定语从句(高考复习完整版)

四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 1 定定 语语 从从 句句 一 定义及特点一 定义及特点 在复合句中用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 其特点是定语从句的引导词是先行词的替身 既起联系作用 同时又充当定语从句的一个 成分 所以掌握定语从句的关键在于 弄清楚其先行词的所指 所作成分和可否省略 二 分类及区别 二 分类及区别 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种 它们的区别有四点 1 从重要性上看 限制性定语从句在整个句子中比较重要 省去后会 影响整个句子意思的表达 而非限制性定语从句则反之 2 从句子形式上看 限制性定 语从句的引导词前面无逗号 而非限制性定语从句的引导词前面有逗号 3 从引导词上 看 that why 可以引导限制性定语从句 但却不可以引导非限制性定语从句 4 从引 导词可否省略上看 在限制性定语从句中作宾语的引导词可以省略 而在非限制性定语从 句中的引导词无论作什么成分都不可以省略 三 用法 详解 三 用法 详解 一 限制性定语从句的用法 一 限制性定语从句的用法 一 关系代词引导的定语从句 一 关系代词引导的定语从句 1 关系代词 关系代词 that which who whom whose as 引导的定语从句的用法引导的定语从句的用法 that 可以指人 也可以指事物 在定语从句中作主语或宾语 作宾语时可以省略 如 Who is the man that is reading a newspaper there 作主语指人 The girl that we saw yesterday is Jim s sister 作宾语指事物 A dolphin is an animal that lives in the sea 作主语指事物 The moon cakes that mother cooked taste nice 作宾语指事物 which 指事物 在定语从句中作主语或宾语 作宾语时可以省略 如 The silk which is produced in Suzhou sells well 作主语指事物 The song which the singer sang were very popular 作宾语指事物 who whom 指人 who whom 在定语从句中分别作主语或宾语 who 也可以作宾 语 who whom 作宾语时可以省略 whose 可以指人 of whom 或事物 of which 不 可以省略 如 The student who sits on my left is an American 作主语指人 四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 2 The person who whom you just talked to is our headmaster 作宾语指人 I know the woman whose daughter studies abroad 作定语指人 as 指物 常用于 such as the same as as as 结构中 在定语从句中作宾语 表语 定语和状语 不可以省略 如 This is not such a book as I expected 作宾语指物 It is the same place as it used to be 作表语指物 I like the same book as you do 作定语指物 I shall do it in the same way as you did 作状语指物 二 关系副词引导的定语从句 二 关系副词引导的定语从句 1 关系副词 关系副词 when where why 引导的限制性定语从句的用法 引导的限制性定语从句的用法 when 指时间 在定语从句中作时间状语 不可以省略 如 We still remember the years when during which we studied together where 指地点 在定语从句中作地点状语 不可以省略 如 This is the place where in which he lives why 指原因 在定语从句中作原因状语 不可以省略 如 Do you know the reason why for which I was late for class 定语从句考点讲解定语从句考点讲解 根据定语从句先行词的所指 指人根据定语从句先行词的所指 指人 物物 时间时间 地点地点 原因 原因 先行词的所做成分 及其可 先行词的所做成分 及其可 否省略 三个因素来综合确定定语从句的引导词 否省略 三个因素来综合确定定语从句的引导词 一 一 四个引导词四个引导词 1 只用只用 that 引导定语从句的情况 引导定语从句的情况 当先行词既有人又有物时 只能用 that 如 They talked about the things and persons that they remembered in the school 当先行词是数词或 all much little everything anything nothing none the one 等 指物的不定代词时 只能用 that 如 Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water Now you can see the two that are still alive I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me 注意 当先行词是 something 时 关系代词用 that which 都可以 当先行词是 四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 3 someone anyone everyone somebody anybody nobody everybody all those one s 指人时 关系代词用 that who whom 都可以 当先行词被 all much some any a few a little no none no one 等修饰时 只能用 that 如 I have done all the things that he told us to do He has no books that I need 当先行词是序数词 形容词最高级或被序数词 形容词最高级修饰时 只能用 that 如 He was the first person that got to the top of the Mount Qomolangma He worked out the most difficult problem that I had seen I like the tallest person that was asked to come here 当先行词被 the very the only the last 修饰时 只能用 that 如 It is the very book that I am looking for 当主句主语为 what who which 开头的特殊疑问句时 只能用 that 如 Who is the boy that was here just now Which is the bike that you lost 主句是 There Here be 结构时 当主语指物时 修饰其主语的定语从句用 that 引导 同时 定语从句部分是 there be 句型时 也只能用 that 引导 如 There is still a seat that is free He asks for a book that there is on the subject 当句子中有两个以上从句 其中一个已经用了 which 时 只能用 that 如 Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before 当先行词是主句的表语而引导词又在定语从句中作表语时 只能用 that 如 China is no longer the country that it used to be 2 只用只用 which 引导定语从句的情况引导定语从句的情况 