Finding fossil man

Finding fossil man we can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the near east where people first learned to write 我们可以知道 5000 年前近东人最开始学习读写 but there are some parts of the word where even now people cannot write 但是现在世界上的某些地方人们依然不会写字 The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas legends handed down from one generation of another 他们能够保留历史的唯一方法就是把它们叙述成传奇代代相传 These legends are usful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago but none could write down what they did 这些传说是非常有用的 因为他们能够告诉我们生活在远古时期的人们又怎样的迁移 但 是他们没有人能够将这些记录下来 Anthropologist wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific island came from 人类学家一直很好奇居住在太平洋小岛上的波利尼西亚人最初的祖先来自于何处 The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2000 years ago 关于这部分人的传说显示这些人中的一部分来自于 2000 年前的印尼 But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas if the had any are forgotten 但是住在遥远的过去的我们的祖先 连他们的传奇都已经被遗忘了 当然如果他们有传奇 的话 so archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first modern men came from 所以考古学家们既没有历史记载也没有传说可以供他们找出最初的现代人来自于哪里 Fortunately however ancient men made tools of stone especially flint because this is easier to shape than other kind 但是 幸运的是祖先们用石头做为工具 尤其是燧石 因为他们比其他的种类更加容易定 型 They may also have used wood and skins but these have rotted away 他们也会用木头和兽皮 但是这些材料很快就腐烂了 Stone dose not decay and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace 石头并不会腐烂 所以这些在很久以前制作的工具依然能够保留下来 即使制作他们的人 们早已经灰飞烟灭了 Why you may wonder should spiders be our friends 你一定好奇 为什么蜘蛛会是我们的朋友 Because they destroy so many insects and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race 因为他们能够杀死很多害虫其中还包括很多人类主要的敌人 Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herd if it were not for the protection we get from insect eating animals 害虫使我们在这个世界上的生存变得困难 他们会蚕食我们的作物 Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport and the more difficult it is the more highly it is regarded 现代的登山人试图通过能够让他们更多运动的路线登山 这条路线越坎坷 就会越受到欢 迎 重视 in the pioneering days however this was not the case at all 但是 在登山的先锋时代 情况却完全不是这样的 The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought especially if it and never been attained before 早期的登山者在寻找通往山顶的最简单的路线 山顶 尤其是他们没有到过的山顶是他们 一直追求的奖励 It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber shudder at the thought but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement 事实上 在他们探险的过程中他们会面对很多困难甚至是来自于原始大自然的危险 他们 的装备在现代的登山者看来是非常简陋的 但是他们不怕麻烦追求那份快乐与兴奋 They had a single aim a solitary goal the top 他们只有一个目的 他们唯一的目标就是 到达顶峰 It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers 现在我们很难体会先驱者们的艰难 Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix which had rapidly become popular alpine village tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains 除了 zermatt 和 chamonix 等一两个地方在短时间内流行起来以外 那些被高山与城市文明 阻隔的阿尔卑斯村庄似乎有着无穷尽的开发潜能 Such inns as there were generally dirty and flea ridden the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old all washed down with coarse wine 那里的旅馆都很脏并且有很多跳蚤 食物通常是当地的奶酪配着放置了一年的面包 就着 粗制的红酒一起吃下 Often a valley boasted no inn at all and climbers found shelter wherever they could sometimes with the local priest who was usually as poor as his parishioners sometimes with shepherds or cheese makers 通常这些村庄没有值得夸赞的旅馆 登山者们只能找任何他们能找到的庇护所居住 有时 是与当地的牧师一起 牧师通常与当地的牧民一样的贫穷 有时与牧羊人甚至制作奶酪的 工匠一起 Invariably the background was the same dirt and poverty and very uncomfortable 不管怎样 环境总是一成不变的 脏 穷困并且非常的不舒适 For men accustomed to eating seven course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home the change to the Alps must have very hard indeed 对于在家习惯于吃七道菜 睡在高级亚麻席上的人来说 去阿尔卑斯将会非常的困难 Seeing hands Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can detect colours with their fingers and even see through solid and walls 最近 俄罗斯报道了几个案例 有人可以通过手指辨别颜色 甚至能透过厚实的墙壁 One case concerns an eleven year old schoolgirl Vera Petrova who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin and through solid walls 其中一例谈到一个名叫 vera petrova 的十一岁女学生 他的视力与常人无异 但是可以通过 自己皮肤的不同部位感知事物 甚至是隔着厚实的墙壁 This ability was first noticed by her father 这个能力首先是被他的父亲发现的 One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe 有一天她来到他的办公室 偶然将手放在了一个锁好的保险箱门上 Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there and even described the way they were done up in bundles 她突然问她的父亲 