厦门启德TPO26阅读第一篇翻译及答案解析

厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 1 TPO 系列之一 TPO 阅读之美 写在前面的话 世界上并不缺少美 却缺少发现美的眼睛 TPO 阅读并不缺少美 缺少我们对它的挖掘 各位为考托而奋战朋友们 我们有时夜以继日地做阅读却发现 爽度 不高 没有达到理想的 分数 这是为什么呢 也许是因为我们光顾着做题却只有做题 光顾着对答案却只有对答 案 木有深挖 TPO 阅读文章 所以和大家分享一种有效利用 TPO 阅读文章的方法 TPO 阅读五读法 简称 五读法 一读一读主旨主旨 在做提前可以花两三分钟快速阅读文章 建议做到 首段慢 其他段落首尾慢 中间快 这 样有助于快速把握文章结构和各段主旨 为后面答题打下基础 因为很多题目和段落主旨相 关 这种相关性我们以后可以讨论 二读问题和答案二读问题和答案 按照正常的速度解答完所有的题目 反复研究自己的错题 可以找到正确答案在原文中的出 处 搞清自己为什么做错了 是因为内伤还是外伤 内伤是指词句看不懂 外伤是理解偏差 这点包括粗心 然后一定要解决它 不治将恐深 三读长难句三读长难句 什么句子是长难句 答案因人而异 所以我们可以对自己认为是长难句的句子逐一分析 争 取在存在生词条件下 读懂句子大意 可与文章的翻译文本进行对比 改进自己的理解 长 此以往 即便是存在些生词 也能大致看懂 四读生词四读生词 生词有很多 什么样的生词要记下来 那就是你第一反应木有反应出来又影响理解或答题正 确的生词 一般是一些核心词汇或短语 不包括人名 地名 动植物名等 五为写作而读五为写作而读 积累中文章地道的表达 包括词组和句型 以及段落的结构 体会句间的逻辑 模仿论证 的方法 从而贯通读写 读后有写 写种有读 下面以 TPO26 阅读第一篇为例 为大家介绍下 TPO 阅读五读法 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 2 一读主旨一读主旨 黄色突出显示的语句对主旨的把握比较重要 注意划线的逻辑关联词 Energy and the Industrial Revolution For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth century rise in industry technology and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution and many give prominence to the problem of energy Until the eighteenth century people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping milling or sailing However by the eighteenth century Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage Wood the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal was diminishing in supply Great Britain had large amounts of coal however there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton Since the steam engine was fired by coal the large mills did not need to be located by rivers as had mills that used water driven machines The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods Between 1760 and 1850 the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold and cotton cloth became Great Britain s most important product accounting for one half of all exports The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal and the consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam powered pumps drained water from the ever deeper coal seams found below the water table The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry Charcoal made from wood and thus in limited supply was replaced with coal derived coke substance left after coal is heated as steam driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke producing a high quality refined iron Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840 and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever widening use of higher quality iron in other industries 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 3 Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport which in turn had further implications Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads but horses were still the primary source of power However the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution As transportation improved distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity or to seek alternative investment opportunities Also the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment When the work was completed many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns where they became part of an expanding working class 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 4 二读问题和答案二读问题和答案 1 Why does the author provide the information that Great Britain had large amounts of coal A To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century B To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth century Britain C To indicate that Britain s energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel D To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth century 修辞目的题 看此具体信息的前几句话即可 说大英帝国能源短缺 举例说明作为主要热 源的木材供应减少 燃煤却很多但不能有效地转化成机械能 这说明什么呢 这说明英国的 能源短缺不是因为燃料缺乏 选 C A 答案与原文矛盾 B 答案属于偷梁换柱 coal 压 根就木有和 the primary source of heat for homes and industries 发生关系 D 答案属于玩 穿越 该段还未提及 coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth century 2 What was the problem of energy that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible A Water and wind could not be used efficiently B There was no efficient way to power machinery C Steam engines required large amounts of coal which was in short supply D Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application 细节题 根据第一段前半部分 能源是工业革命兴起的主要原因毋庸置疑 那么能源问题 是什么呢 定位到倒数第二句话 Great Britain had large amounts of coal however there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery 这句据表明 能源问题就是有燃料但没有用它来驱动机器有效的方式 这个问 题必须被解决才能使得工业革命成为可能 所以选 B 注 means 和 ways 近义词 除此 它在阅读里面还有几个近义词 method approach avenue 3 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watt s steam engine A The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by Britain B Increased mechanization C More possibilities for mill location D Smaller mills 否定细节题 排除原文中出现过的又是正确的即可 The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods Between 1760 and 1850 the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times 根据这 两句话 直接排除 A 和 B 再根据 the large mills did not need to be located by rivers as had mills that used water driven machines 排除 C 正确答案为 D smaller mills 压根 木有出现 4 The phrase apparent in in the passage is closest in meaning to A clearly seen in 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 5 B aided by C associated with D followed by 词汇题解析略 记住即可 5 According to paragraph 2 what was Britain s most important export by 1850 A Raw cotton B Cotton cloth C Steam powered pumps D Coal 细节题 此题比较容易 根据问题定位到这句话 Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold and cotton cloth became Great Britain s most important product accounting for one half of all exports 根据划线部分选 B 答案 6 The word consequent in the passage is closest in meaning to A resulting B encouraging C well documented D immediate 词汇题解析略 请参考后面对题目的翻译部分 7 What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole A It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production B It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain C It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution D It illustrates why historians have assigned great importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution 修辞目的题 问第二段在整篇文章中的作用 也就是确定该段的主旨 而段落的主旨通常在 段首 In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use 根据划线部分 可以看到这段话应该是承接上一段最后一句话继续谈蒸汽机的 它如何为工 业所用 又是如何影响工业发展的 但木有这样表述的答案 却换成了正确答案 D 这样的 表述 即 历史学家认为能源在工业革命兴起中十分重要 干扰选项 B 明显错误在于 spread quickly across countries 木有提到 也不是该段的主旨 8 According to paragraph 3 why was the use of coke important for the iron industry A It helped make wood into charcoal B It reduced the dependency on steam powered machines used for the production of iron C It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 6 D It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines 细节题 用 use of coke important for the iron industry 去圈定答案范围 应该找到这句话 Charcoal made from wood and thus in limited supply was replaced with coal derived coke as steam driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke producing a high quality refined iron 根据这句话我们得 到两个关系 charcoal 和 coke 的关系 前者被后者取代了 及 coke 和 iron 的关系 用了 前者 就有高质量的后者 由此 D 为正确答案 9 According