专业英语复习参考4.07 交通土建工程本科自学考试复习资料

专业英语专业英语 英译汉英译汉 1 工程是一种专业 也就是说工程师必 须受到专业大学教 育 Engineering is a profession which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education 2 统计学中的重要 部分是概率论 An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability 3 一位未来的土木 工程师应当意识到 将要对他 她 提 出的体力要求 The prospective civil engineer should be aware of the physical demands that will be made on him or her 4 由于施工会很危 险 所以安全因素 必须考虑在内 Safety factors must also be taken into account since construction can be very dangerous 5 当然 计算机能 比人更快捷 精确 地解决许多有关计 算问题 Computers of course can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can 6 差不多在所有工 程项目中 施工是 一个复杂的过程 Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projests 7 许多早期的伟大 建筑物仍然存在或 者在使用 Many great building built in earlier ages are still in existence and in use 8 在设计结构时 现代工程师必须考 虑到所有材料的总 重量 When a modern engineer plans a structure he takes into account the total weight of all its component materials 9 在用据毫不费力 地锯开一块木头时 木头是受拉的 When a saw cuts easily through a piece of wood the wood is tension 10 水平力必须彼此 平衡 The horizontal forces must be equal to each other 11 钢和混凝土有几 乎相同的收缩率和 膨胀率 Steel and concrete have almost the same tate of contraction and epansion 12 铝比不锈钢轻得 多 但又具有许多 不锈钢的特性 Aluminum weighs much less than stainless steel but has many of the same properties 13 我们不需要进行 复杂的谈判 We do not need to enter into lengthy or complicated negotiations 14 合同各方同意做 某些事 如果当事 人一方未能履行协 议中规定的义务 他应承担违约责任 Each party to the contract has agreed to do something and is liable for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of agreement 15 这些合同中 值 得注意的是土地转 让合同 Notable among these contracts are contracts for the sale and disposal of land 16 当某人在文件上 签字以后 他就被 认为已阅读并同意 文件的内容 Once a person has signed a document he is assumed to have read and approved its contents 17 承包商必须按照 合同的条款履行自 己的责任 The conditiona of contract define the obligations and performances to which the contractor will be subject 18 雇主一般不受报 价最低的投标着或 任何投标者约束 The employer does not usually bind himself to accept the lowest or indeed any tender 19 土石方设备的选 择主要决定于材料 的性质和运距 The selection of earth working equipment is primarily depended upon the nature of the materials and the haul distances 20 岩石必须首先凿 眼 爆破 然后用 装载机或挖土机装 入货车或其他运输 设备 Rock must be drilled and blasted then loaded with loader or shovel into trucks or other hauling waits 21 推土机 铲运机 和自卸汽车的经济 运距各不相同 The economical haul distances of bulldozers scrapers and dump trucks are different 22 合理的路堤施工 要求土壤分层摊铺 在接近最佳含水量 时压实 The proper embankment construction requires that the soil be spread in layers and compacted at a moisture content near optimum 23 松动的岩石接着 用拖式铲运设备来 处理 就像处理 普通土 表示另 两类之外的所有材 料 The loosened rock is then handled by tractor scraper units as is done with common excavatio n 24 材料通常分为 岩石 松石 或 普通土 普 通土 表示另两类 之外的所有材料 Materials are usually described as rock loose rock or common with common signifyin g all material not otherwise classified 25 交通事故是指由 于车辆在交通中引 起人员伤亡或物质 损失 A traffic accident denotes the event in which personal injury or death or property damage is caused by vehicles in trallic 26 交通事故按其严 重程度一般可分为 死亡 重伤 轻伤 和物质损失 Traffic accidents can be grouped as death serious and light injury and property damage according to their severity 27 交通事故的原因 主要包括人 车辆 道路和环境因素 Causes of traffic accidents are principally related to person the vehicle the road and the environment 28 为了生产更安全 和在撞车事故中少 受损坏的车辆 汽 车制造商和研究人 员做出了很大努力 Automobile manufactures and researchers makes great efforts to produce safer and less damaged vehicles in collision events 29 平曲线半径 交 叉口设计等都是影 响交通安全的重要 因素 Radii of horizontal designs of intersections are important factors in traffic safety 30 也许真正需要的 是交通事故和交通 安全之间的均衡 Perhaps what is really wanted is a balance between traffic accidents and safety 汉译英汉译英 1 Engineering graduates have pass an examination similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer 工程专业 生必须通过考试 就类似于律师要通 过职业考试 2 In the engineering curriculum a current trend is to require students to take course in social sciences 在工程课 程中 当今一个潮 流就是要选修社会 科学课程 3 The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer 工程学和社 会学的关系变得越 来越密切 4 The student who is preparing to become