为什么他要把那么多的旧报纸锁起来 并且还描述了他们的捆绑方式 Vera s curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk near where she lives and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic Vera 与众不同的能力引起了他家附近的一个 u 省科研机构的注意 四月份他接受了一系列 的 During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and stranger still by moving her elbow over a child s game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it and in another instance wearing stockings and slippers to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet 在这项测试中 她能够透过一个不透明的屏幕阅读报纸 然而更奇怪的是她在落托游戏卡 上移动手肘就能够描述卡片的数字和颜色 另一次 她穿着袜子和拖鞋用脚感受出了藏在 毯子下的一幅画的轮廓以及颜色 Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity 另外的实验显示 他的膝盖和肩膀都同样的敏感 During all these tests Vera was blindfold and indeed except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin 在所有的测试中 vera 是蒙着眼睛的 而且 事实上 当眼睛没有被蒙起来的时候 他是没 有这种通过皮肤感知事物的能力 It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet 此外 通过这些实验 还发现 尽管它能够通过手指感知事物 但是当他的手是湿的时候 这种能力就会消失 Lesson 5 Youth People are always talking about the problem of youth If there is one which I take leave to doubt then it is older people who create it not the young themselves Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings people just like their elders There is only one difference between an old man and a young one the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him and maybe that is where the rub is When I was a teenager I felt that I was just young and uncertain that I was a new boy in a huge school and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem For one thing being a problem gives you a certain identity and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking I find young people exciting They have an air of freedom and they not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort They are not anxious social climbers and they have no devotion to material things All this seems to me to link them with life and the origins of things It s as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures All that is in my mind when I meet a young person He may be conceited ill mannered presumptuous or fatuous but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect of elders as if mere age were a reason for respect I accept that we are equals and I will argue with him as an equal if I think he is wrong 人们经常会谈论 年轻人的问题 恕我冒昧的怀疑 如果有这个问题 那么它是年长的人 创造出的问题 而不是年轻人自己的问题 从本质上来说 我们必须承认年轻人与年长的 人都一样是人 年轻人与年长的人之间只存在一个区别 年轻人有一个灿烂的未来在他的 面前 年长的人辉煌的未来已经度过 而这 有可能就是问题的症结所在 当我还是一个青年的时候 我觉得自己年轻并且充满了不确定性 我是社会这个大学校的 一名新生 如果我被认为是什么 问题 我会觉得很开心 一方面 被认为是 问题 也 是一种 身份 而这正是年轻人在孜孜不倦追求的 我发现年轻人很有激情 他们并不渴望社会地位的攀升 也没有对物质享受的热爱和追 求 Barry popick said other cities in the central united states called chicago is a windy city This meant that people in Chicago like to brag or talk about how great their city was there are full of wind ther are full of hot air he says newspapers in Cincinnati ohio used this expression in 1870s Chicago was an important agricultural industrial and transportation center for the country in1916 the city gained two more nicknames from a poem called Chicago written by carl sandburg here is the first part of the poem Hog butcher for the world tool maker stacker of wheat Player with railroads and the nation s freight handler Stormy husky brawling City of the big shoulders Chicago was called hog butcher for the world because of its huge meat processing industry and it was called the city of the big shoulders or city of broad shoulders because of its importance to the nation there are several songs about Chicago my kind of town was made popular by frank Sinatra in 1964 Barry popick 说在美国中部的其他城市 人们称芝加哥为 风城 这是因为 芝加哥人 喜欢吹嘘或者谈论他们的城市有多棒 那里经常刮风 那里充满了温暖的空气 他说 19 世纪 70 年代 辛辛那提以及俄亥俄州的报纸如是说 芝加哥是美国重要的农业 工业 交通运输中心 1916 年 他又获得了两个外号 来自于 carlsandburg 写的一首名为 芝加哥 的诗 这首诗的前半部分是 世界的肥猪屠夫 小麦 种植工具制作人之乡 铁路操控手以及全国的集装箱的保管员 急躁 强壮 喧闹 肩膀 宽厚的城市 芝加哥被称为世界肥猪的屠夫是因为它庞大的生肉加工工业 被叫做有宽厚肩膀的城市因 为他对整个国家的重要性 还有很多歌唱芝加哥的歌曲 城市之我见 在 1964 年呗 franksinatra 唱红 Hundreds of students from around the world gathered in New York City last week for the Microsoft Imagine Cup finals They came to present their ideas for using technology to solve world problems Microsoft education director Suzi Levine says the nine year old program began mainly as a competition to create technology