语流中音的变化

语流中音的变化英语单词由一个或几个音节构成。音节通常由一个元音加上一个或几个辅音构成，但是单独一个元音也可以构成音节。辅音一般不能单独构成音节，但有些发音较响亮的辅音，如l m n，在后面没有元音的情况下可与前面的辅音构成音节(如lesson lesn)。音节分为开音节和闭音节/重读开音节和重读闭音节。下面两种情况为开音节：1) 以发音的元音字母结尾的音节，如focus一词中的fo-;2) 以辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的元音字母e结尾的音节，如dine.以一个或几个辅音字母(r除外)结尾而中间只有一个元音字母的音节为闭音节，如sink. 元音字母+r构成的音节为r音节，如carbon一词中的car-。元音字母+re构成的音节为re音节，如aware中的-ware. 在双音节和多音节词中，有一个音节读得比较重而清楚，其余的则读得比较轻而弱，前者称为重读音节，后者称为非重读音节。单音节词的读音看作与重读音节相同。由于元音是音节的核心，而重读音节又是多音节词的核心，所以熟悉元音在各种重读音节中的读音规则是正确把握英语单词读音的关键。1) 在重读开音节中，元音字母一般是按其字母名称读音：aename, tale, equator, favoriteeieve, theme, secret, convenienti(y)alike, type, recite, denyonote, close, moment, explodeuj u:use, fume, amusement, future 2) 在重读闭音节中，元音字母一般读作短元音abat, lamp, understand, abandoneebet, letter, rescue, correcti(y)limb, bit, mystery, submitostock, frost, conduct, atomiculuck, nut, disgust, abundant3)在非重读音节中(不管是开音节还是闭音节)，元音字母的读音通常弱化，一般读作、或aabout, breakfastpalace, villageeopen, silentbegin, entirei(y)acid, cityholiday, possibleoobserve, seldomuautumn, suggest(在l, r, j后)influence, instrument4)在重读r音节和re音节中，元音字母的读音通常如下：1)在重读r音节中的读音：ar:charm, alarm, departure, remarkableer:term, clerk, nervous, determineir:first, virtue, thirsty, circumstanceor:corn, according, proportion, reportur:curve, church, further, surface注：元音字母在飞重读r音节中，一般读作，如：sugar perform doctor murmur, circumstance2)在重读re音节中的读音areebarely, spare, compare, prepareereethere, wheremere, here, sincere, interfereireafire, desire, entire, inquireore:store, shore, explore, ignoreure(j) u: pure, cure, ensure, surely重读音节单音节词都有一个重读音节，但不标出重音符号；双音节词或多音节词有一个或一个以上的重读音节。(重音符号标在重读音节的左上角，次重音符号标在左下角)重读开音节：单音节词的最后一个字母是元音字母，这个元音字母处于重读开音节中，读元音字母的长音。例如：单词a, she, i, so, my等。a, e, i, o, y是最后一个字母，它们相应的读音是e、 i、 a、 、 a。双音节或多音节词的重读音节中的元音字母若是这个重读音节中最后一个字母，该元音字母也读其长音，因为紧跟在后面的字母属于另一个音节。例如：basic人们在讲英语时，并不是把一个一个的音简单连接起来，而是遵从一定的规律有变化地形成音的流动，即语流。语流中音的变化称为变音现象。变音现象是正常交流中随处可见的语音现象。它主要表现在几个方面：同化省音连读弱读等BBC Radio four. Its six Oclock, the news with Christles Rich. British Petroleum is to merge with the American oil giant Amoco to form the biggest company in Britain. New concerns about the Asian financial Crisis has provoked the sharp falls on the stock market across the world. Theres been more gloomy news about jobs at home with another thousand of redundancies. A leading supermarket chain is changing the way it treats its milk after concerns about the possible links between pasteurized milk and bowel disease. A chief petty officer of the Royal Navy has been convicted breaching the British Official Secrets Act by selling information to a Tabloy Newspaper. And from Poland, theres news of the archbishop who told his flock to confess the breaking the speed limit.一 音的同化Assimilation(同化):In connected speech two neighboring sounds within a word or at the junction(交接处) of words often influence each other in such a way that the articulation(发音) of one sound becomes similar to or even identical （同样的）with the articulation of the other one. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a new sound which is different from either of the two original sounds. This process is called assimilation The cause of the process is to save effort and to make the pronunciation of two different sounds easier since the change of manner of pronunciation and the shift of position of the speech organs can hardly take place in an instant in fast reading or speaking.同化是指在单词或句子中由于受邻近音的影响从而使音发生变化的现象。这种变化有两种，一种是一个音变成另一个音；一种是两个音融合成一个(新)音。同化主要分为两类：一类是历史同化，一类是临时同化。历史同化是指在语言的发展过程中所发生的同化，是指一个曾经以某种方式发的音最终变成了以另一种方式发的音。例如：在14世纪的时候，ant n t的发音是 m t，拼写也是amte, 但到了15世纪发音就已经变成了现在的发音 n t，拼写当然也成了ant, 其中的原因就是m 受 t的影响，发音方式发生了变化，m 就变成了n ；几百年前，picture的发音是p k t ju:r,随着历史的演进，辅音连缀tj变成了一个破擦音t ，所有picture的发音也就变成了p k t 。临时同化是指在句子中两个单词碰在一起时，或在形成复合词时，其中的一个单词所发的音和它单独读时所发的音不同。例如，当horseh : s在遇见shoe u: 形成复合词horse-shoe时就经常被说成h : u:；当dont d n t在遇见youju:时，就时常被说成d n t u:；当didd d在遇见youju:时也时常被说成d d u:。按照同化的顺序，同化可以分为顺同化和逆同化。顺同化是指后音受前音的影响而形成的同化，如舌尖背摩擦音的鼻辅音化-在in the old name中受前面n的影响而变成n。逆同化是指前音受后音的影响而形成的同化，如清音浊化-在better中t受后面元音的影响而变成d，以及失去爆破-在Dad wont let her中由于分别受w和l的影响，Dad中的d和l e t中的 t都只有发音的时间而不发音，在is there中z受的影响而变成并进而合并成一个。按照同化的结果，同化可以分为替代同化和融合同化，其中替代同化更普遍。替代同化就是在相邻音的影响下，一个音被相邻的音甚至被第三个音所代替，如前面所举例子中m受t的影响而变成n，s受 的影响而变成 。融合同化就是相邻的音互相影响从而融合成一个新的音，如前面所举例中的t和j互相影响而变成一个音t j，d和j互相影响而变成一个音d j。历史性同化对我们来说不是很大的问题，因为我们在学习单词时直接学的就是已经同化过的发音，而且词典中一般也是按现成的发育注音的。我们的问题主要在临时性同化，包括替代同化和融合同化，因为这在注音上一般没有反映出来，而且我们也没有养成习惯。我们从听者的角度，即同化的结果的角度，来观察同化，可以吧同化再具体到几个范畴上，即清音浊化，浊音清华，不完全爆破，舌尖齿背摩擦音的鼻辅音化，舌尖齿龈摩擦音的舌尖齿背摩擦音化等。 1. 清音浊化清音浊化：发音时清辅音受到后面元音的影响从而改变了发音方式变成了浊辅音。由于所有的元音在发音时都需要振动声带，不振动声带的清辅音受后面元音的发音方法的影响变成振动声带的音，于是清辅音也变成了浊辅音。如：illustrate l s t r e t l s d r e t; frustratedf rs t r e t df rs d r e td; congratulate k ng r t r l e tg n g r d l e t；再比如inspection、suspicious、happen、later、scared、taken等。下面是一些不同录音材料中的例子。(1)A: Buy five CDs get one free. Great idea. Who thought this up?B: I did, Dad. The customer comes into the store. Picks up a CD. Listens to it. Wesay: If you like this CD, you can take it away free if you buy five more CDs.A: Great idea, tony. Youre showing a lot of initiative.这一段话中一共有42处清辅音，被省略不读出声的有3处，没有变化还按清辅音读的有31处，被读成浊辅音的8处。这8处被浊化的清辅音有3处出现在单词内部。一个音节中清辅音的后面有元音，清辅音受元音影响读成了浊辅音，所以：intoi n t u:i n d u:stores t :s d :initiativei n i t i ei t i vi n i t i ei d i v另有5处出现在单词与单词之间，即前一个单词以清辅音结尾，后一个单词以元音开头，前面的清辅音和后面的元音形成新的音节，清辅音受元音的影响读成了浊辅音，所以：great ideag r e t a d gred a dtake it awayt e k t w etegd welot ofl t v ld v (2) President Clinton is signaling (暗示，发信号) his support for welfare reform legislation proposed by the Republican-led congress after law makers dropped the provision that he has long opposed. Mr. Clinton said in his Saturday radio address that welfare reforms could become a reality soon. VOA White House correspondent Debra Tate reports: President Clinton has threatened to veto welfare reform legislation if it contained changes to the federal health insurance programs for the poor and elderly