新视野四册unitA

,Research into Population Genetics,Pre-reading Activities,Words and Expressions,Background Knowledge,Text Understanding,Post-reading Activities,Further Learning,Section A,图片,HOME,Brainstorming,Watch and Discuss,Pre-reading Activities,How many skin colors of human beings are there across the world?,Can you make a description of their physical appearancesaccording to the following pictures.,Yellow People:,yellow skin, black or dark brown hair and eyes, medium height,white or pale brown skin, blond hair, Roman nose, blue or pale brown eyes, tall,White People:,black or dark brown skin, dark and curly hair, big noses, dark brown eyes, thick lips,Black People:,brown or chocolate skin, dark and curly hair, big noses, brown eyes,Brown People:,What causes these physical differences?,God made us different? environment?genes?,tips,Without considering these physicaldifferences, what biological similarities do you think the yellow, the white, theblack and the brown have?,We all have feelings. we all have white teeth.,tips,BACK,Watch and Discuss,Directions: Watch the video clip and then discuss the topics as follows in groups:,Glossary:offspring 后代dominance 显性segregation 分离freckle 雀斑Tay-Sachs disease家族黑蒙性痴呆 Cystic Fibrosis囊肿纤维症,1.Whats the major contribution of Gregor Mendel ?,2. According to Gregor Mendel, why did he choose peas as the subjects ?,BACK,HOME,By performing experiments on garden pea plants, Mendel discovered a fixedlaw of nature that govern heredity whichled to ground-breaking advances and the first discovery in the field of genetics.,Just for fun of the thing.,Luca Cavalli-Sforza-Born in Genoa, Italy-Professor of Genetics at the University of Stanford, California, until his retirement in 1992- specialized mainly in the genetics of human populations, producing with Walter Bodmer a comprehensive survey of the subject in their Genetics, Evolution and Man (1976).,Background Knowledge,HOME,Christopher Columbus-born in Genoa, Italy in 1451 and died at Valladolid, Spain in 1506- The discoverer of the New WorldAmerica - four transatlantic voyages (14921493, 14931496, 14981500, and 15021504) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americans,Columbuss shipsthe Nina, the Pinta, & the Santa Maria,Human Genetic Map,Our bodies are comprised of trillions of microscopic units called cells, which in turn are built up from many specific types of molecules, both large and small. Proteins are the workshops of our cells. The flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA to protein. Each protein is a linear polymer of a specific sequence of 20 different amino acids. DNA is also a linear polymer comprised of 4 types of nucleotides. The sequence of amino acids in each protein is encoded by a segment of DNA called a gene.,Khoisan- the name by which the lighter skinned indigenous peoples of southern Africa, the Khoi (Hottentots) and the San (Bushmen) are known. -the earliest inhabitants of Africa and dominated the sub-continent for millennia before the appearance of the Nguni and other black peoples.,The Basques- a people who live in a small region that straddles the border of Spain & France form the sea in the west into the Pyrenees in the east. -They speak a language called Euskara (today about 25% of the population is fluent in that tongue).- No one knows exactly where the Basques came from.,Food of the Basques,Music of the Basques,HOME,WORDS,EXPRESSIONS,geneticssuperioritybias,to datenothing less thanbe confined toas of / fromin effect in combination withbe descended from,Words and Expressions,HOME,Can you recognize the words below?,politics, economics, electronics, classics, physics, mechanics,What do these words have in common?,-ics occur in nouns with the meaning of “the study or science of”,genetics n.,BACK,gene duplication,gene mutation,gene segregation,gene therapy,genetic modified food,genetic engineering,转基因食品,基因工程学,基因复制,基因治疗,基因突变,基因分离,Matching Game,BACK,superiority,n. the quality of being better, more skillful, etc. than other people or things优越,In what situations will you have a sense of superiority?,派生词,superior,Tips: handsome, tall, rich,BACK,adj. 1) showing that you consider yourself better than others有优越感的，傲慢的,2）of higher rank, or quality 高级的，上等的,工作上他是我的上司。,He is my superior to me at work.,More words with ior ?,opposite?,BACK,Show us what is the superior expression like?,superior,junior, senior, prior, interior, exterior,Prior to marriage, his mother was a respectable English teacher. He is still very junior within the company.We are fascinated by the delicate interior design of the apartment.After graduation from a junior middle school, he entered a senior middle school. Dont mind his gruff（粗鲁的） exterior; hes really very kind underneath.,BACK,n. sing. a tendency to consider sb. or sth. more favorably than others偏袒/见,The university has a bias towards/ in favor of/ against the sciences.,Translate,该大学偏重(侧重/歧视)理科。,vt. unfairly influence attitude, choices or decisions使有偏见,他的背景使他对外国人抱有偏见。,His background biases him against foreigners.,Translate,synonym: prejudice,bias,BACK,bias vs. prejudice,A bias is a prejudice in a general or specific sense, usually in the sense for having a preference to one particular point of view or ideological perspective.指“依个人好恶或成见提出有偏差的意见或判断”.,Prejudice is, as the name implies, the process of “pre-judging” something. It implies coming to a judgment on a subject before learning where the preponderance of evidence actually lies, or forming a judgment without direct experience.指“除私人感情外毫无根据的判断或成见, 常有恶意”。