When we realized that students really actually want to have a purpose for what they re creating we introduced the idea of inspiring them with the UN Millennium Development Goals and suggesting that they use those for their muse New sources for ideas this year included intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations This past year we also rolled out something called the Imagine Cup Solve This library where IGOs NGOs and nonprofits can submit some of the technical challenges that they would like students to consider for their solutions Microsoft says over 350 000 high school and college students registered for this year s competition Judges chose more than 400 of them to attend the finals Ms Levine says several teams were inspired by current events including floods last year in Thailand 上周 几百个学生从世界各地聚集到纽约城 来参加微软想象杯的决赛 他们来展示自己用技术解决世界 问题的设想 微软的培训部门的主管 SL 说 这是一个已经开办了 9 年的活动 目的是以竞赛的形式创造新技术 当我们发先 学生们实际上希望用他们的创造换取一些利益的时候 我们采取了以 UN 奖金的方式激励他 们 并建议他们用这笔奖金实现自己的创作灵感 今年赞助这个计划包括一些政府性的或非政府性质的组织 去年 我们建立了 库 在这里 IGO NGO 以及一些非盈利的组织可以提交一些技术难题 让学生们考 虑解决的办法 微软称已经有 350000 多名大中学生报名参加了今年的竞赛 裁判员从中选取了 400 人进入决赛 L 女士说有几个组从最近的一些事件中获得了灵感 包括去年泰国的大洪水 Reaserchers at the library of congress say congress pass the first dead limit law in1917 that was to control the cast of amarica s country into world war one Today Jerry wetman say the united states is going through an important debate on what services Americans can expect from their government I think we are maybe working on those almost generation or changes in the world landers worried about the risk of not getting repaid usually demand higher intress rays that is happen to heavily deaded countries such as Greece Ireland Portugal usually it is the byer market they said wait a minuite we are not can accept any more death until we feel more This month I had occasion to spend 10 days in rural Alabama on a lake serving as a weekend redoubt for the swells of Birmingham to the north and Atlanta to the northeast The local restaurant elegantly rustic in the manner of a dining spot in Aspen or Jackson Hole offered a hickory grilled rib eye for 38 and an appetizer constructed around heirloom figs Not far away the only grocery store in town carried farro interesting cheeses and a line of artisanal pickles from a fashionable Brooklyn purveyor that I am unable to find at my own neighborhood supermarket in that very borough 这个月我碰巧有机会在阿尔巴马的乡村 新闻界的国际性丑闻 如何众叛亲离 新闻集团或能躲过此劫 但是在这件事平息的代价是会失去一部分公司的职员 就在 两周之前新闻集团还是一个公司界的巨头 领导它的是一个传奇 几乎是其公司发展史上最辉煌 的人物 而如今 巨星陨落 鲁伯特 默多克成了众人嘲弄的对象 英国三大执政党与英国国教 其他的 媒体以及一些社会名流联合想新闻集团施加压力 曾经令人敬畏的伟人沦为被人轰下台的默剧演员 新闻集团的危机来自于被爆出其世界新闻报上的英国文摘涉嫌向警察行贿收买信息 并且攻击了很多语音 邮件用户的账号 其中包括一些名人以及处境困难的人 这件事对英国政治和英国印刷业的行为模式以及 自由度的牵连在短期之内都不会结束 而这件事对新闻集团的冲击已然更严重 报纸并不是新闻集团经营的主业 到 2010 年 6 月报纸为这家公司带来的利润从九年前的 30 多下降至 13 而在英国发行的世界新闻报所带来的收益 只是这点蝇头小利中的很小一部分 新闻集团中 出 品的世界新闻报和太阳报的子公司已经从公司主要盈利部分变得没有多少利益可出 英国泰晤士报和星期 日英国泰晤士报 不仅没有盈利反而已经在赔钱 但是报纸对默多克先生是非常重要的 新闻集团的高层们或者再带着困惑对外发表讲话 或者为自己老板 遭受的困扰而感到绝望 To find out he placed of fishing line through holes The results are revolution for millions of people who cut grass for a living or just to keep their neighbors happy His invention grow into a company which he later sold Geoge Balance became known as the weed king As he once told the Huston tunacal are we come along once in a lifetime Today the idea lives on in a new generation of strange trammer and that was people often called weed rackers The noise may not be the nicest they neither really loud more Trammers were widing corners and along walls and fancies and as weed ex They avoid the use of chemicals or the labor of pulling with by hands Of course in the wrong hands a weed racker can be damage as any other power tool The high speed cutting mind can black pieces cutting trees wood stone surfaces was very bad In 1952 GB married MariaLL a spenical dancer and full actress They were together 59years until his death Fen To find out he placed lengths of fishing line through holes in a tin can He attached the can to the spinning part of a motorized grass edger The result A revolution for millions of people who cut grass for a living or just to keep their neighbors happy 他把一些钓鱼线穿过一个马口铁罐头盒 然后将这个罐头盒装置在机械草坪剪修器上 由此掀起了一场 变革 使得数百万的民众开始修剪草坪 或以此为生或为了邻里之间的和睦相处 His invention grew into a company