英美文学选读自学笔记

English literature 前言 配合该笔记 看看选读的文章 有个大概的印象就行了 学会对文章进行分析是考 查的最终目标 本人判断力不错 但记忆力不好 考前看了两遍 考了 68 分 如果能记下 要点 应该会考得更好 这次考试的 40 小题选择题我做对了 32 题 最后 希望我整理的笔 记能提高大家的学习效率 I I OldOld EnglishEnglish LiteratureLiterature 450 450 1066 1066 twotwo groupsgroups religious on biblical themes Secular heroic age a protector of people fight against the nature II II MedievalMedieval periodperiod 1066 14 1066 14th th Century Century FameFame 1066 Norman conquest three changes feudalism system established politically Catholic Church Religiously French Latin English co existed language In In comparisoncomparison withwith oldold EnglishEnglish literature literature 1 wider range of subjects 2 themes concerned with the personal salvation 3 romance love 4 the language is simple and straightforward The epic reflects a heroic age the romance reflects a chivalric one 骑士 ChaucerChaucer 1 titles the English Homer the father of English poetry from 2 verse first use heroic couplet realistic picture of his time vivid characters from all works of his life the characters are both typical and individual his ideas is to pursue earthly happiness opposed asceticism 禁欲主义 advocate humanism replace alliterative verse with rhymed stanzas 古英语的押头韵 变成 中世纪的押尾韵 first use rhymed heroic couplet octosyllabic 八音节诗 3 novel the first modern novel IIIIII RenaissanceRenaissance 14th 14th 1717th th FameFame move from feudalist ideas to the interest of rising bourgeoisie recover from corruption of the Roman Catholic Church to the purity of the earthly church EnglandEngland the reign of Henry VIII England s Golden Age in literature Bibles in English instead of Latin readable for common people literary giants Shakespeare Spenser Jonson Sidney Marlowe Bacon and Donne TheThe timetime ofof TudosTudos change monasteries 修道院 into schools and universities the English Renaissance flourishing first introduced printing into England and translated books in English by William Caxton TraitsTraits ofof humanistichumanistic poetrypoetry meter rhyme scheme imagery and argument should be combined to frame the emotional theme Poetry was to be a concentrated exercise of the mind if craftsmanship and of learning TheThe mostmost famousfamous dramatistsdramatists Shakesperar Ben Jonson and Marlowe WritersWriters Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England Surrey brought in blank verse Sidney brought in sestina and terza rima Marlowe brought mighty lines to the blank verse Spenser pastoral convention John Donne George Herbert metaphysical poets FrancisFrancis BaconBacon the first important English essayist the founder of modern science in England I I EdmundEdmund SpensorSpensor FameFame Spenserian Stanza the poet s poet 他的诗节被称为 斯宾塞诗节 他被称 为 诗人中之诗人 选读选读 TheQueene Poem contains 12 books speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman each of which tells a knight Arthur the heros of heros plays a role in each of the 12 major adventures serve as a unifying element The theme is Fierce Wares and faithful loves The knight here symbolized the Church Anglican is the protector of Una the Virgin Una stands for the true religion QualitiesQualities ofof Spensor sSpensor s poetry poetry 1 a perfect melody music sense 2 a rare sense of beauty 3 a splendid imagination 4 a lofty moral purity and seriousness 5 a dedicated idealism II II ChristopherChristopher MarloweMarlowe FameFame be regarded as University Wits Perfected the blank verse brought strong emotion into the blank verse He created the Renaissance hero for English drama Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition but his verse is not strong in dramatic construction and women s characters are rather pale Plays Plays the name of an ambitious ancient emperor He rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king through his own effort By depicting such a great king Marlow voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority 选读选读 Dr Faustus Faustus is longing for knowledge and finally sells his souls to the evil It celebrates the human passion for knowledge power and happiness affection for his love Poetry Poetry It deprives from the pastoral tradition in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life cherishing a pure III III WilliamWilliam ShakespeareShakespeare 1564 1564 1616 1616 Background Background from merchant s family 父亲是个当地镇里的多面手 有点名气 他 的戏剧分早期 中期 中晚期和晚期 I II III IV 他的作品很多 影响 很大 T I FiveFive historyhistory playsplays andand fourfour edies 历史剧 Henry VI Parts I II