中英文文献翻译—单片机的应用和发展

附录附录 1The use and development of SCMAbstract: The composition of SCM, outlined the development and application fields as well as on the future prospects for the development of SCM.Keyword: MCU application development1. SCM Profile SCM is an integrated circuit chip, using ultra-large-scale technology to a data processing capability (such as arithmetic operations, logical operators, data transmission, interrupt handling) microprocessor (CPU), random access data memory (RAM), only Reading program memory (ROM), input-output circuit (I / O I), may also include regular counters, serial communication I (SCI), display driver circuit (LCD or LED drive circuit), the PWM circuit (PWM ), Analog converter and multi-channel A / D converter, and so on to a single integrated circuit chips, constitute a minimum, however perfect the computer system. These circuits in the software under the control of accurate, speedy and efficient procedures for designers to complete the tasks set out in advance. From this perspective, the MCU is not available in the microprocessor functions, it can be individually controlled by the completion of a modern industrial requirements of the intelligent control functions, which is the largest MCU features. However, MCU is different from the SBC, chips in the absence of development, it is only a function of the strong ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, if entrusted to it specific procedures, it is a minimum, the integrity of the micro-computer control system, With the SBC or personal computer (PC machines) are essentially the difference between the application of a microcontroller chip-level applications, users need to understand the structure and microcontroller chips command system and other applications of integrated circuits and system design technology required The theory and technology, with such a specific chip design applications, thus making the chips with specific functions. SCM has different characteristics of different hardware and software features, that is, their technical characteristics are different, depending on the hardware features of the internal structure of microcontroller chip, users want to use a microcontroller, we must understand this type of product Meet the needs of the function and application of the required indicators. Here the technical features include features, and control of electrical characteristics, and so on, they need information from the manufacturers have the technical manual. Software feature is that instruction of environment and development support, command of which we are familiar with the SCM addressing, data processing and handling of logic, input and output characteristics and the requirements of the power supply and so on. Support the development of the environment, including the compatibility of command and portability, support software (including applications to support the development of the software resources) and hardware resources. To use a certain model of SCM to develop their own applications, master of its structural features and technical characteristics is necessary. SCM control system to replace the former use of complex electronic circuits or digital components of the control system, the software can control to achieve and be able to achieve intelligent, and now ubiquitous SCM control areas, such as communication products, home appliances, smart instrumentation , Process control and exclusive control devices, and so on, the MCU applications more widely. It is true that the SCM application of its significance far from being limited to the scope of application or the resulting economic benefits, more importantly, it has fundamentally changed the traditional control methods and design ideas. Control technology is a revolution, is an important milestone. 2. MCU development outlined 1946 first electronic computer was born So far, only 50 of the time, relying on micro-electronics technology and semiconductor technology advances, from the tube - transistors - integrated circuits - large-scale integrated circuits, now a fully integrated on a chip several Millions or even 10 million transistors, making computers smaller, more powerful. Especially the past 20 years, the rapid access to computer technology to the development of the computer industry and agriculture, scientific research, education, defense and aerospace field of a wide range of applications, computer technology has been a country of modern technology is an important indicator of the level. SCM was born in the 1970s, the company developed as Fairchid F8-chip micro-computer. SCM is the use of so-called large-scale integrated circuit technology to the central processing unit (Center Processing Unit, that is often called the CPU) and data memory (RAM), program memory (ROM) and other I / O communication integrated in a chip mouth , One of the least of a computer system, and modern SCM is the addition of the interruption unit, regular units and A / D converter, and other more complex, the better the circuit, making the SCM function more powerful, more applications Wide. In the 1970s, microelectronics technology is at a stage of development, integrated circuit belong to the scale of development period, all kinds of new technology and new materials have not yet mature, SCM is still in the initial stage of development, component integration is still relatively small-scale, feature comparison Simple, generally the CPU, RAM Some also include some simple I / O port integrated into the chip, as Farichild companies fall into this type, it also dealt with other the external circuit would constitute a complete computing system . SCM is also available in a similar Zilogs Z80 microprocessors. 