初中名词讲解与练习

1 初中语法初中语法 名词名词 教学内容 名词的构成 复数及所有格 教学目标 掌握名词的的复数规则及不规则变化 名词所有格的构成 教学重难点 名词的复数不规则变化 名词所有格的构成 及主谓一致 教学过程 一名词一名词 一 英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类 1 专有名词是个别的人 地 物 团体 机构等的专用名称 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写 如 Beijing Tom the People s Republic of China 中华人民共和国 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语 则必须使用定冠词 the 如 the Great Wall 长城 姓氏名如果采用复数形式 则表示该姓氏一家人 复数含义 如 the Greens 格林一家人 2 普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称 如 pupil family man foot 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词 可数名词可分为个体名词和集体名词 是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词 如 box child orange 不可数名词可分为物质名词和抽象名词 是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词 如 water news oil population information 二 英语可数名词的单复数 英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式 1 名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下 在单数名词词尾加 s 如 map maps boy boys horse horses table tables s o x sh ch 结尾的词加 es 如 class classes box boxes hero heroes dish dishes bench benches 注 少数以 o 结尾的词 变复数时只加 s 如 photo photos piano pianos 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词 变 y 为 i 再加 es 如 family families city cities party parties 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词 变 f 或 fe 为 v 再加 es 如 shelf shelves wolf wolves life lives knife knives 2 不规则变化 1 元音发生变化如 man men 男人 woman women 妇女 tooth teeth 牙齿 foot feet 脚 mouse mice 老鼠 policeman policemen 警察 policewoman policewomen 女警察 2 词尾发生变化 如 child children 小孩 ox oxen 公牛 3 单 复数形式相同 如 fish fish 鱼 sheep sheep 绵羊 deer deer 鹿 chinese chinese 中国 人 yuan yuan 元 jinn jinn 斤 注意 不说 an english 要说 an englishman 不可数名词一般没有复数形式 说明其数量时 要用有关计量名词 如 a bag of rice two bags of rice a piece of paper three pieces of paper a bottle of milk five bottles of milk 4 形似单数 实为复数意义 2 如 people 人 人们 these people 不说 a people 可说 a person police 公安 警察 ten police 不说 a police 可说 a policeman 5 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成名词 变复数将名词及 man 或 woman 都变成复数 如 a man driver men drivers 男司机 a woman doctor women doctors 女医生 6 合成名词变为复数时 通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数 如 passer by passers by 过路人 bus driver bus drivers 汽车司机 注意如果没有主体名词 就在最后一词上加 s 如 grown up grown ups 成年人 letter box letter boxes 信箱 注意 hair 和 fruit 通常作单数 表示总体 若表示若干根头发或若干种水果 则需用这 两个词的复数形式 如 would you like some more fruit 你要不要再吃点水果 we bought a lot of fruit from the market 我们从市场上买了许多水果 china has some good frits 中国有一些好的水果 指种类 she has a few white hairs 她有几要白头发 his black hair is going white 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色 注意 wind snow 和 rain 这类词 有时也可以有复数形式 表示多次的风 雪或雨 注意以 boy 和 girl 开头的复合名词变成复数时 一般只把后一名词变成复数 如 boy student boy students 男学生 girlfriend girlfriends 女朋友 7 有些名词只有作复数 如 scissors 剪刀 a pair of scissors 一把剪刀 trousers 裤子 shorts 短裤 jeans 工 装裤 compasses 两脚规 scales 天平 sunglasses 太阳镜 surroundings 环境 savings 储蓄 writings 作品 名词 man woman 构成的复合名词 其复数形式通常与简单名词一样 即把 man woman 改成 men women 如 englishman englishmen 英国人 frenchwoman frenchwomen 法国妇女 注意 german 不是复合词 它的复数是 germans 三 名词所有格 名词所有格表示所属关系 相当于物主代词 在句中作定语 宾语或主语 其构成法如下 1 表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加 s 如 Childern s Day 儿童节 my sister s book 我姐姐的书 2 以 s 或 es 结尾的复数名词 只在词尾加 如 Teachers Day 教师节 3 有些表示时间 距离以及世界 国家 城镇等无生命的名词 也可在词尾加 s 如 3 today s newspaper 今天的报纸 ten minutes break 十分钟的课间休息 China s population 中国的人口 4 无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词 一般均可用介词 of 短语来表示所有关系 如 a fine daughter of the Party 党的好女儿 不规则变化 四 注解 s 还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺 如 my aunt s 我阿姨家 the doctor s 诊 所 两人共有某物时 可以采用 A and B s 的形式 如 Lucy and Lily s bedroom 露西 和丽丽合住的卧室 of 名词所有格 名词性物主代词 称为双重所有格 如 a friend of my father s 我父亲的一位朋友 a friend of mine 我的一位朋友 4 名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题 1 谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致 即 主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时 谓语动词 用单数形式 如 