It reveals a troubled reign in the 15th century Shakespeares mounted over the loss of English territories in France He condemns the War of the Roses in which innocent people were killed II FiveFive historyhistory playsplays six six comediescomedies andand twotwo tragediestragedies 喜剧 an optimistic attitude toward love and youth praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio to idealize Portia as a heroine and Shylock as an evil figure 悲剧 eulogizes the faithfulness of love and spirit of pursuing happiness though a tragedy is permeated with optimistic spirit IIIIII HisHis greatestgreatest fourfour tragediestragedies each of the characters s fates is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation Each of them has his weakness of nature KingLear 选读选读 the first of the greatest tragedies most popular play on the stage It has the qualities of a blood and thunder thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death Hamlet is a melancholic 优柔寡断 prince who is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of revenger Shakespeares condemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption at the royal court the old King Lear suffers form treachery 背叛 and infidelity 不忠 Othello s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force Macbeth s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to endless crimes twotwo darkdark comediescomedies IVIV RomanticRomantic tragicomedies tragicomedies the best of his final romances it is a typical example of Shakespeare s pessimistic view toward human life and society in his late years He wishes to solve the conflict by dreams and supernatural power TwoTwo finalfinal plays plays Henry VIII The Two Noble Kinsmen PoemsPoems longlong narrativenarrative poemspoems SequenceSequence ofof 154154 sonnets sonnets 选读选读 Sonnet18 Shakes has a faith in the permanence of poetry A nice summer s day is usually transient but the beauty in poetry in poetry can last for ever 艺术的美常存 艺术特征艺术特征 人物塑造人物塑造 1 He employs soliloquies 独白 in his plays to fully reveal the inner conflict of his characters 2 He portrays his characters in pairs 可能指情侣 3 His characters are individuals representing certain types 情节结构情节结构 1 He adopted plots from some old plays or storybooks 2 In order to make the play more lively he would shorten the time and intensify the story 3 There are usually several threads running through the play thus providing the story with suspense and apprehension 语言风格语言风格 1 irony 2 Disguise 3 vocabulary He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom his coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader Conscience 顾虑 does makes cowards of us all 心有顾虑使人畏手畏脚 优柔寡 断 Hamlet IV IV FrancisFrancis BaconBacon 1561 1626 1561 1626 Fame Fame A prose lays the foundation for modern science His works can be divided into threethree groupsgroups 1 is a great tract 短论 on education HE separates theology from scientific observations and experiments Man s understanding consisted of three parts history to man s memory poetry to man s imagination and creation philosophy to man s reason 2 论说文 is a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology the use of inductive 归纳法 in scientific research in place of the deductive reasoning 演绎法 3 选读选读 more than half of the fifty eight essays are about public life or public duty Bacon s essays are famous for their brevity 简洁 compactness 紧凑 and powerfulness The sentences are charged 充满感情的 and crowded with symmetries The general counsels the plots and marshaling of affairs come best from those that are learned 通盘考虑及事务的安排 做得最好的是那些博 学的人 V V JohnJohn DonneDonne 1572 1572 1631 1631 Life Life Metaphysical school Herbert Vaughan Crashaw Marvell and Cowley are also considered to be metaphysical poets 商人之家 想当牧师 牛津剑桥大学肆 业生 十年地下婚姻使他穷困潦倒 但是他对妻子很忠诚 天主教改信英国 国教 当牧师尽职尽力 洞察力深邃 早期写爱情诗 晚期写宗教诗 他认为 爱的本质是身体和灵魂的结合 Works Works 选读选读 LoveLove poemspoems TheRising 1 Donne applies conceits he combines easy conceits with the difficult ones 2 Donnet s interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love 3 His language is brief simple The argument is continuous throughout the poem ReligiousReligious poems poems Sermons 散文形式的传道书 选读选读 Deathproud is from 表达诗人无畏死亡的气概 VIVI JohnJohn MiltonMilton LifeLife 商人后代 剑桥大学 有过旅欧经历 喜欢史诗 后来眼睛瞎了 the greatest prose writer of his age FameFame ParadiseLost is the greatest epic in English literature since Works Works 早期诗歌早期诗歌 elegies for his best friend Edward King who died of drown The poem begins with grief