作介词的宾语且介词提前的时候 此时 which 不可省略 如 This is the house of which the windows face south 引导非限制性定语从句的时候 此时 which 不可省略 如 His dog which was very old became ill 一个句子有两个定语从句时 为了避免重复 一个用 that 引导 另一个用 which 引导 如 He built up a factory that produce things which had never been seen before 四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 4 先行词为 that those 时 如 What was that which we saw last night 先行词后面有插入语时 如 The book I thought which you lent me yesterday is very expensive 3 as 引导定语从句的情况 引导定语从句的情况 as 可以引导限制性定语从句 也可以引导非限制性定语从句 as 在从句中作主语 表语 和宾语 如 We have found such materials as are used in their factory as 作主语 These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected as 作宾语 He is not the same man as he was as 作表语 as 引导限制性定语从句的情况 a 当先行词被 such so as 修饰的时候 常用 as 引导定语从句 此时应注意与 such so that 引导的结果状语从句区别开来 如 He is such a good person as I always dream of making friends with as 引导的定语从句 He is such a good person that I always dream of making friends with him such that 引导的 结 果状语从句 He is so clever a boy as everyone likes as 引导的定语从句 He is so clever a boy that every one likes him as 引导结果状语从句 b 注意 the same as 与 the same that 引导定语从句的区别 如 This is the same pen as I lent to you 这和我借给你的那支笔相似 This is the same pen that I lent to you 这就是我借给你的那支笔 c 注意 such as 结构中 such 为代词 意为这样的人或物 as 在从句中作成分 修饰先行词 such 的用法 如 The book is not such as I expect as 引导非限制性定语从句时与 which 的区别 a as 引导非限制性定语从句时 可以位于主句前面 中间或后面 而 which 引导非限 制性定语从句时 不能位于主句前面 如 As anybody can see this elephant is like a snake This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see 四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 5 He is from America which I know from his composition b as 通常用于一些常用结构或习惯用语中 as be known expected reported announced shown as is well known as is known to all as has been pointed out as has been said as is mentioned above as anybody can see as often happens 等 如 As is shown in the chart the private cars are more and more in our country c as 引导非限制性定语从句时 其先行词只能是主句的整个内容 而 which 引导非限制 性定语从句时 其先行词既可以使整个主句的内容 也可以是主句中的一个词 如 He is a famous scientist as which we all know He has a beautiful house which is very expensive d as 引导非限制性定语从句时 仍然保持作连词的某种含义 如 He is tall as are my brothers as 正如 像 一样 She opposed the idea as could be expected as 正如 e 非限制性定语从句表否定或否定含义时多用 which 如 It will rain tomorrow as we all know now His father is a robber which isn t a secret f 引导词在非限制性定语从句中作主语时 如果从句中行为动词是主动语态 一般用 which 引导 如果后面常接动词的被动语态 多用 as 引导 如 be known be said be reported be announced 等 如 It will rain tomorrow as is known to all now It will rain tomorrow which makes us very happy g 当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时 只能用 which 引导定语从句 如 Betty always tells a lie which her parents found strange 4 where 引导定语从句的情况 引导定语从句的情况 where 引导定语从句时 其前面一般不加介词 但 from where 是个例外 如 They stood near the window from where he can see the whole yard where 指 near the window 注意 where 引导定语从句和状语从句的区别 如 Beijing is a city where there is a beautiful lake 定语从句 The trees should be planted where there is a beautiful lake 地点状语从句 You d better make a mark at the place where you have any questions 定语从句 四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 6 You d better make a mark where you have any questions 地点状语从句 高考试题中对于 where 的用法趋于复杂 从先行词为 明显的地点 转为 地点的模糊 化 事实上 对于 where 这个词 考生不能只理解为表地点 当先行词表示某人 物得 situation 或某事物发展的 stage 或表达某事物的某个方面时都可以用 where 这个关系副词 如 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other 注意这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句 特殊疑问句中的 where 名词性从句中的 where 都有这种用法 如 Where will all this trouble lead That is where you are mistaken 二二 四种结构四种结构 1 when 适当介词适当介词 in at during 等等 which where 适当介词 适当介词 in at on under 等等 which why for which 关系副词 when