a civil engineer may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying etc 一个 想成为土木工程师 的学生 或许需要 学习大地测量等课 程 5 young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering 年轻的 工程师可以需选择 环境或卫生工程 6 On the job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to transtate theory into practice to the supervisors 在职培 训将使主管人了解 他 她 将理论运 用于实践的能力 7 The civil engineer may work in research design maintenance eve n in sales or management 土木 工程师可以从事研 究 设计 养护甚 至于销售或管理工 作 8 Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice 研究是科 研和工程实践中最 重要的方面之一 9 As we have seen civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures 正如我 们所知 土木工程 师可以从事有关建 筑方面的多种工作 10 Civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads 设 计和建设像放射台 这样的建筑需要土 木工程师的参与 11 Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase 许多土木工程师因 此专攻施工方面工 作 12 Bridge tunnels and skyscrapers under construction can also be dangerous places to work 在桥梁 隧 道 摩天大楼 地 下建筑中工作也同 样存在危险 13 These great building were not the product of knowledge of mathematics and physics 这些伟大的 建筑物不是数字和 物理知识的产物 14 Many of these great building built in earlier ages were poorly constructed and sometimes collapsed with considerable loss of life 许多早期的建 筑物建筑水平不高 有时甚至会倒塌造 成巨大的人员上伤 亡 15 Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable there forces must be kept in balnce 土木工程师 设计的目的就是使 建筑物的结构稳定 所以建筑上的各方 力都必须平衡 16 If a beam supports a load above the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight 一旦梁 上面有负载 那么 这根梁必须有足够 的强度来支撑这个 负载 17 Forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction 建筑物四 周的受力必须与反 方向的力平衡 18 The collapse of the Tacoma Naeeows Bridge was the result of not considering the last of these factors Tacoma Naeeows 桥倒塌是由于没有 考虑到这些因素中 最后一个 19 It is now common practice to test scale models of bridges in wind tunnels for earodynamic resistance 现在的通 常作法是按比例缩 小的桥梁模型放在 风洞里检测它们的 空气动力抵抗力 20 Steel and concrete complement each other in another way 钢筋和混凝土 可以在另一方面互 补 21 Acid corrodes steel whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction the opposite of acid 酸 可以腐蚀钢 而混 凝土中有一种碱性 化学反应 可以中 和酸性作用 22 Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few building 铝质 梁已在桥梁建筑及 一些建筑的框架中 使用 23 Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability and with a lighter weight 现在 人们 在尝试生产一些强 度更高 使用寿命 更长 重量更轻的 混凝土 24 Another advantage is that steel does rust in concrete 另外一个 优点 就是钢筋不 会在混凝土中腐蚀 25 The word contract is derived from the Latin contractum meaning drawn together 合 同 contract 一词 来自拉丁语 contractum 意思 是结合在一起 26 We all enter into contracts almost everyday for supply goods transportation and similar services 我们差不多每天都 要处理合同 如供 货 运输以及类似 服务 27 A contaact has been defined as an agreement which creates and contemplate an obligation 订立合 同就是达成有关责 任和义务的协议 28 In general English law requires no special formalities in making contracts 一 般来说 按照英国 法律 订立合同并 不需要特殊的手段 29 The contract terms are set out in writing in document 合同条 款写成书面文件 30 Thus by setting down the terms of a contract in writing one secures avoiding disputes 这样 把合同条款 写下来以避免发生 争议 31 No payment is due until the work is complete 完工后付 款 32 The contractor is not entitled to receive payment in full until the work is satisfactorily completed 在工程 没有达到满意地完 成以前 承包人得 不到全部应付款 33 The employer might be able to postpone indefinitely his liability to pay for the works 业主可以 无限期延迟付给工 程款 34 The promoter of civil engineering works normally determines the conditions of comtract 通常由土 木工程的发包人确 定合同的条款 35 The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender 承包人在提交标书 时他所应负的责任 是邀标书中规定的 36 The employer is entitled to know the reasoning underlying the engineer choice of contract 业主有权 了解工程师在选择 合同时所根据的理 由 37 Construction plans and specifications stipulate many requirement that are to be met by materials or construction procedures 施工图 纸和规范规定了材 料或施工过程应该 蛮子的许多要求 38 There are two basically different control procedures for assuring a specified embankment density 确保规定的 路堤密度有两种不 同的基本控制步骤 39 The accepted procedure is to remove practically all vegetable matter from the original ground and from fill material 采用的方 法是 从原地面和 填料中清除几乎全 部的植物 40 Today engineers agree that proper emankment