,BACK,Could you figure out the difference between the differences between these two words?,We have received more than five hundred applications until now.,What the management is saying, in fact, is that they are going to stop recruiting new staff.,Directions: Replace the italicized expressions in the following Sentences with the expressions given below and translate thesentences into Chinese.,His experience is exactly magical and Im moved to tears.,nothing less than,to date,in effect,nothing less than他的经历简直太奇妙了我被感动得流眼泪。,in effect 管理层的实际意思是，他们将停止招聘新员工。,to date 至今我们已经收到500多封求职信。,The artist uses photographs together with solid objects to produce this strange effect.,Starting from the first of July, all back seat passengers must wear seat belts.,as of / from,in combination with,in combination with 艺术家用图片加实体的方法创造了这种奇异效果。,as of/from 从7月1日起，所有后座上的乘客必须系安全带。,She claimed that her family were the descendants of the ancient Kings of Egypt.,He has to stay in bed for a whole week because of a bad cold.,be confined to,be descended from,were descended from 她声称她的家族是古埃及国王的后裔。,be confined to 由于严重感冒，他只能呆在床上。,BACK,HOME,Read the text quickly and fill in the following chart to understand the structure of the text.,How is the text organized?,research into population genetics,c. the process & difficulties of conducting the research,a. the social value of the research,d. the 4 major contributions of the research,Main idea?,Main idea?,Main idea?,Main idea?,b. the theoretical significance& contribution of the book,Topic?,details,Detailed Reading,While not exactly a 畅销书， the History andGeography of Human Genes is a remarkable collectionof more than 50 years of research in 人类遗传学.,the books firm conclusion:,Once the genes for surface features such as skin colorand height are discounted, the “races” are remarkably alike under the skin. The variation among individuals is much greater than the differences among groups. In fact, there is no 科学依据 for theories advocating the genetic superiority of any one population over another.,best-seller: a book that a lot of people buy,vt. regard sth. as unlikely to be true or important不理会，漠视e.g. Much of what he says must be discounted, he always imagines things.n. a reduction in the usual price of sth.打折,The book, however, is much more than an argument against the latest racially biased theory. The 主要倡导者 behind the project, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, a Stanford professor, labored with his colleagues for 16 years to create nothing less than the first genetic map of the world. (Para. 2),Paraphrase,But the book is not just an argument against the latest racially biased theory. The leading scientist of the project, .,Translation,然而，此书还不仅仅是对目前的种族偏见理论的反驳。这一项目的主要倡导者，斯坦福大学教授路卡.卡瓦里-斯福尔扎，与同事一起经过16年的努力，绘制了这一世界上首幅人类基因分布图谱。,A racially biased theory is one that shows an unreasonable like or dislike for one race based on personal opinions.,“having greater value or importance than sth. else” or “not only, not just” Please note here “more than” is used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison. 不仅仅是；非常,more than,Return,1)“more than” followed by a noun phrase: e.g. He is more than a teacher; he is a friend. 2)“more than” followed by a verbal phrase: e.g. We more than waited for him from morning till night; we were worried.3)“more than” followed by an adjective phrase: e.g. She was more than glad to hear the news.,Please note that “nothing less than” is often used to emphasize how important or surprising sth. is. In this case, it is often used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison. 简直是，完全是,“nothing less than” followed by a noun:e.g. What I have expected for a long time is nothing less than this movie.“nothing less than” followed by an adjective:e.g. His experience is nothing less than magical and I am moved to tears.,nothing less than,Return,The information needed to draw that tree is found in human blood: various proteins that serve as markers to reveal a persons genetic makeup.,Paraphrase,Its found that the different proteins in human blood provide the necessary information to draw the global family tree, for they can tell us about a persons genetic structure.,Translation,他们在人类血液中找到了绘制这一家谱所需的信息：不同的蛋白质就是显示一个人的基因构成的标志。,“fulfill the purpose of something”充当，担任，为,Serve as,Return,1) e.g. the judge said that the fine would serve as a warning to other motorists who drove without due care and attention.2)e.g. In the absence of anything better the box would serve as a table.,And to ensure the populations were pure, the study was confined to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492, before the first major movements from Europe began in effect, a genetic photo of the world when Columbus sailed for America.,Paraphrase,And to make sure the survey participants were not mixed with outsides, the study was limited to people who had been living since 1492 in their present locations and were not affected by the first major movements from Europe due to columbus discovery of America. in fact what the scientists drew was a genetic map of the world in 1492.,Translation,为了确保种群的“纯正”，这项研究将对象限定于自1492年起，即欧洲最初的大规模迁徙之前就一直居住在现生活区域的那些群体。这实际上就是一幅哥伦布驶向美洲时期的世界人口基因分布图。,How the scientists collected materials for drawing the genetic map? (Para.3),collecting the information that is found in human blood,assembling profiles of hundredsof thousands of individuals,ensuring the populations were “pure”,confining the study to groups that were in their present locations,difficulties (Para. 4),Potential donors were often afraid to cooperate, or had religious concerns.,有一次, when he was , he was 面对 by an angry father waving an axe.,an example,While illustrating the major discoveries of the research, what writing devices does the author use？