which he later sold 他的这项发明成就了一个公司 后来他将这间公司卖掉了 George Ballas became known as the Weed King As he once told the Houston Chronicle A Weed Eater comes along once in a lifetime GB 成为家喻户晓的 杂草之王 就像他曾对 HC 说的那样 每个人几乎都拥有一部除草机 Today the idea lives on in a new generation of string trimmers and edgers that people often call weed whackers 如今 这个创意开发出了第二代产品 新产品 拥有成排的修剪器和磨边机 人们通常称其为强力除草 机 The noise may not be the nicest but neither is a loud mower Trimmers work well in corners and along walls and fences And as weed expert Bill Curran at Penn State University points out they avoid the use of chemicals or the labor of pulling weeds by hand 他的声音可能不太好听 但是也不是一个太吵的割草机 切草机可以在角落或者沿着墙壁 栅栏清理杂草 同时 pennstates 大学的草类学专家 BC 说 这一机器可以避免使用化学药剂 劳动者也可以不必再用 手清理杂草 Of course in the wrong hands a weed whacker can do damage like any other power tool The high speed cutting line can whack pieces out of trees wood fences stone surfaces or birdbaths 当然 如果使用不当 强力除草机也会像其他的强力工具一样产生一定的破坏 高速的切割线可以切断树 木 木制的栅栏 石头的表面甚至是共小鸟饮水的盆 In 1952 George Ballas married Maria Louisa Marulanda a Spanish Flamenco dancer and film actress They were together for 59 years until his death 1952 年 GB 与一位西班牙的弗拉门科民歌舞蹈演员 电影演员 MLM 结婚 他们在一起生活了 59 年 知道 GB 去世 慢速 110727 have two sides to its business the company can organize online publicity campaigns to try to limit the harm down by nick it comments or bad news Mr Horse Nikiski said one a clind get in the news for the wrong reasons His company dose not to try hide what happened Instead it develop the campaign to show that the clines is dealing with the problem and productive in parts of way scenes In that scenes the work seems a lot like old fashion public relations but in cyber space But what if clines are the target of lines or maybe an organize reffer to harm their reputation Then would use its legal team to try to have the comments removed We rely just be a marketing function That the all for be a legal function In the united states not all speech is protected by the constitution And even the comment is true the threat of a costly legal fight maybe enough to get them removed thinks the legal side of reputation management is only going to grow He says was profectable and expects 10 to 15 million dollars in review this year Clines of companies that manage reputations can pay thousands of dollars a month or it little as 100 dollars a year But here some free advice That you are not paying attention or lift You are making a mistake because other people pay attention to that WebiMax has two sides to its business The company can organize online publicity campaigns to try to limit the harm done by negative comments or bad news Mr Wisnefski says when a client gets in the news for the wrong reasons his company does not try to hide what happened Instead it develops a campaign to show that the client is dealing with the problem in a productive and positive way he says WM 的工作职能主要有两个方面 他们举办公开活动 以减少负面评论或者新闻带来的伤害 W 先生说 如果他们的顾客卷入负面新闻 他们的公司并不会隐藏事实 相反 他们还会举办活动以证明顾客正在公 平公正的处理遇到的问题 In that sense the work seems a lot like old fashioned public relations but in cyberspace 从这一角度看 这个工作似乎与老式的公共关系很相似 只不过是采用了电脑平台 But what if clients are the target of lies or maybe an organized effort to harm their reputation Then WebiMax would use its legal team to try to have the comments removed 但是 如果他们的客户受骗或者是被人有组织有计划的毁坏名誉又该怎么办呢 这时 WM 就会动用他们 的法律组织删除负面的评论 We realized pretty early on that it wasn t going to just be a marketing function that there also needed to be a legal function involved with it And marrying the two together is what really has impact and makes this successful 我们早就意识到了 这项工作不能只有市场功能 也需要兼具法律功能 只有将两者结合在一起才能真 正的有成效 In the United States not all speech is protected by the Constitution And even if the comments are true the threat of a costly legal fight may be enough to get them removed 在美国 不是所有的言论都受宪法保护 即使这些言论是真的 昂贵的诉讼费也会将其平息 Ken Wisnefski thinks the legal side of reputation management is only going to grow He says WebiMax is profitable and expects 10 15 million in revenue this year KW 认为以法律的手段维护名誉的趋势正在增长 他说 WM 可以从中获利 并预期在今年将获得 10 000 0000 15 000 000 美元的收入 Clients of companies that manage reputations can pay thousands of dollars a month or as little as a hundred dollars a year But here is some free advice 有的公司客户为了经营他们的形象可以每个月一掷