《语言教学的流派第二版》自己整理的笔记

精品文档 1欢迎下载 第一章第一章 A A briefbrief historyhistory ofof languagelanguage teachingteaching 第二章第二章 TheThe naturenature ofof approachesapproaches andand methodsmethods 前两章很简单 详见前面中文导读前两章很简单 详见前面中文导读 第三章第三章 TheThe oraloral approachapproach andand situationalsituational languagelanguage teachingteaching TheThe oraloral approachapproach situational situational languagelanguage teaching teaching isis a a grammar basedgrammar based methodmethod inin whichwhich principlesprinciples ofof grammaticalgrammatical andand lexicallexical gradationgradation areare usedused andand newnew teachingteaching pointspoints areare presentedpresented andand practicedpracticed throughthrough meaningfulmeaningful situation basedsituation based activities activities 一 一 BackgroundBackground 1 Two of the leaders were HaroldHarold palmerpalmer and A S HornbyA S Hornby 2 VocabularyVocabulary controlcontrol 3 GrammarGrammar controlcontrol 二 二 TheThe OralOral ApproachApproach andand SituationalSituational LanguageLanguage TeachingTeaching The main characteristics of the approach were as follows 1 Language teaching beginsbegins withwith thethe spokenspoken language language Material is taught orally 2 TheThe targettarget languagelanguage is the language of the classroom 3 New language points are introduced and practiced situationallysituationally 4 VocabularyVocabulary selectionselection proceduresprocedures areare followedfollowed to ensure that an essential general service vocabulary is covered 5 Items of grammargrammar areare gradedgraded byby theirtheir plexity 6 ReadingReading andand writingwriting areare introducedintroduced once a sufficientsufficient lexicallexical andand grammaticalgrammatical basisbasis isis established established 三 ApproachApproach 精品文档 2欢迎下载 1 1 TheoryTheory ofof languagelanguage a a typetype ofof BritishBritish structuralismstructuralism 1 1 OneOne distinctivedistinctive featurefeature structuresstructures mustmust bebe linkedlinked toto situationssituations in which they could 2 2 be used Language was viewed as purposefulpurposeful activityactivity relatedrelated toto goalsgoals andand situationssituations inin thethe 3 3 realreal world world 2 2 TheoryTheory ofof learninglearning a a typetype ofof behavioristbehaviorist habit learninghabit learning theorytheory three processes in learning a language 1 Language learning as habit formation 2 An inductive approach is used to the teaching of grammar 3 The same processed are thought to occur both in child language learning and in second language learning 四 DesignDesign 1 1 Objectives Objectives 1 Practical command of the four basic skills of language 2 AccuracyAccuracy inin bothboth pronunciationpronunciation andand grammargrammar is regarded as crucial 3 Automatic control of basic structures and sentence patterns is fundamental 4 Writing derives from speech 2 2 TheThe syllabussyllabus 1 A structural syllabus a list of the basic structures and sentence patterns 2 Situation the manner of presenting and practicing sentence patterns 精品文档 3欢迎下载 3 3 TypesTypes ofof learninglearning andand teachingteaching activitiesactivities 1 SLT employs a a situationalsituational approachapproach to presenting new sentence patterns and a a drill baseddrill based mannermanner to practicing the new sentence patterns 2 Situation the use of concreteconcrete objects objects picturespictures andand realia realia whichwhich togethertogether withwith actionsactions andand gesturesgestures 3 Practice techniques guidedguided repetition repetition substitutionsubstitution activities activities pairpair practicepractice 4 4 LearnerLearner rolesroles 1 Listen repeat and responds to questions and commands 2 Have no control over the content of learning 5 5 TeacherTeacher rolesroles Threefold a a modelmodel a a skillfulskillful manipulatormanipulator onon thethe lookoutlookout forfor errorserrors The teacher is essential to the success of the method 6 6 TheThe rolerole ofof instructionalinstructional materialsmaterials 1 Textbook contains organized lessons 2 Visual aids consists of wall charts flashcards pictures stick figures The teacher is expected to be the master of his textbook 五 ProcedureProcedure Aim to move from controlled to freer practice of structures and from oral use of sentence patterns to their automatic use in speech reading and writing TheThe teachingteaching ofof a a structure structure fourfour partsparts Pronunciation Revision to prepare for new work if necessary 精品文档 4欢迎下载 