The computer was a great invention 计算机是个了不起的发明 The water in the glass is very cold 玻璃杯里的水很冷 2 集体名词 如 family class team group row police school 等 做句子主语时 如果表示整体概念 则谓语用单数形式 如 Class Three is a very good class 三班是 好班 如果表示其中的所有成员时 则谓语用复数形式 如 Class Three have a map of China 三 班有张中国地图 3 Chinese Japanese fish sheep people 等表示单个时谓语用单数 表示许多时 谓语 用复数 如 There is a sheep in the yard 院子里有只绵羊 There are some sheep in the yard 院子里有一些绵羊 4 maths news 等虽然有 s 结尾 但不是复数 因此谓语仍用单数 The news is very exciting 这个消息令人兴奋 5 glasses shoes socks trousers gloves 等名词往往用复数形式 故谓语用复数 如 The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them 裤子很便宜 我想买 6 a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式 跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式 如 A lot of students are playing baseball now 现在有许多学生在打垒球 A lot of time was wasted on that work 大量的时间花在了那个工作上 被动句 7 and 连接两个名词做主语时 谓语原则上用复数 但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时 谓语则用单数 如 The teacher and his son are picking apples now 老师和他的儿 子在摘苹果 Fish and chips is very famous food 鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品 8 there be 句型中 be 的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定 如 There is a table and four chairs in the room 房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子 9 用 both and 连接两个事物做主语时 谓语一般用复数 如 Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow 你和我明天要求都来 10 主语中含有 with 的短语时 谓语单复数由 with 之前的人物决定 如 A woman with a 7 year old child was standing at the side of the road 一名妇女带着一个七岁的 孩子 当时 就站在路边 11 either or 或者 neither nor 连接两个人物做句子主语时 谓语采用就近原则 4 如 Either you or he is right 要么是你对 要么是他对 你和他有一个人是对的 Neither you nor I am going there 你和我都不打算去那里 12 表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时 谓语一般用单数 如 Two months is not a short time 两个月不是个短时间 Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance 距离 两千千米是相当长的一段距离 13 主语中含有 half of three quarters of all of the 等词语时 谓语 的单复数由名词确定 如 Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English 因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的 A third of the students were playing near the lake 学生的三分之一 当时 正在湖边玩耍 All of the water in these rivers has been polluted 这些河流中的水已经被污染了 被动句 但是 population 一词又有特殊情况 What s the population of China 中国人口 是多少 句子用单数 Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs 阿拉伯人 这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人 句子用复数 Step2 Step2 练习练习 初中英语名词练习题 一 选择正确的答案 1 Are those No they aren t They re A sheep cows B sheep cowC sheeps cow D sheeps cows 2 Mum I m quite thirsty Please give me A two orange B two bottles of orange C two bottles orange D two bottles of oranges 3 I have got news from my friend Do you want to know A a very good B any C a piece of D two pieces 4 room is on the 5th floor A Lucy and Lily B Lucy and Lily sC Lucy s and Lily D Lucy s and Lily s 5 Every morning Mr Smith takes a to his office 5 A 20 minutes walk B 20 minute s walkC 20 minutes walk D 20 minute walk 6 This is James Allan Green We can call him A Mr Green B Mr AllanC Mr James D James Green 7 Jack and Tom are A good friends B good friend C a good friend D good a friend 8 It s only about ten walk to the nearest post office A minutes B minute s C minutes D minute 9 He often has for breakfast A two breads B two piece of breadsC two pieces of bread D two pieces of breads 10 Mrs Green has two They re very bright A childs B child C children s D children 11 What did the headmaster say about Jim s A two months holiday B two months holiday C two month holiday D two month s holidays 12 I won t go there with you for I have a lot of to do A works B job C work D working 13 Li Lei is a friend of A I sister B my sister sC me sister D my sister of 14 Have you read 6 A today s B today paper C the today s paper D today s paper 15 How many are there in the room A boxes B box C boxs D boxxes 16 Many have been built in our city since 1987 A factorys B factories C factoryes D factorys 17 There