Cohesion-and-Coherence的区别

精品文档 1欢迎下载 Cohesion and Coherence Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammaticalgrammatical andand lexicallexical linkslinks that link one part of a text to another This includes use of synonyms lexical sets pronouns verb tenses time references grammatical reference etc For example it neither and this all refer to an idea previously mentioned First of all then and after that help to sequence a text However in addition and for instance link ideas and arguments in a text Coherence can be thought of as how meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other Typical examples would be general particular statement example problem solution question answer claim counter claim What does cohesion mean You might think of cohesion as a means of establishing connections within a text at all sorts of different levels e g section paragraphs sentences and even phrases How is cohesion different from coherence It is difficult to separate the two However think of coherence as the text making sense as a whole atat anan ideasideas level level and cohesion as rather more mechanical links atat a a languagelanguage level level YouYou cancan imagineimagine thatthat itit isis possiblepossible forfor a a piecepiece ofof writingwriting toto containcontain plentyplenty ofof cohesioncohesion yetyet littlelittle coherence coherence Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together In other words if a paper is cohesive it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph Cohesive devices certainly include transitional words and phrases such as therefore furthermore or for instance that clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing However transitions aren t enough to make writing cohesive Repetition of key words and use of reference words are also needed for cohesion 精品文档 2欢迎下载 CohesionCohesion DevicesDevices Lexical level Repetition Word family repeated Synonyms antonyms other word relations Thematically related words lexical set Substations with one ones Grammatical level Reference article pronouns normalization Substitution of clause elements using so not do does did etc Ellipsis of clause elements Linking words conjunctions and conjuncts Comparatives Verb tense Rhetorical techniques Question and answer Parallelism CoherenceCoherence When sentences ideas and details fit together clearly readers can follow along easily and the writing is coherent The ideas tie together smoothly and clearly To establish the links that readers need you can use the methods listed here Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase This helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader on track Example The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people Contemporary art is deliberately abstract and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at 精品文档 3欢迎下载 SynonymsSynonyms Synonyms are words that have essentially the same meaning and they provide some variety in your word choices helping the reader to stay focused on the idea being discussed Example Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins These traditional narratives are in short a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them PronounsPronouns This that these those he she it they and we are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned Be sure however that what you are referring to is clear Example When scientific experiments do not work out as expected they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards TransitionalTransitional WordsWords There are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships between sentences joining sentences together Words such as however therefore in addition also but moreover etc Example I like autumn and yet autumn is a sad time of the year too The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild but I can t help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here In addition that will be the season of chapped faces too many layers of clothes to put on and days when I ll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car s windshield 精品文档 4欢迎下载 SentenceSentence PatternsPatterns Sometimes repeated or parallel sentence patterns can help the reader follow along and keep ideas tied together