,topic sentence:,The scientists made some remarkable discoveries.,One of them醒目地印在此书封面上: But their genes表明并非如此.,discovery 2,discovery 1,discovery 4,discovery 3,The same map,in combinationwith ancientjuman bones,confirms that,Genetic maps also 解释，阐明on the origins ofpopulationsthat have longpuzzled scientists.,the latest原材料 of the medicalindustry,listing,. One of them jumps right off the books cover: A color map of the worlds genetic variation has Africa at one end of the range and Australia at the other.,Paraphrase,one of the discoveries was right on the books cover a color map of the worlds genetic distribution dhows that Australians are most different from Africans.,Translation,其中之一就醒目地印在此书封面上：人类基因变异彩图表明，非洲与澳洲分别位于变化范围的两端。,What the eye sees as racial differencesbetween Europeans and Africans, for exampleare mainly a way to adapt to climate as humans move from one continent to another.,Paraphrase,for example, the different appearance of Europeans and Africans as we see are mainly result of environmental survival when they move from one continent to another.,Translation,我们所看到的人种差异，例如欧洲人与非洲人的差异，主要是人类从一个大陆向另一个大陆迁徙时为适应气候所产生的。,“make sth easier to understand”使清楚的现出来，阐明，为提供线索，对透露情况,shed light on,Return,1） e.g His new discovery will shed light on the mystery他的新发现将有助于解开这个谜团。2）eg. She has told them nothing that could shed light on her husbands whereabouts.她没向他们提供任何有关她丈夫下落的线索。,Example 1,Example 2,Many scientists consider the Khoisan a distinct race of very ancient origin. the Khoisan people are directly descended from the most primitive human ancestors. But their genes beg to differ.,Genetic maps also shed new light on the origins of populations that have long puzzled scientists. (Para. 7),The Basques of France and Spain have unusual patterns for several genes and their language of unknown origin cannot be placed within any standard classification. .,a general statement supported by examples,exemplification(例证法),distinct vs. distinctive,Distinct “ means being clearly noticeable”明显的，清楚的,distinctive means “have a special quality character, or appearance that is different and easy to recognize.”有特色的，与众不同的, 独特,特异,BACK,1）there is a distinct smell of cigarettes every time he come into the room2）there is a distinctive smell in the room,Activists for native populations fear that the scientists could exploit these peoples: Genetic material taken from blood samples could be used for commercial purposes without adequate payment made to the groups that provide the DNA.,Paraphrase,Activists for native populations worry that the scientists could take advantage of these peoples, getting DNA information from their blood samples to gain profits without paying them enough.,Translation,保护土著人权益的活动家们担心科学家可能会利用土著人：从当地人血样中提取的基因物质可被用于商业目的，而DNA 提供者却不会获得足够的报酬。,“not only but also” 不仅而且,not(just/only)butas well,1) the government radio not only reported the demonstration, but announced it in advance as well2）eg. Some parents are not only concerned with safety but skeptical of educational value of such strips as well.,Post-reading Activities,HOME,The passage outlines the book The History and Geography of Human Genes, which is the first genetic map of the world. Its based on the combined research of more than 50 years into population genetics. It appears from this books conclusion that, if we disregard (忽视) the different surface features between different races, then we are all very similar under the surface.,Try to fill in the blanks with the right words with the help of the first letters.,Scientifically there is no evidence that one race is in any way genetically superior to any other. When conducting the research, scientists were confronted by many difficulties. Despite that, they made some remarkable discoveries. Anyway according to what Cavalli-Sforza said, the studys ultimate aim is to “weaken conventional notions of race” that cause racial prejudice.,BACK,Scanning ActivityGlobal-reading ActivitiesDetailed-reading Activities,Text Understanding,HOME,Scan the text very quickly and work in pairs to answer the following questions.,What is The History and Geography of Human Genes?,What does The History and Geography of Human Genes conclude?,What do we know about the creator of the first genetic map of the world?,Where did the scientists find the information to draw a global family tree?,key,key,key,key,What are the four major discoveries of the research?,According to genetic information, are Europeans pure of mixed?,What does the genetic map of the world show us about the Khoisan people?,What is the ultimate aim of the study conducted by the scientists?,key,key,key,key,It is a remarkable collection of more than 50 years of research in population genetics and the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes.,Return,It concludes that in spite of the surface features, the “races” are remarkably alike under the skin.,Return,Luca Cavalli-Sforza, a Stanford professor and the prime mover behind the project.,Return,In human blood, because various protein serve as markers to reveal a persons genetic makeup.,Return,a color map of the worlds genetic variation with Africa at one end of the range & Australia at the other.It confirms that Africa was the birthplace of humanity and thus the starting point of the original human movements.It also shed new light on the origins of populations that have long puzzled scientists.Genetic information is also the latest raw material of the medical industry.,Return,It shows that the Khoisan may be a very ancient mix of west Asians and black Africans, rather than being directly descended from the most primitive human ancestors and that their breeding