1976 INTEL introduced the MCS-48 microcontroller, this time the MCU is the real eight single-chip micro-computer, and to market. To its small size, full-function, low price to win a wide range of applications, for the SCM laid the foundation for the development, a microcontroller important milestone in the history of the development. MCS-48 in the lead, then, the major semiconductor companies have been developing and developed its own microcontroller, as Zilogs Z8 series. By the early 1980s, SCM has developed to a high-performance stage, as the INTEL company MCS-51 series, Motorolas 6801 and 6802 series, Rokwell companys 6501 and 6502 Series, etc., in addition, Japans famous Electric Company, NEC HITACHI and have been developed its own dedicated MCU. In the 1980s, the worlds major companies are competing varieties developed strong multi-function SCM, about dozens of series, more than 300 varieties, at this time of the SCM belong to the true single-chip, most integrated CPU , RAM, ROM, the large number of I / O interface, a variety of suspension systems, even some with A / D converter, the microcontroller, more powerful functions, RAM and ROM also increasing the capacity, look Office space or even up to 64 kB, it can be said that SCM developed to a new stage, the wider application areas, many household appliances are using SCM to the development of intelligent control of the road. 1982, the 16-bit microcontroller available, on behalf of the companys products are INTEL MCS-96 series, 16 SCM than eight machines, data width has doubled, real-time processing capability stronger, higher speed , Integration reached 120,000 transistors, RAM increased to 232 bytes, ROM can reach 8 kB, and has eight interrupt source, while the allocation of a multi-channel A / D converter channels, high-speed I / O processing unit, Applied to more complex control system. After the 1990s, SCM was the rapid development of the worlds major semiconductor companies have developed a more powerful MCU. Microchip U.S. company announced a completely compatible with the new generation of MCS-51 series PIC microcontroller, has aroused widespread concern in the industry, especially its products only 33 reduced instruction set to attract a lot of users, so that people from the INTEL 111 out of complex instructions to concentrate on. PIC MCU access to the fast development of a place in the industry. Then the matter, people familiar with the MCU are more clear, more species flocking to the SCM, MOTOROLA MC68HC companies have issued a series of SCM, Japans few well-known companies have developed a stronger performance Products, but Japans SCM generally used for system control, rather than running as INTEL, and other companies to market a generic SCM. For example, NEC Corp. production uCOM87 MCU, the representative of uPC7811 is a very good performance of the SCM. MOTOROLA companys MC68HC05 series of high-speed low-cost, and other characteristics of winning a lot of users. Zilogs Z8 series of products made by the representative of the Z8671, containing BASIC Debug interpretation of the procedures, greatly facilitate the users. The United States States a half COP800 MCU is used advanced Harvard architecture. ATMEL company put microcontroller technology and advanced Flash memory technology perfect combination, issued a very good performance AT89 series of SCM. HOLTEK including Chinas Taiwan and WINBOND companies have also joined the ranks of SCM development, with their low cost advantages, the United States share a cup of soup. INTEL 1990 the United States launched the 80,960 Super 32 SCM caused a sensation in the computer industry, products have been put on the market, a history of the development of SCM also an important milestone. This period, the MCU corner, SCM colorful varieties, Zhengqidouyan. There are eight, 16 or even 32-bit machine, but the 8-bit microcontrollers continue its low price, variety complete, application software rich, full support for the environment, facilitate the development of the characteristics of dominant position and Zhanzhao. INTEL Corporation and with their strong technology, excellent performance of the models and a good foundation, the MCU is still the mainstream products. Only the mid-1990s, INTEL companies develop their busy personal computer microprocessors, has not enough energy to continue to develop their own derivative of a microcontroller technology, and from companies such as the continued development PHILIPS C51 MCU. 3. SCM applications SCM widely used instruments, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, special equipment for the intelligent management and process control, and other fields, generally can be divided into the following areas: (1). Smart instrumentation on the Application SCM is small in size, low power consumption, strong control, expansion of flexible, easy to use micro-and the advantages of widely used instruments, the combination of different types of sensors, can be realized, such as voltage, power, frequency, humidity, Temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elements, such as physical measurement pressure. SCM control makes use of digital instrumentation, intelligent, and miniaturization and function than the use of electronic or digital circuits become more powerful. Such as precision measurement equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analyzer). Voice network capacity Copyright (2). In the industrial control of SCM can use a wide variety of control systems, data acquisition system. For example, factory assembly line of intelligent management, intelligent elevator control, various alarm systems, computer networking and a two control systems. (3). In the application of household appliances It can be said that now the use of household appliances basically control of the microcontroller, from electric rice pao, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV and other audio video equipment, to Chengliang electronic equipment, all sorts, everywhere.