where why 引导定语从句时 可以变成 介词 关系代词 which 结构引 导定语从句 如 We still remember the day when on which we met for the first time This is the place where in which he lives Do you know the reason why for which I was late for class 2 介词介词 关系代词 关系代词 which whom whose 此结构中的关系代词不可以省略 注意此结构常有两种考法 一是考查介词 即介词的确定或错用 二是考查关系代词 即 关系代词的确定或错用 此结构中介词的确定方法 可以根据定语从句的谓语动词 引导词和句子意思确定 结构中介词的确定方法 可以根据定语从句的谓语动词 引导词和句子意思确定 a 根据与定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯选用介词 如 on which I spent five yuan for which I paid five yuan This is the book from which I learnt a lot about which Tom often talks b 根据与先行词的搭配习惯选用介词 如 四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 7 the day on which I joined the army I still remember the days during which I lived in the country the years in which I stayed there Yesterday on which I saw you is Monday Shanghai in which I was born is very beautiful c 同时考虑先行词和介词的搭配关系以及介词和定语从句中谓语动词的搭配关系选用 介词 如 He made a hole in the wall through which he could see what was happening inside the house d 根据句子意思确定介词 如 The brave man by whom the tiger was shot is a good hunter The clever boy made a hole in the wall through which he could see the garden 注意 当介词和定语从句中的谓语动词构成固定的不可分割的短语时 不能将介词拆 开来提到引导词 which whom whose 名词的前面来 动词短语是否可以拆分 关键 看拆分后与拆分前的意思是否相同 如果意思不变 便可以拆分 否则不行 如 The girl whom who I am looking for is my sister look for 为 寻找 拆开后 look 为 看 两者意思不同 所以不可以将 for 拆开来放在引导词前面 此结构中关系代词的考查此结构中关系代词的考查 先行词指人时多用 whom whose 先行词指物时多用 which 注意此结构中不可用 that 并且引导词不可以省略 如 The man from whom I borrowed an umbrella is a friend of mine The man whom I borrowed an umbrella from is a friend of mine Yesterday on which I saw you is Monday Shanghai in which I was born is very beautiful 3 whose 名词 指人时 名词 指人时 the 名词名词 of whom whose 名词 指物时 名词 指物时 the 名词名词 of which I know Tom whose father is a scientist I know Tom the father of whom is a scientist This is the house whose door is red This is the house the door of which is red 4 数量词 数量词 one third three fourths 等 等 形容词最高级 形容词最高级 the tallest the earliest 等 等 代词 代词 all both some most several a few a little many much none half 等 等 of whom which 结构 结构 此结构引导定语从句常常表示整体与部分关系 如 There are about 1 000 people here many of whom are workers 四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 8 I have a lot of books most of which are well worth reading 三 与三类先行词的关系三 与三类先行词的关系 1 先行词是表时间 地点 原因的名词时 定语从句的引导词不一定必须用先行词是表时间 地点 原因的名词时 定语从句的引导词不一定必须用 when where why 当它们在定语从句中作状语时 分别用 当它们在定语从句中作状语时 分别用 when where why 当它 当它 们在定语从句中作主语或宾语时 只能用们在定语从句中作主语或宾语时 只能用 that which 如 I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing I will never forget the days that which we spent together Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake Hangzhou is a beautiful city that which has a beautiful lake The reason why he was late for school is that he was ill The reason that which he gave isn t believable 2 先行词是先行词是 case condition situation position point stage 等名词表示情况 方面 处等名词表示情况 方面 处 境 并且在定于从句中作状语时 常用境 并且在定于从句中作状语时 常用 where 引导定语从句 在定语从句中作主语 宾语引导定语从句 在定语从句中作主语 宾语 时 常用时 常用 which that 引导定语从句 引导定语从句 如 I met the situation where I can t find my direction I met the situation that which I have never met before 3 先行词为先行词为 way 时 在定语从句作状语时 常用时 在定语从句作状语时 常用 that in which 引导 或者省略引导引导 或者省略引导 词 当先行词词 当先行词 time 表次数时用表次数时用 that 引导定语从句引导定语从句 that 可以省略可以省略 表一段时间时用 表一段时间时用 when 或 或 at during which 引导定语从句 引导定语从句 如 Can you tell me the way that in which you solve the problem 指代 way 的先行词在定语从句 中作状语 Can you tell me the way that which you solve the problem with 指代 way 的先行词在定语从 句中作宾语 This is the second time that the president has visited the country I could hardly remember how many times that I ve failed This was at a time when during which there