constuction requires that the soil be spread in layers moistured or dried to something near an optimum moisture content and compacted 现在 工程师一致认为合 理的路堤施工要求 土壤分层摊铺 洒 湿或晾干至接近最 佳含水量并压实 41 The second procedure is to state the manner and method for constructing the embankment 第二 个步骤是叙述铺筑 路堤的方式和方法 42 layered construction resulted in greater uniformity in the material itself and in its density and moisture content 分 层施工能得到更好 的密度 含水量以 及材料本身的均匀 性 43 Unless there is a bridge tunnel or other special stucture this roadbed is constructed of in siitu or on earth embankments 只要 没有桥 隧道或其 他特殊建筑 路基 就可以建在土堤上 44 Building it is the first step in producing a finished facility 建筑物是提 供完美实施的第一 步 45 Selective clearing in adjoining areas may at time be requied 在需要的时候 在 道路的连接处 进 行一些有选择的清 理是有必要的 46 Clearing site sometimes can involve removing trees stumps and disposing of the debris 清理场地有 时包括搬移树 树 桩和处理碎屑 47 Selection of equipment depends on the nature of the material how far it is to be moved and the method of disposal 设备的选 择取决于材料的性 质 需要搬移的距 离以及处理的方式 48 Loaders and shovels easily dig common axcavation without blasting 装载机和挖土机能 够不需爆破就进行 普通的挖掘 49 Traffic accidents take a tremendous toll of human lives personal property and cause untold grief and misery 交通事故使人类生 命 财产蒙受巨大 损失 带来数不尽 的悲伤和痛苦 50 The vehicles involved in all crashes 5 were reported defective and 8 were so reported in fatal accidents 据报告 在所有撞车事故中 5 的车辆存在缺 陷 8 的涉及死 亡事故的车辆也是 有缺陷的 51 Numerous publications have been prepared on the subject of road design and control for highway safety 有关道路设计及其 安全控制问题 已 出版了众多著作 52 The advent of high speed divided roads has created an additional problem for the road surface in wet weather 分道 行驶的高速公路的 出现 对于雨天的 道路表面带来了新 问题 53 Modern tires have been developed with tread patterns design for draining 新式轮 胎的胎面带来排水 的花纹 54 The importance of safety one experiences on a given highway safety is well recognized 对所有 现代运输的安全重 要性 特别是高速 公路的安全性 大 家已形成了共识 55 The actual degree of safety one experiences on a given highway is determined by decision made on many different levels 在某条高速 公路上所感受到的 真实安全度 是由 许多不同的影响安 全的因素决定的 56 Safe highways are expensive and it appears that the driving public does not want safe highways 安全的高 速公路造价昂贵 而看起来驾驶人员 也并不喜欢安全的 高速公路 57 Therefore to prevent vehicle alfunction mandat ory motor vehicle inspection programs are being enforced 因 此 为了避免车辆 发生故障 机动车 辆检查项目是强制 实施的 58 Stop light backup light and four way emergency flashers also aid in vehicle safety 停车灯 倒 车灯和紧急闪烁灯 也是有助于车辆安 全的 59 The life span and response of brakes have been vastly improved 制 动器的使用寿命和 灵敏度有了很大提 高 60 Therefore high way improvement is also a key factor in preventing accidents 因此 高 速公路的改进也是 避免交通事故发生 的关键因素 填空填空 1 Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques 2 Thus on the job training can be acquired to translate theory into practice to the supervisors 3 Engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firms 4 Large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a systems engineer 5 An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability 6 Young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering 7 The weight of the structure itself is known as dead load 8 Modern cement called portland cement was invented in 1824 9 Prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforcement 10 As a structural material the enormous advantage of steel is its tensile strength 11 When planning a structure an engineer must take into account four factors dead load live load impact and safety factor 12 The three forces that can act on a structure are vertical force hotizontal force and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion 13 A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or more parties 14 The word contract is derived from the Latin contractum meaning drawn together 15 This sum is known as retention money and serves to insure the employer against any defects that may arise in the work 16 One party to the contract is liable for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement 17 It is sufficient in order to create a legally binding contract if the parties express their agreement and intention to ent