known as “Medicaid”. In recent days Republican congressional leaders agreed to drop the provision on Medicaid reform. Mr. Clinton clearly pleased by the move indicated he could now support welfare plans proposed in both the House and Senate bills he called good and strong. “We are very close to replacing a broken welfare system with one that requires work, offers opportunity and demands responsibility. If we work hard and work together we should now be able to pass real welfare reform and do it very soon.” The president called on congress to drop provision he opposes in two other legislators proposals, immigration reform and health insurance reform. Mr. Clintons presumptive (假定的，推测的) Republican challenger Bob Dole used his partys Saturday radio address to pledge to simplify the tax code and reduce Americans taxes if he is elected president. Debra Tate, VOA News, at the White House “Presumed Republican presidential nominee Bob Dole went on the attack against president Clinton today. Mr. Dole criticized President Clinton on the issue of capital gains taxes.” “In order to create more jobs, and more opportunity, Republicans reduce capital gains tax rate. Why arent you receiving the benefits of these tax cuts? Why arent these tax cuts the law of the land? One simple reason-because President Clinton vetoed each and every one of them.” 这一段话中有4人在说话，一个播音员，一个事VOA的前方记者，一个事美国总统克林顿，一个事共和党被提名的候选人，这4个人的话语中都有明显的清音浊化的地方。Clinton k l i n t nk l n d nSaturday s t d ei s d d ei reality r i l t ir i l d iwent on w e n t nwendntoday t d eid d ecriticized kr i t i s a i z dkr d s a z dcapital k p i t lk b t lsystem s i s d ms i s d mresponsibility r i s bn s ib i l i d r i s bn s ib i l i d to td create k ri e tk ri e dRepublicans ri pb l i k n zri pb l i g n zcapital k p i t lk b i t lbecause b i k zb i g z(3)So. Thats our view of the market position. In particular, weve noted our trading strengths as well as our weaknesses.Moving on, now Id like to take a look at our organization and at our company culture. First of all, let me say it has given me great personal satisfactions to read in the press that Rossomon is considered one of the husband best companies to work for in the UK. And, in this short presentation, Id like to focus on what we have been trying to do here at Rossomon over the last decade and outline our goals for the next one. To do this, I shall consider five main headings, namely remuneration(报酬), promotion, training, the environment and communications.Lets start with remuneration. Obviously this includes both financial and non-financial compensation. Turning first to pay, our goal is to be in the top ten percent in terms of salary paid. This means that we prefer to pay our people a bit more money. As a result, we cant afford to take on as many employees as our competitors. But those who do join us are assured of individual attention, as well as a good pay package. In addition, our single-status profit-sharing scheme means that everyone gets the same amount, irrespective of position. 