were no radios no telephones and no TV sets 四 与三种句型的关系四 与三种句型的关系 1 限制性定语从句与同位语从句的关系限制性定语从句与同位语从句的关系 定语从句与同位语从句的区别 四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 9 定语从句的先行词在定语从句中要作成分 而同位语从句的先行词在同位语从句中不作 成分 定语从句的先行词可以是人 也可以是物 而同位语从句的先行词一般是表示 抽象概念的名词 fact idea belief information news message question answer reply thought hop e doubt 等 定语从句的引导词要受先行词的限制 与先行词保持一致 而同位语 从句的引导词不受先行词的限制 只根据从句表达的意思选择 如 We all know the fact that is explained in the paper 定语从句 We all know the fact that the earth moves around the sun 同位语从句 2 限制性定语从句与强调句型的关系限制性定语从句与强调句型的关系 高考时 常将定语从句和强调句型相结合 应特别注意 It is the house where I live that is very beautiful 3 非限制性定语从句与并列举的关系非限制性定语从句与并列举的关系 注意区别其结构 He has three sons two of whom are teachers 非限制性定语从句 He has three sons and two of them are teachers 并列句 He has three sons two of them are teachers 并列句 五 其他五 其他 1 定语从句引导词的可省与不可省定语从句引导词的可省与不可省 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语且介词未提前时 关系代词可以省略 当介词提到关 系代词前面时 关系代词不可以省略 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词也不能省略 如 We can borrow the pen that which Mr Smith write with We can borrow the pen with which Mr Smith write with The man from whom I borrowed an umbrella is a friend of mine The man whom I borrowed an umbrella from is a friend of mine He is from America which I know from his composition 2 定语从句的主谓一致情况 定语从句的主谓一致情况 当先行词在定语从句中作主语时 应注意定语从句的谓语动词应与前面的先行词保持数的 一致 尤其注意如下结构 one of not the only one of 复数名词 关系代词 复数谓语 动词 the only one of 复数名词 关系代词 单数谓语动词 如 四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 10 He gave me five yuan that which isn t enough for me He gave me two apples that which are enough for me He is one of the students who that have passed the examination He is the only one of the students who that has passed the examination 3 that why 不能引导非限制性定语从句 分别用不能引导非限制性定语从句 分别用 which for which 代替代替 如 I had told him the reason for which I didn t attend the meeting 4 which 引导非限制性定语从句 代替前面整个主句时 引导非限制性定语从句 代替前面整个主句时 which and this 如 The teacher turned out to be very good which and this was more that we could expect 5 复合介词短语复合介词短语 which 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开 定语从句常用倒装语序 如 He lived in a big house in front of which stood a big tall tree 6 介词介词 whom which 不定式不定式 如 The poor man has no house in which to live The poor man has no house to live in The poor man has no house in which he can live 附 附 1 定语从句的考点 定语从句的考点 错用引导词错用引导词 This is the book who he is looking for This is the book that which he is looking for 定语从句的引导词由先行词决定 当先行词 为人时用 who that whom 或 whose 当先行词为事物时用 that which You can tell me anything which I don t know You can tell me anything that I don t know 定语从句的先行词为 anything nothing 等表 示事物的不定代词时 定语从句的引导词只能用 that I like the book from that I borrowed the library I like the book from which I borrowed the library 定语从句作介词的宾语且介词提前时 只能用 which whom 引导定语从句 I still remember the days when we spent together I still remember the days that which we spent together 表示时间 地点或原因的先行词 在定语从句中作时间状语时才能用 when where why 当这些先行词在定语从句中作主 语或宾语时用 that which 四川省大竹县石河中学 蒋元平 11 This is the most popular film that I saw yesterday This is the most popular film which I saw yesterday that why 不可以引导非限制性定 语从句 错省引导词错省引导词 The boy is standing there is my brother The boy who that is standing there is my brother 关系代词做主语时不可以省略 The place in which I live is very quiet The place in which I live is very quiet 当介词提前时 定语从句的引导词不能省略 He is from America which I know from his composition He is from America which I know from his composition 非限制性定语从句的引导词 不能省略 错用 遗漏介词或动词短语中的介词被拆开错用 遗漏介词或动词短语中的介词被拆开 The pen by which I write a letter is on the table The pen with which I write a letter is on the table 错用介词 The place which I live is very quiet Th