and a feeling of immaturity The emotion moves from sadness to acceptance in the end 中期散文中期散文 plea for freedom of press smooth and carms 晚期史诗晚期史诗 选读选读 ParadiseLost a long epic divided into 12 books The story is taken from the Bible Satan and other angels rebel against God Satan succeeds in seduce Eve to eat the apple form the tree of knowledge As a result Adam and Eve are exiled by God from the paradise In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity shows how mankind withstands the temper 诱惑 Christ s temptation in the wilderness is the theme The picture of Israel s mighty champion 英雄 blind alone afflicted by cruel enemies but preserving a noble ideal to the end is a fitting close to the life work of the poet himself The whole poem strongly suggests Miltons himself could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life The drama is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English ChapterChapter TwoTwo TheThe NeoclassicalNeoclassical PeriodPeriod TimeTime It starts from the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 to the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 TraitsTraits Age of Reason or Age of Enlightenment ThoughtsThoughts 1 They believe in hard work self reliance and self restraint To work to economize 节俭 and to accumulate wealth constituted the whole meaning of their life 2 They called for order reason and rules which can save people from superstition injustice and oppression They believe that if the masses were well educated they may be capable of perfection the equal human society may come into being LiteratureLiterature ideasideas 1 The literature is heavily didactic 教导 and moralizing 说教的 2 They believe that the artistic ideals should be order logic restrained emotion and accuracy And that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity 3 Prose should be precise direct smooth and flexible by Jonathan Swift is regarded as the best model of satire in the whole English literary history 4 Poetry should be lyrical epical didactic satiric or dramatic 5 Drama should be written in Heroic Couplets The three unities of time space and action should be strictly observed Regularity in construction should be adhered to and type characters rather than individuals should be represented SchoolsSchools ofof literatureliterature 1 the modern English realistic novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people Among the pioneer were Daniel Defoe Samuel Richardson Herry Fielding Laurence Sterne Tobias George Smollett and Oliver Goldsmith 2 Gothic novels takes places in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles Such stories often contains mystery and horror 3 Graveyard School lamenting lyrics 4 Neoclassicism In the field of literature the Englightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works This tendency is known as neoclassicism I I JohnJohn BunyanBunyan Life Life 出身贫穷锡匠家庭 没有接受正规教育 继承父业 结婚后 笃信基督教 因没 有得到英国国教的批准擅自到处传教 而被监禁 12 年 而后 又因同样原因 被监禁 3 年 其间写出他的代表作 朝圣之旅 班扬对虚伪的堕落的富人充满愤怒 他相 信通过灵与肉的搏斗 人能得到得救 WorksWorks Excepts Excepts TheFair Ideas Ideas The pilgrims progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language Its purpose is to urge people to abide Christian doctrines seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weekness And all kinds of social evils The predominant metaphor life as a journey is simple and familiar His language is concrete and lively He observed carefully and presents the details vividly It s east to read II II AlexanderAlexander Pope Pope Life Life Well to do merchant family of Roman Catholic faith Ill health like making friends like to satire all sorts of false learning of his times Fame Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England he was the greatest poet of his time Works Works 选读选读 A A poetpoet AnCriticism It is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets It consists of 744 lines and is divided into three parts The whole poem is written in a plain style hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and therefore make easy reading A A mockmock epicepic 讽刺史诗 tells a lord cut a lock of hair from the head of a young lady thus breaking up the friendship between the two family HisHis bestbest satiricsatiric poempoem is He developed a satiric concise smooth graceful and well balanced style Translated by pope III III DanielDaniel DefoeDefoe Life Life butcher s family Interested in business 也是一位热衷冒险的人 his The True born Englishman won him friendship from