to paragraph 3 all of the following were true of the iron industry in Great Britain during the 1800s EXCEPT A Steam driven bellows were used to produce raw iron B By the 1850s Britain was the world s largest producer of iron C Steam powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes D Greater demand for higher quality iron increased its price 否定细节题 此题较容易 选 D D 答案太离谱了 压根木有提到 increased its price 或 类似的表述 原文中是有提到 reduced cost 但是这是指冶铁厂成本的减少 10 The word initiated in the passage is closest in meaning to A anticipated B accelerated C spread D started 词汇题解析略 请参考后面对题目的翻译部分 11 Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation A Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers unemployment increased among urban workers B It resulted in more trade within the country but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping C It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive D It resulted in higher wages for factory workers 推理题 问第四段暗示铁路交通改革怎么样 A 答案前半句是事实 后半句说城市工人失 业率增加没有依据 且木有提到失业这个问题 作者对铁路交通变革的态度是积极的 不会 认为它会产生负面的影响 比如失业率的增加等 B 答案前半句是事实 后半句属于无中 生有 less trade ocean shipping 都木有提到 且有 only 出现的选项一般不选 D 答案 也是没有依据 原文中木有涉及工人工资的问题 更何谈工资升高 因此排除法也可选 C 答案 如果要直接选到 C 答案可以这样考虑 铁路运输改革前 Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive 那么改革后呢 情况将会相反 shipping heavy freight over land less expensive 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 7 12 The phrase accustomed to in the passage is closest in meaning to A in need of B used to C tired of D encouraged by 词汇题略 请参考后面对题目的翻译部分 Q13 Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage The first steam powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage 句子插入题 读懂是王道 可预判下插入句前后可能是什么 这样选答案是比较有针对性 比如 容易推出这句话后面的句子应该会讲蒸汽机车其速度和承载能力如何提升 或者讲其 速度和承载能力如何提升后带来的好处等等 当然若读不太懂 可以寻找一些句间的衔接词 辅助解题 比如以下划线的部分 Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads but horses were still the primary source of power However 插入句和这句话木有转折关系 the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution 这句话就是在讲速度和承载能力 如何提升后带来的好处 为正确答案 As transportation improved distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales increasing sales 和这句话的主语 Greater productivity 构成同义词的重复 衔接紧密 Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity or to seek alternative investment opportunities 注意 also 这个词 这句话讲速度和承载能力如何提升后带来的第三个好 处 Also the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment 14 Directions An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is worth 2 points The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth century Britain depended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery A For years historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 8 the Industrial Revolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production B The introduction and growth of steam powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain s economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution C An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high quality iron D By 1850 the use of steam power in Britain s mills mines and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron E Since the basic infrastructure was in place the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging markets requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce F By the end of the 1800s railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales 摘要题 选 BDE A 错误明显 historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element 中disregard 应该改为regard 因为这篇文章的主旨就是能源问题是工业革命兴起 的主要原因 B是对第四段的概括 正确 C木有提及 expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain D 是对第二三段的概括 正确 E 是对最后一段后半部分的概括 F 木有提及 factories could not find enough workers 这篇文章的基调是正的 积极的 也就是说工业革命好的 说蒸汽能源好的 正确的几率较大 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 9 三读长难句三读长难句 对于读了几遍的句子 还是木有感觉 把握不了重点 那么这就是长难句了 研究它在 研究它 大家可以参考下面的翻译文本来研究 附件一为长难句集合 四读生词四读生词 对于这些生词 我们可以查查它们的同义词 近义词 看看相关例句等 也可听听其发 音 这对听力也有好处 附件二位同义词宝典 能源和工业革命 数年以来 历史学家寻求确定十八世纪工业革命兴起的关键因素 兴起涉及工业 技术和经 济领域 而能源问题倍受青睐 十八世纪之前 人类依靠人力 物力提供动力 风力和水 力的高效性促进了抽泵 碾磨和航行活动 然而 十八世纪时 大英帝国经历了特别的能源 短缺 木材 一种被用于家庭和工业供热和以处理过的木炭形式用于钢铁工业中的能源 供 给量在减少 大英帝国拥有大量的煤矿 但是 却没有有效的方式将此转化为机械能或者提 供机器动力 这一切都将随着蒸汽机的发展而发生 十七世纪末 James Watt 设计了一种高效并且可商用的蒸汽机 随着其价格降低 很快被 应用于各种工业 这种动力机器帮助解决了煤矿中地下水的排放问题并且带动其他需要蒸汽 机提供动力的地方煤炭产量的增加 与蒸汽机相连的一个旋转引擎使传动轴能够转动 机器 能够被驱动 运用蒸汽动力纺织棉物的纺织厂随之出现 因为蒸汽机由煤炭供应动力 大型 纺织厂不需再像之前运用水力驱动机器的纺织厂一样依河而建 这种向机械化的转变在棉原 料的进口和棉纺产品销售方面体现十分明显 在 1760 到 1850 年间 棉产品进口量增加了 230 倍 英国的棉纺产品的产量也增加了六十倍 与此同时 棉布也成为了大英帝国最重要 的产品 占所有出口总额的一半 蒸汽机的成功带来了煤矿需求量的增加 并且随着蒸汽动 力泵能从越来越深的 位于地下水位下的煤矿裂缝中排出水来 煤矿产量的随后增长成为可 能 蒸汽机的可利用性和对新机器的需求促进了钢铁行业的转型 当 蒸汽驱动 咆哮着运用到原 铁生产中时 炭 因取材于木而供给受限 被由煤炭制成的焦炭 煤炭加热而成 代替 因 焦炭使用 杂质被烧掉 获得高质量的精铁 费用的减少同样有助于发展以蒸汽为动力的轧 钢厂 这些工厂有能力制造不同形态尺寸精铁 紧随其后的钢铁行业的迅猛发展使钢铁年出 口量在 1740 到 1840 年间猛增 170 倍 并且在十九世纪五十年代 大英帝国所出口的钢铁 吨位数超过世界其他国家出口总和 钢铁行业的迅猛发展部分因为机器需求的增长和高质量 钢铁在其他领域日益广阔的应用 蒸汽动力和钢铁一起促进运输行业的变革 后者对前者也有重要意义 运输道路和远航的改 善已经发生 但是陆路运输沉重的货物费用依然很高 即便尽可能地充分利用水路和运河 走 水路比较便宜 但较慢 走陆路较贵 但较快 平行的铁轨过去一直被用于煤矿开采的大 型货物运输 但是主要依靠马作为动力源泉 就是说在火车头出现之前就有了铁轨 然而 蒸汽机的到来开启了铁路交通的转型 稳固并且拓展了工业革命 随着交通的改善 全国范 围内远方的更大的市场可以达到 因此鼓励着大型企业跟随销售业绩增加而发展 更高的生 产力和骤增的需求为企业家提供了丰厚的利润 以至有实力再投资于新技术 进一步拓展实 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 10 力或者寻求其他投资机遇 同时 铁路建设提供的工作机会也吸引许多适应周期性和短期性 的农村劳力 当 铁路建设工作 完成后 许多人又转战在城市或城镇中的其他建设工作或 者工厂工作 这些人就是日益扩大的劳动阶级 1 为什么作者给出 大英帝国有大量煤 的信息 A 为了拒绝 接受 在十八世纪英国正经历能源短缺 的说法 B 为了解释为什么是煤而不是其它资源成为十八世纪英国住房和工业的热源 C 为了指出英国的能源短缺不是因为缺少燃料 D 为了解释为什么煤矿开采成为十九世纪一个重要的工业 2 这个能源问题是什么 这个能源问题不得不被解决来使得十八世纪的工业革命成为可 能 A 水和风不能被有效地利用 B 没有有效的方式去提供机器动力 C 蒸汽机需要大量的煤 而煤供应不足 D 人类与动物都没有强大到可以提供工业应用方面需要的动力 3 作为一个由瓦特蒸汽机带来的棉纺厂的发展 以下哪一个在第二段中没有提及 A 英国进口大量的原棉 B 提高了的机械化 C 棉纺厂位置的更多的可能性 D 更小的工厂 4 在这篇文章中 明显在 什么方面 这个短语最接近的含义是 A 清楚地被看到在 什么方面 B 被 什么 帮助 C 与 什么 相关联 D 被 什么 跟随 5 根据第二段 到 1850 年英国最重要的出口是什么 A 原棉 B 棉布 C 蒸汽动力泵 D 煤 6 在这篇文章中 随之发生的 这个词最接近的含义是 A 因而发生的 B 鼓舞人心的 C 证据充分的 D 立刻的 7 在整个这篇文章中第二段的作用是什么 A 它解释了英国工业如何通过增加从他国获得的原料供应来减少成本和提高产量 B 它解释了机械能的产量及其好处是如何快速地扩散到与大英帝国有商业往来的国 家去的 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 11 C 它证实了为什么单一工业的发展不能造成工业革命 D 它例证了为什么历史学家重视在工业革命中的能源问题 8 根据第三段 为什么焦煤的使用对冶铁工业是重要的 A 它帮助木材成为木炭 B 它减少了对生产铁的蒸汽动气机器的依存度 C 在原铁和精铁的生产过程中它取代了木炭 D 它为在煤矿采煤的机器提供了动力 9 根据第三段 下列关于十九世纪期间 大英帝国冶铁工业的说法哪个不正确 A 蒸汽驱动 咆哮着运用到原铁生产 B 到十九世纪五十年代 英国是世界上最大的铁的生产者 C 蒸汽动力工厂使得生产不同形状和尺寸的铁成为可能 D 对更高质量的铁的更大的需求增加了它的 铁的 价格 10 在这篇文章中 开创 这个词最接近的含义是 A 预料 B 加速 C 传播 D 开始 11 第四段暗示了下列关于铁路交通转型的说法哪个是正确的 A 因为铁路交通建设主要雇佣农村劳动力 城市劳动力之间的失业率增加了 B 它导致了更多的国内贸易 却导致了更少的海外贸易 这些海外贸易市场只能通过 远洋运输达到 C 它使得远程陆路运输更加便宜 D 它导致工厂工人的工资上涨 12 在这篇文章中 习惯于 这个词最接近的含义是 A 需要 B 过于常常 C 厌倦 D 被鼓励 13 第一批蒸汽动力机车虽慢但是在速度和承载量方面快速地得到了改善 这句话最适合放 在哪个黑方框处 14 介绍句 十八世纪英国工业革命的到来取决于为机器提供动力的蒸汽机的发展 A 多年以来 历史学家不认为能源问题是工业革命兴起的主要因素 反而关注技术发 展和量产的增加 B 蒸汽动力的铁路运输的引入和发展是英国在工业革命期间经济扩张的主要因素 C 当英国的工业开始进口原棉和高质量的铁时 工业革命在英国之外开始扩展 D 到 1850 年时 应用于英国工厂 矿业 冶铁工业中的蒸汽动力使得英国成为世界 上棉布和铁生产的领头羊 E 自从基础设施到位以后 工业革命通过扩大市场来刺激自身发展 这些市场需要工 厦门启德学府 李开培 pertersonli 微博 厦门开培兄 启德教育 12 厂和劳动力的不断扩张 F 到了十九世纪末期 铁路的修建吸引了如此多的劳动力以至于工厂不能找到足够的 工人用以跟上持续增加的销售额 五为写作而读五为写作而读 这里我们只是举个例子阅读中的词汇 词组和句型如何输入写作中 但每个人的水平不同 建议选择自己能够驾驭的词汇 词组和句型 然后进行造句练习 下面提到的 A B 等大写字母都是某些名词性的结构 代词 名词 动名词 名词性从句 SB 表示人 1 For years have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth century rise in industry technology and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution and many g