Presentation of new structure or vocabulary Oral practice drilling Reading of material on the new structure or written exercises TheThe sequencesequence ofof activities activities Listening practice Choral imitation Individual imitation Isolation Building up to a new model Elicitation Substitution drilling Question answer drilling Correction 第四章第四章 TheThe AudiolingualAudiolingual MethodMethod ItIt isis a a methodmethod ofof foreignforeign oror secondsecond languagelanguage teachingteaching whichwhich a a emphasizesemphasizes thethe teachingteaching ofof speakingspeaking andand listeninglistening beforebefore readingreading andand writingwriting b b usesuses dialoguesdialogues andand drills drills c c discouragesdiscourages useuse ofof thethe mothermother tonguetongue inin thethe classroomclassroom d d oftenoften makesmakes useuse ofof contrastivecontrastive analysis analysis TheThe audiolingualaudiolingual methodmethod waswas prominentprominent inin thethe 1950s1950s andand 1960s 1960s especiallyespecially inin thethe UnitedUnited States States andand hashas beenbeen widelywidely usedused inin manymany otherother partsparts ofof thethe world world 一 一 BackgroundBackground The combination of structural linguistic theory contrastive analysis aural oral procedures and behaviorist psychology led to the Audiolingual Method 情境法与听说法的异同情境法与听说法的异同 精品文档 5欢迎下载 There are many similarities between situational language teaching and audiolingualism 1 The order in which language skills are introduced 2 Focus on accuracy through drill and practice in the basic structures 3 Sectence patterns of the target language However situational language teaching was a development of the earlier Direct Method and does not have the strong ties to linguistic and behavioral psychology that characterize audiolingualism The similarities of the two methods reflect similar views about the nature of language and of language learning through these views were in fact development from quite different traditions 二 二 ApproachApproach 1 1 TheoryTheory ofof languagelanguage StructuralStructural linguisticslinguistics 1950s a reaction to traditional grammar The primaryprimary mediummedium of language is oral oral speechspeech isis language language 2 2 TheoryTheory ofof learninglearning BehavioralBehavioral psychology psychology stimulus responsestimulus response chainschains Learning principles 1 Foreign language learning is basically a process of mechanical habit formation 2 Language skills are learned more effectively if the items to be learned in the target language are presented in sporken form before they are seen in written form 3 Analogy provides a better foundation for language learning than analysis Hence the approach to the teaching of grammar is essentially inductive rather than deductive 精品文档 6欢迎下载 4 The meaning of word can be learned in a linguistic and cultural context and not in isolation 三 三 DesignDesign 1 1 ObjectivesObjectives Short rangeShort range objectivesobjectives Listening comprehension accurate pronunciation reading comprehension and production of correct sentences in writing Long rangeLong range objectivesobjectives To develop in the students the same types of abilities that native speakers have 2 2 TheThe syllabussyllabus A A linguisticlinguistic syllabus syllabus phonology morphology and syntax of the language A A lexicallexical syllabussyllabus of basic vocabulary LanguageLanguage skills skills listening speaking reading writing 3 3 TypesTypes ofof learninglearning andand teachingteaching activitiesactivities Dialogues Drills Various kinds of drills repetition inflection replacement 4 4 LearnerLearner rolesroles OrganismsOrganisms that can be directed by skilled training techniques to produce correct responses a a reactivereactive rolerole have little control 5 5 TeachersTeachers rolesroles Central and active Models the target language Controls the direction and pace of learning 精品文档 7欢迎下载 Monitors and corrects the learners performance 6 6 TheThe rolerole ofof instructionalinstructional materialsmaterials Textbook Tape recorders and audiovisual equipment 四 四 ProcedureProcedure 1 The process of teaching involves extensive oral instruction 2 The procedures the teacher should adopt Brook 3 In a typical audiolingual lesson the following procedures will be observed a a Recognition Recognition b b ImitationImitation andand repetitionrepetition c c PatternsPatterns drill drill d d Follow upFollow up activitiesactivities 五 五 TheThe declinedecline