are lots of in the basket on the table A tomatos B tomato C tomatoes D tomatoss 18 The cat caught two last night A mouses B mice C mouse D mices 19 Jack went to have two pulled out yesterday afternoon A tooths B tooth C teeth D toothes 20 In our school there are fifty five A women teachers B woman teachers C women teacher D woman s teacher 21 The three will be put into prison A thiefs B thief C thieves D thiefs 二 基本型 写出下列名词的复数形式 1 pencil box 2 wife 3 Sunday 4 city 5 dress 6 Englishman 7 match 8 Chinese 9 zoo 7 10 exam 11 German 12 I have a lot of 作业 to do every day 13 His 裤子 are new but mine are old 14 It is the best one of the 照片 in my family 15 Are they building any 图书馆 in the city 16 Can you cut this big pear into two 半 17 At the end of 八月 you must get ready for the new school year 18 Trees are planted in most of the mountain v 19 I like a It s neither hot nor cold 20 T comes after Monday 提高型 1 June 1st is Day all over the world A Child s B Childs C Children sD Childrens 2 September 10th is Day in China isn t it A Teacher sB Teachers C TeacherD Teacher of 3 is made of A Glass glassB A glass glassC Glasses glasses D A glass glasses 4 This is news A such a good B a very good C so good a D such good 5 What it is Let s go swimming A a fine weatherB fine dayC a fine dayD bad weather 6 They like Chinese A food and peoples B foods and people C foods and people D food and people 7 Lucy and I go to school every day A on feetB on footC by footsD by buses 8 Are those No they aren t They re A sheep cowsB sheep cowC sheeps cow D sheeps cows 9 What are you listening to Jane or A a music a newsB music newsC music newsD music a news 10 How many and are there in your class 8 A boy student girl onesB girls students boys ones C boys student girl oneD girl students boy ones 11 A group of are talking with two over there A Frenchmen GermansB Frenchmen Germen C German FrenchmenD Germans Frenchmans 12 That bus driver drank two A glass of waterB glasses of watersC cups of teaD cup of tea 13 Mrs Smith is an old friend of A Bob s motherB Bob s mother sC mother of BobD Bob mother s 14 The tall man with a big nose is teacher A Tom and CarlB Tom s and Carl sC Tom and Carl s 15 There is tree in our school A a 8 metres tallB an 8 metre tallC an 8 metres tall 综合型 1 In time those mountains will be covered with trees A fewyear B a few years C few years D a few year s 2 Did you hear the report A policeB policemen s C policemans D policemens 3 We bought for my mother s birthday A some meatsB some pieces meatC a piece of meatD pieces of meats 4 Whose is this new desk It s A Sue and Jim sB Sue and JimC Sue s and Jim s 5 Would you like coffee No thanks I ve drunk two A any bottles of orangeB little bottle of oranges C some bottles of orangeD a few bottle of orange 6 How many do you want Two please A kilos of eggB kilo of eggsC kilos of eggsD kilo of bread 7 The railway station is two from our house A hour s drive B hours driveC hour drive D hours drive 9 8 Where are you going Lucy A To my uncleB To my uncle sC At my uncleD At my uncle s 9 Have you read A a newspaper of today s B today newspaper C today s newspaper 10 There re a lot of down there but hardly any A horse peopleB horses peoplesC cow peopleD sheep people 11 Lucy put a lot of in of tea 2000 西安 A sugar the two cupB sugars the two cups C sugar the two cupsD sugars two cups 12 Mr Lin often gives us by e mail 2000 上海 A some good informationB some good informations C good informationsD a good information 13 Is this your room No it s room 2000 广州 A box of appleB boxes of applesC box of apples D boxes of apple 17 Help yourself to some Thank you I really like them 2001 汕头 A fishB orangeC breadD cakes 18 This is an old photo of mine when I 2001 吉林 A have short hairs B had short hairs C have short hair D had short hair 19 Where is sweater I can t see it 2001 四川 A LucyB LucysC Lucy s 20 The little baby has two