomobileRear Axle Artificial TotalHip Replacement Chemical ProtectiveClothing Materials forIntegrated CircuitPackagesS TUDENTL EARNINGR ESOURCES WILEY COLLEGE CALLISTER Also foundonthebook s website Student Companion Site are severalimpor tant instructionalelements forthe studentthat plementthe text these includethefollowing 1 VMSE Virtual Materials Scienceand Engineering This isan expandedver sion ofthe softwareprogram thataompanied theprevious edition It consistsofinteractive simulationsand animationsthat enhancethe learningof keyconcepts inmaterialsscienceandengineering and in addition a materialsproperties cost data base Students canaess VMSEvia theregistration codeincluded onthe insidefrontcover ofthe textbook Throughout thebook whenever thereis sometext ora problemthatissupple mented byVMSE a small icon that denotesthe associatedmodule isincluded inoneofthemargins These modulesand theircorresponding iconsareasfollows Metallic Crystal StructuresPhase DiagramsandCrystallographyCeramic CrystalStructures DiffusionRepeatUnit andPolymerTensile TestsStructuresDislocationsSolid Solution StrengtheningPreface ixJWCL187 fm i xxiv qxd11 17 091 11PM Pageix2 Answers toConcept Checkquestions Students canvisit the website to findthecorrect answerstotheConcept Checkquestions 3 Extended Learning Objectives a moreextensive listof learningobjectivesthan isprovided atthe beginningofeachchapter These directthe studentto studythesubject materialto agreater degreeof depth 4 Direct aessto onlineself assessment exercises This isa Web based assess ment programthat containsquestionsandproblems similarto thosefound inthetext these problems questions areorganized andlabeled aordingto textbooksec tions An answer solution thatis enteredby theuser inresponse toa question problemis gradedimmediately and mentsare offeredfor incorrectresponses The studentmayuse thiselectronic resourceto reviewcourse material and toassess his hermastery andunderstanding oftopics coveredinthe text 5 Index ofLearning Styles Upon answeringa44 item questionnaire a user slearning stylepreference i e the mannerinwhichinformation isassimilated andprocessed is assessed I NSTRUCTORS R ESOURCESTheInstructor CompanionSite wiley college callister is availablefor in structors whohave adoptedthis text Please visitthewebsitetoregister foraess Resources thatare availableinclude thefollowing 1 Instructor SolutionsManual Detailed solutionsof allend of chapter ques tionsandproblems in bothWord and AdobeAcrobat PDF formats 2 Photographs illustrations and tablesthat appearinthebook These areinboth PDFand JPEGformats sothat aninstructor canprint themfor handoutsorprepare transparenciesin his her desiredformat 3 Asetof PowerPoint lecture slides These slides developed byPeter M Anderson The OhioState University and adaptedby the text authors fol low theflow oftopics inthe text and includematerials fromthetextand fromothersources Instructors mayuse theslides asis oredit them to fittheir teach ing needs 4 A listof classroomdemonstrations andlaboratory experiments Theseportray phenomenaand or illustrateprinciples thatare discussedinthebook references are also providedthat givemore detailedaounts ofthese demon strations 5 Conversion guide This guidenotes for eachhomework problem question by number whetherornot itappeared inthe seventhedition ofIntroduction and if so its numberin thispreviousedition Most problemshavebeenrefreshed i e new numberswere assignedto valuesof parametersgiven theproblem statement refreshed problemsarealsoindicated inthis conversionguide 6 Suggested coursesyllabi forthe variousengineering disciplines Instructorsmay consultthese syllabifor guidancein course lecture organizationand planning 7 In addition all ofthestudentlearning resourcesdescribed aboveare avail able onthe InstructorCompanionSite W ILEYPLUSThis onlieaching andlearning environmentintegratestheentiredigitaltextbookwith themosteffectiveinstructorandstudentresourcesto fitevery learningstyle x PrefaceJWCL187 fm i xxiv qxd11 17 091 11PM PagexWith WileyPLUS Students achieveconcept masteryinarich structured environmentthat savailable24 7 Instructors personalizeand managetheircoursemoreeffectivelywithassessment assignments grade tracking and more WileyPLUS canplement yourcurrent textbookor replacethe printedtextaltogether For StudentsPersonalizethe learningexperienceDifferent learningstyles different levelsof proficiency different levelsof preparation eachofyour studentsis unique WileyPLUS empowersthemtotake advantageoftheir individualstrengths Students receivetimely aessto resourcesthat addresstheir demonstratedneeds and getimmediate feedbackand remediationwhen needed Integrated multi media resources including visualexhibits demonstrationproblems and muchmore provide multiplestudy paths tofit eachstudent s learningpreferences andencourage moreactive learning WileyPLUS includesmany opportunitiesfor self assessment linkedto therelevantportions ofthetext Students cantake controlof theirown learn ingandpractice untilthey masterthe material For InstructorsPersonalizetheteachingexperienceWileyPLUS empowersyou the instructor with thetools andresourcesyouneedto makeyour teachingeven moreeffective You cancustomize yourclassroom presentationwith awealth ofresourcesand functionalityfrom PowerPointslides toa databaseof richvisuals Youcan evenadd yourown materialsto yourWileyPLUS course With WileyPLUSyou canidentify thosestudentswhoare fallingbehind andinterveneaordingly without havingto waitfor themto eto youroffice WileyPLUS simplifiesand automatessuch tasksas studentperformanceassessment making assignments scoring studentwork recording grades andmore F EEDBACKWehave asincere interestin meetingthe needsof educatorsandstudentsin thematerialsscienceandengineering munity and therefore would like to solicitfeedbackon thiseighth edition Comments suggestions and criticismsmaybesub mitted tothe authorsvia e mail atthefollowingaddress billcallister cast A CKNOWLEDGMENTSSinceundertaking thetask ofwriting thisand previouseditions instructors andstu dents too numerousto mention have sharedtheir inputand contributionson howtomakethiswork moreeffective asa teachingandlearningtool To allthose whohavehelped we expressour sincerethanks Preface xiJWCL187 fm i xxiv qxd11 17 091 11PM PagexiAppreciation isexpressed tothose whohave madecontributions tothisedi tion We areespecially indebtedto MichaelSalkind ofKent StateUniversity whoprovided assistancein updatingand upgradingimportant materialin severalchap ters In addition we sincerelyappreciate GrantE Head s expertprogramming skills which heused indeveloping theVirtual Materials Scienceand Engineering software In addition we wouldliketothank instructorswho helpedin reviewingthe manu script who reviewedand havewritten contentfor WileyPLUS and in addition oth ers whohave madevaluable contributions Arvind AgarwalFlorida InternationalUniversitySayavur I Bakhtiyarov NewMexico Instituteof Miningand TechnologyPrabhakarBandaru Universityof California San DiegoValeryBliznyuk WesternMichigan UniversitySuzetteR Burckhard SouthDakota StateUniversityStephen J Burns Universityof RochesterAudreyButler Universityof IowaMatthewCavalli Universityof NorthDakotaAlexis G Clare AlfredUniversityStacy GleixnerSan Jos State UniversityGiteGuinois DuboisAgrinovationRichard A Jensen HofstraUniversityBob JonesUniversityofTexas Pan AmericanMollyKennedy ClemsonUniversityKathleen KittoWestern WashingtonUniversityChuck KozlowskiUniversityofIowaMasoud NaghedolfeiziFort ValleyState UniversityToddPalmer PennState UniversityOscarJ Parales P