ofof AudiolingualismAudiolingualism 1 Criticism on two fronts the theoretical foundations both in language and language learning and the practical results fell short of expectation 2 the theoretical attack Noam Chomsky s theory of transformational grammar 第五章第五章 TotalTotal PhysicalPhysical ResponseResponse 精品文档 8欢迎下载 TotalTotal PhysicalPhysical ResponseResponse isis a a languagelanguage learninglearning methodmethod basedbased onon thethe coordinationcoordination ofof speechspeech andand action action ThisThis methodmethod ofof learninglearning waswas developeddeveloped byby JamesJames Asher Asher a a professorprofessor ofof psychologypsychology atat SanSan JoseJose StateState University University California California 一 一 BackgroundBackground 1 the trace theory of memory in psychology 2 developmental psychology child first language acquisition 3 humanistic psychology the role of affective factors 4 Comprehension Approach 5 a tradition the use of physical actions to teach a foreign language at an introductory level 二 二 ApproachApproach 1 1 TheoryTheory ofof languagelanguage structuralist or grammar based views of language detailed cognitive map abstractions and nonabstractions the central role of comprehension in language learning language can be internalized as wholes or chunks 2 2 TheoryTheory ofof learninglearning Reminiscent of the views of behavioral psychology a stimulus response view Learning hypotheses to facilitate or inhibit foreign language learning According to Asher the language learning theories are similar to those of other behavioral psychologists The principals that help elaborate his idea are 1 Second language learning is parallel to first language learning and should reflect the same naturalistic processes 精品文档 9欢迎下载 2 Listening should develop before speaking 3 Once listening comprehension has been developed speech develops naturally and effortlessly out of it 4 Adults should use right brain motor activities while the left hemisphere watches and learns 三 三 DesignDesign 1 1 ObjectivesObjectives The general objectives to teach oraloral proficiency at a beginning level Specific instructional objectives are not elaborated 2 2 TheThe syllabussyllabus Be inferred from an analysis of the exercise types employed in TPR classes A sentence based syllabus A fixed number of items be introduced at a time Attention to both the global meaning of language and the finer details of its organization 3 3 TypesTypes ofof learninglearning andand teachingteaching activitiesactivities Imperative drills are the major classroom activity Role plays center on everyday situation Slide presentations Reading and writing activities 4 4 LearnerLearner rolesroles A primary role listener and performer Have little influence over the content Monitor and evaluate their own progress 精品文档 10欢迎下载 5 5 TeacherTeacher rolesroles Active and direct role Well prepared and well organized Teachers follow the example of parents giving feedback Cautions illusion of simplicity having too narrow a tolerance for errors 6 6 TheThe rolerole ofof instructionalinstructional materialsmaterials No basic text materials and realia play an increasing role in later learning stages Student kits that focus on specific situations supporting materials 四 四 ProcedureProcedure Asher s account of a course Review New commands Role reversal Reading and writing Conclusion Conclusion Total Physical Response has enjoyed some popularity because of its support by those who emphasize the role of comprehension in second language acquisition It represents a useful techniques and isis compatiblecompatible withwith otherother approachesapproaches toto teaching teaching 4 Trait4 Trait s s 1 1 ItIt usesuses psychomotorpsychomotor systemssystems toto teach teach 2 2 ItIt supportsupport kinesthetickinesthetic learninglearning style style whichwhich isis goodgood forfor thosethose whowho needneed toto bebe activeactive inin thethe 精品文档 11欢迎下载 class class 3 3 CommandCommand formsforms usedused toto conveyconvey information information 4 4 ItIt worksworks wellwell withwith mixed abilitymixed ability classes classes 5 5 ItIt isis veryvery memorable memorable andand itit reallyreally helpshelps studentsstudents toto rememberremember phrasesphrases oror words words 6 6 ItIt isis a a lotlot ofof fun fun studentsstudents enjoyenjoy itit andand itit cancan bebe a a realreal stirrerstirrer inin thethe class class 7 7 ItIt isis veryvery effectiveeffective withwith teenagersteenagers andand youngyoung