already 2001 天津 A toothB toothsC teethD teeths 21 We all had last month Did you travel to anywhere A seven days holidayB seven day s holiday C seven days holidayD a seven days holiday 22 Yesterday a few came to visit some in Shantou A German places of interestB Germans places of interests C Germans places of interestD Germen places of interest 10 23 When autumn comes of most trees turn yellow and then fall down A leafB leafsC leave D leaves 四 巩固练习 1 She was very happy She in the maths test A makes a few mistake B made a few mistakes C made few mistakes D makes few mistake 2 We need some more Can you go and get some please A potato B potatos C potatoes D potatoe 3 are for cutting things A Knife used B Knives used C Knife using D Knives using 4 What big the tiger has A tooth B teeth C tooths D toothes 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree A leafs B leaves C leaf D leave 6 Can we have some Yes please A banana B oranges C apple D pear 7 On the table there are five A tomatos B piece of tomatoes C tomatoes D tomato 8 They got much from those new books A ideas B photos C information D stories 9 He gave us on how to keep fit A some advices B some advice C an advice D a advice 10 When we saw his face we knew was bad 11 A some news B a news C the news D news 11 Would you like tea No thanks I have drunk two A any bottles of orange B some bottles of orange C many bottles of oranges D few bottle of oranges 12 He is hungry Give him to eat A two breads B two piece of bread C two pieces of bread D two pieces of breads 13 It really took him to draw the nice horse A sometimes B hour C long time D some time 14 I would like to have A two glasses of milk B two glass of milk I C two glasses of milks D two glass of milks 15 Can you give me A a tea B some cup of tea C a cup tea D a cup of tea 16 Please give me paper A one B a piece C a D a piece of 17 John bought for himself yesterday A two pairs of shoes B two pair of shoe C two pair of shoes D two pairs shoes 18 How many have you got on your farm I ve got five A sheeps B sheep C pig D chicken 12 19 Some came to our school for a visit that day A Germans B Germen C Germany D Germanies 20 In the picture there are many and two A sheep foxes B sheeps foxes C sheeps fox D sheep foxs 21 A group of will visit the museum tomorrow A Hungarian B Australian C Japanese D American 22 This table is made of A many glass B glasses C some glasses D glass 23 What would you like to have for lunch sir I d like A chicken B a chicken C chickens D the chicken 24 Children should make for old people in a bus A room B a room C rooms D the room 25 Tables are made of A wood B some woods C wooden D woods 26 I wonder why are so interested in action 武打片 films A people B peoples C the people D the peoples 27 I have read of the young writer A works B work C this works D the works 28 Let s meet at 7 30 outside the gate of A the People s Park B the Peoples Park C the People Park D People s Park 13 29 If these trousers are too big buy a smaller A set B one C piece D pair 30 Last week I bought a TV A pair B set C piece D block 31 There is a of wood left on the ground A cup B piece C box D pair 32 There are sixty seven in our school A women s teacher B women teachers C woman teachers D women teacher 33 There are five in our factory A woman driver B women driver C woman drivers D women drivers 34 These were sent to the villages to help the farmers A women doctor B women doctors C woman doctors D woman doctor 35 They write most of their in English A business letter B business letters C businesses D businesses letters 36 We came to a at last and went into it A watch shop B watches shop C watching shop D watchs shop 37 This shop sells apples bananas and things like these It s a A food shop B book shop C fruit shop D vegetable shop 38 She broke a while she was washing up A glass of wine B glass for wine C glass wine D win