(4). In computer networks and communication in the field of application SCM common with modern communication interface, can be easily and computer data communications, computer networks and communications equipment between the application provided an excellent material conditions, the communications equipment now basically achieved SCM Intelligent Control, from the phone, telephone, small program-controlled switches, building automated communication system calls, train wireless communications, to the day-to-day work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phone, mobile communications clusters, radios and so on. (5). SCM in medical equipment in the field of application SCM in medical equipment in use is also very broad, such as medical breathing machine, various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds call system, and so on. (6). Tablets of the other applications The use of modern office in the large number of communications, information products used by the majority of SCM, such as general computer system of the keyboard Station code, disk drives, printers, plotters, copiers, telephones, fax machines, attendance, etc. As the commercial marketing system has been widely used in electronic scales, cash registers, bar code readers, storage security detection systems, shopping mall security systems, air-conditioning system, frozen storage systems, have adopted SCM has been a dedicated system, This system is mainly due to obvious violations of anti-virus, anti-electromagnetic interference high reliability can be assured. Usually in the automotive electronics and aerospace electronic system of centralized display system, power detection and control system, automatic driving systems, communications systems, and operation of monitors, and so must be a redundant network system. From the above, the SCM application will not be limited to the significance of its functions, as well as on the economic benefits. What is more important significance lies in the fact that the application MCU is a fundamental change in the traditional control system for design ideas and design methods. From the past must be digital or analog circuits to achieve the most control, it is now able to use the SCM software method, such software to replace the hardware and can improve system performance of the control technology, known as micro-control technology. This marks the establishment of a new concept. With the MCU to promote universal application of technology, micro-control technology will continue to develop, increasingly improved, more enriched.4. SCM trend of development SCM now can be said is letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools contend the period, the worlds major chip manufacturing companies have launched their own microcontroller, from eight, 16-32, innumerable, everything, and the C51 series compatible with the mainstream , But also incompatible, but their different characteristics, each other as complementary to SCM applications broad room. Throughout the development process of SCM, can indicate the development trend of SCM, generally are: (1). CMOS and low power consumption MCS-51 series of 8031 introduced the power consumption of 630 mW, and now the SCM in general about 100 mW, with the increasingly demanding low power microcontroller, the various microcontroller manufacturers have adopted the basic The CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). 80 C51 to be used as a HMOS (that is, high-density metal oxide semiconductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). While CMOS low power consumption, but because of its physical characteristics to determine their pace of work is not high enough, and CHMOS then have a high-speed and low power consumption characteristics of these features, is more suited to the requirements of low power consumption, as battery-powered applications . Therefore, this process will be for some time to come the development of the primary means of SCM. (2). Micro-chip in The SCM is now conventional to the central processing unit are common (CPU), random access data storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, interrupt system, regular circuit, the clock circuit Integrated in a single chip, enhanced integration of SCM such as the A / D converter, PMW (PWM circuit), WDT (watchdog), some SCM will LCD (liquid crystal) drive circuit Are integrated in a single chip, this includes the MCU unit on the circuit more and more powerful features. Even SCM vendors can also tailored according to the users requirements, create its own microcontroller chip. In addition, the product is now generally require small size, light weight, which requires strong and MCU functions in addition to low power consumption, and to its small size. Many of SCM now has a variety of packages, SMD (surface-mount) more and more popular, a microcontroller made by the system are moving in the direction of the development of micro. Voice network capacity Copyright (3). Mainstream and multi-species coexist Although the wide variety SCM, with their own characteristics, but still 80 C51 at the core of the SCM Zhanzhu Liu, compatible with its structure and command system of the companys products are PHILIPS, ATMEL companys products and China Taiwans Winbond series of single - Machine. So C8051 at the core of the SCM occupied half of the country. Microchips PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) also has a strong development momentum, China Taiwans HOLTEK companies in recent years, increasing the output of SCM, with its advantages of low-cost high quality, occupied a certain market share. There is also the MOTOROLA companys products, several large Japanese companies dedicated MCU. In a certain period of time, will be the continuation of this situation, would not exist SCM Singh is a monopoly, and take the interdependence is complementary and mutually reinforcing, common development.单片机的应用和发展摘要：介绍了单片机的组成，发展概述和应用领域以及介绍了单片机未来的发展前景。关键字：单片机；应用；发展1.单片机简介 单片机是一种集成电路芯片，采用超大规模技术把具有数据处理能力(如算术运算，逻辑运算、数据传送、中断处理)的微处理器(CPU)，随机存取数据存储器(RAM)，只读程序存储器(ROM)，输入输出电路(I/O 口)，可能还包括定时计数器，串行通信口(SCI)，显示驱动电路(L