learners learners 第六章第六章 TheThe SilentSilent WayWay ItIt isis a a methodmethod ofof foreign languageforeign language teachingteaching developeddeveloped byby GattegnoGattegno whichwhich makesmakes useuse ofof gesture gesture mime mime visualvisual aids aids wallwall charts charts andand inin particularparticular CuisiniereCuisiniere rodsrods wooden wooden stickssticks ofof differentdifferent lengthslengths andand colors colors thatthat thethe teacherteacher usesuses toto helphelp thethe studentsstudents toto talk talk TheThe methodmethod takestakes itsits namename fromfrom thethe relativerelative silencesilence ofof thethe teacherteacher usingusing thesethese techniques techniques 一 一 BackgroundBackground The premise of the Silent Way The learning hypotheses Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or creates discovery learning Learning is facilitated by accompanying physical objects Learning is facilitated by problem solving 二 二 ApproachApproach 1 1 TheoryTheory ofof languagelanguage Gattegno views language as a substitute for experience 精品文档 12欢迎下载 By the spirit spirit of the language Gattegno is referring to the way each language is Composed of phonological and suprasegmental A A structuralstructural approachapproach VocabularyVocabulary as a central dimension 2 2 TheoryTheory ofof learninglearning Surrender Artificial approach The self of the learner Learning to learn 三 三 DesignDesign 1 1 ObjectivesObjectives The general objectives to give beginning level students oral and aural facility An immediate objectives to provide the learner with a basic practical knowledge of the grammar of the language Teach learners how to learn a language 2 2 TheThe syllabussyllabus a basically structural syllabus vocabulary 3 3 TypesTypes ofof learninglearning andand teachingteaching activitiesactivities simple linguistic tasks responses to commands questions and visual cues 4 4 LearnerLearner rolesroles Learners are expected to develop independence autonomy and responsibility 精品文档 13欢迎下载 Learners exert a strong influence over each other s learning Playing varying roles 5 5 TeacherTeacher rolesroles Teacher silence is the most demanding aspect of the Silent Way To teach to test to get out of the way Create an environment Teacher likes the complete dramatist 6 6 TheThe rolerole ofof instructionalinstructional materialsmaterials The pronunciation charts The colored cuisenaire rods The vocabulary or word charts Other materials 四 四 ProcedureProcedure A standard format Practice of the sounds using the pronunciation charts Practice of sentence patterns structure and vocabulary using the rods and charts A sample lesson FidelFidel chartchart Conclusion Conclusion The actual practices of the Silent Way are much less revolutionary than might be expected The innovations derive from the manner in which classroom activities are organized the indirect role the teacher is required to assume in directing and monitoring learner performance the responsibility placed upon learners and the materials used 精品文档 14欢迎下载 第七章第七章 CommunityCommunity LanguageLanguage LearningLearning 社团语言学习法社团语言学习法 ItIt isis a a methodmethod ofof secondsecond andand foreignforeign languagelanguage teachingteaching developeddeveloped byby CharlesCharles Curran Curran CLLCLL isis anan applicationapplication ofof counselingcounseling learning learning 咨询咨询 学习法学习法 to to secondsecond andand foreignforeign languagelanguage teachingteaching andand learning learning ItIt usesuses techniquestechniques developeddeveloped inin groupgroup counselingcounseling toto helphelp peoplepeople withwith psychologicalpsychological andand emotionalemotional problems problems TheThe methodmethod makesmakes useuse ofof groupgroup learninglearning inin smallsmall oror largelarge groups groups TheseThese groupsgroups areare thethe CommunityCommunity TheThe methodmethod placesplaces emphasisemphasis onon thethe learnerslearners personalpersonal feelingsfeelings andand theirtheir reactionsreactions toto languagelanguage learning learning LearnersLearners saysay thingsthings whichwhich theythey wantwant toto talktalk about about inin theirtheir nativenative language language TheThe teacherteacher known known asas CounselorCounselor translatestranslates thethe learnerslearners sentencessentences intointo thethe foreignforeign language language andand thethe learnerlearner thenthen repeatsrepeats thisthis toto otherother membersmembers ofof thethe group group 一 一 BackgroundBackground 1 Rogerian counseli