the king He found The Review When he was sixty he begun to write novels his first novel Robinson Crusoe was a great success FameFame Four novels about lower class people are the first literary works devotes to the study of problems of the lower class people Robinson Robinson Crusoe Crusoe considered to be his masterpiece masterpiece Works Works NovelsNovels aboutabout middle classmiddle class people people 选读选读 RobinsonCrusoe 主角介绍 Robinson is a typical 18 century English lower class people man with a great capacity for work persistence in overcoming obstacles in struggling against the hostile environment 文章目的 In describing Robinson s life on the island Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude which save Robinson form despair and and are a source of pride and happiness 作品文采 Defoe is a very good story teller He organized minute details in a vivid way His sentences are sometimes short crips and plain sometimes long and rambling His language is smooth easy colloquial 口语 and mostly vernacular 方言 FourFour NovelsNovels aboutabout lower classlower class peoplepeople and The novel reflects the struggle of the poor unfortunate for mere existence Their desire for great wealth comes into conflicts with the social environment which prevents them from obtains their goals thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures OthersOthers 它是伦敦大瘟疫的别传 IVIV JonathanJonathan SwiftSwift lifelife 爱尔兰都柏人 一位 posthumous child 遗腹子 叔叔资助他完成学 业 在远房一位亲戚那里受职 了解许多官场的内幕 成为爱尔兰人民反 抗英国严酷统治的著名民主斗士 他曾是英国托利党党报 The Examiner 的主 编 当任过都柏林圣 Patrick 大教堂的主教 FameFame 他的两部著作 A Tale of Tub 和 A Battle of Books 分别反映宗 教腐败和学术界腐败现象 established his name as a satirist Gulliver s Travels is Jonathan Swift s best work of satiric 他是英国散文史上最杰出的大师 他的 风格是把每个单词都放在它 们最恰当的位置 proper words in proper places In his opinion The nature of human is seriously and permanently flawed To better the human life Enlightenment is needed but to redress mend it is very hard In his writing he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institution 选读 选读 Travels 内容内容 It contains four parts which is an organic whole 小人国 Lilliput 大人国 Broddingnag 哲学宗教王国 Flying Island 和智力像人的动物王国 Houyhnhnm Land 思想 思想 It is Jonathan Swift s best work of satiric It criticizes and satirizes all aspects in the English and European life politically socially religiously philosophycally and sciencifically and morality Its social significance is great 语言 The language is simple direct and precise IV IV HenryHenry FieldingFielding 生平生平 出生贵族家庭 写剧本唯生 办报纸 他的写作目的不只是为了娱 人 更是为了育人 他的作品特色是戏剧化的对话和充满悬念 巧合和出 乎意料的结局 名声名声 father of the English novel The first to give the modern novel its structure and style 他之前的小说家叙事方式是采用书信体或是传奇体 picaresque 但是作者采用第三人称叙述法 作者扮演全知的 上帝 可以很好地表现人 物的内心活动 他在极力保留古典的史诗形式时 又能忠实于现实生活 他主要关心普通人生活中戏剧性的一面 prose Homer 作品 作品 第一部小说第一部小说 Joseph Andrews 拥有 hearty 的幽默 excellent 的人物刻画 timely 的人物出场和退场 及 robust 的基调 开创 Comic epic in prose 第二部作品第二部作品 The history of Jonathan Wild the Great 属于 Satiric biography 主 题是所谓的伟人有时看上去不过像个 伟大的 恶棍 是他的代表作 第三部作品第三部作品 TheJones 选读 is a masterpiece on human nature brings him the name of Prose Homer The novels presents the country and city life of 18th century England with scores of different places and a whole gallery of about 40 characters The whole novel is divided into three sections In the country on the highway and in London Fielding adopted the third person narration so he is able to present the internal workings of their minds His language is easy unlaboured and familiar often Latinate 拉丁词 and frequently polysyllabic 多音节 His sentences are long and distinguished by logic and rhythm The structure of the novel are carefully planned towards an inevitable ending 第四部作品第四部作品 is a story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman a maudlin easy to tear picture of the social life at the time VIVI SamuelSamuel JohnsonJohnson 1709 1784 1709 1784 life life 书商之家 语法学校毕业 因为父亲病故 无法结束大学学业 他一直生活 拮据 直到 他历经七年独立完成的 Dictionary 出版后 才有所缓解 政府给他一 笔特殊津贴 使他免予 writing for a living 他涉及文学多个领域 诗歌 自传 散文 戏剧 评论 字典和出版业等等 名声名声 the first English dictionary by and Englishman the last great neoclasssicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century Thoughts Thoughts He is very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes 课本 132 页 Like Pope he was fond of moralizing and didacticism and rather conservative A write should adhere to universal truth and experience 喜欢 Richardson s Pamela 不喜欢 Fielding s Tom Jones 文风 文风 课本 132 页 typical neoclassical general often Latinate