这一段话中出现了19处清音浊化：noted ntd nddstrengths strezsdrez tr dr a look at l k t l g tat our t a d afirst of f : s t vf : s d vit has t h z d z satisfaction s t z f k ns d z f k nstart s t: ts d: tto t u:d competitors k m p e t t zk m p e d d zstatus s t e t ss d e d sscheme s k i ms g i mirrespective r s p e k t v r s b e k t vposition p z nb z n从以上的典型材料中可以看出，经常有清音浊化现象的音主要是爆破音和破擦音，即p k t 和t s t r ，其他的清辅音也有浊化的时候，如摩擦音 f 被浊化成 v 。美国英语中清音浊化现象更为普遍，而且无聊在哪种英语中基本上都是语速越快，清音浊化现象越多。2. 浊音清化浊音清化是指：浊辅音即振动声带的音受到后面发音部位相同或相似的清辅音即不振动声带的音的影响而变成振动声带的音，即清辅音。例如：There is still something to do e (s) s t l sm d d u: , 在这个句子中系动词is z 被缩略了，只剩下字母s的读音：1) 浊辅音 z 受后面清辅音s 影响 变成 清辅音s 。两个相同的s 出现在一起，第一个s 当然就不发音了。这是出现在语流中的现象。实际上，复数、动词第三人称单数、动词过去式、动词完成式的发音也是依据同样的道理，只是它们的发音主要是受前面而非后面音的影响。A: May I help you?B: Yes. Id like to see Mr. Smith. I have an appointment at six.A: I see. Just a moment. Hes still in conference, but he should be there before long. Would you mind waiting here for a moment?B: Not at all.在这段对话中Hes still in conference被读成：h (s) s d l n k n f r n s 。 其中is ( z )被缩略成s, 而s的发音主要根据后面的音势清辅音还是浊辅音来定。如果是清辅音，则发s ，反之则z 。在这段对话中，s后面的音是清辅音s ，所以s 被读成了s ，并与后面的s 合并成了一个音s 。A: Is he really quitting?B: Yes, he is. It seems hes been offered a better job by another firm.A: Is there anyone to replace him?B: Well. I just cant think of anyone off-hand, but there should be someone wed like to promote. A: To take over for him?B: Yes, please. Let me think it over.在这一段对话中，It seems hes been offered a better job被读成 t s i m z h z b i n .。其中has(h z )被缩略成了s, 由于后面是浊辅音b ，所以s被读成了 z 。A: I wonder if theres any possibility of our setting up an overseas branch.B: Well, that is a very good question and my answer is yes. Ho, its almost noon. Would you like to discuss it over lunch?A: Id be delighted.B: Lets go to the cafeteria downstairs before it gets crowded.在这段对话中，Theres any possibility 被读成 e z n p s b l d ，其中is ( z )被缩略成了s,而且后面是元音，元音是振动声带的音，因此s也被读成了振动声带的音 z 。补充：1)复数 (受前面音的影响) A: What are some of the problems we may face?B: Well, as for tariffs, we found out that our products would not be liable for duty.A: What about shipping facilities/B: That can be a problem. There are very few direct sailings. Well, Im afraid there isnt much time left for further discussion today. So may I suggest we discuss we it again at the next meeting?这段对话中共有5处名词的复数形式：元音和浊辅音后面读成浊辅音problems p r b l m z ,facilities f s l t z savings s e v z nations n e n z millions m l n z officials f l z proportions p r p : n z 而在清辅音后面读成清辅音(s受前面清音影响读s)tariffs t r f s products p r d k t s 2) 动词第三人称单数says s e z (元音后面)continues k n t n j u: z (元音后面)calls k : z (浊辅音后面)notes n ts (清辅音后面)stops s d p s(清辅音后面)3) 动词过去式、动词完成criticized k r t s a z d (浊辅音后面)saved s e v d (浊辅音后面)promisedp r m s t (清辅音后面)tied t a d (元音后面)3. 两音合并1)一种情况是指在语流中如果一个词的尾音和后面的词的首音是相同或相似的音，则这两个音合并成一个音，只是稍微拉长一些或者在第一个该出现的地方有短促的停顿。例如；a.前面一个音是 s ，后面一个是 s ，则合并成一个音 s b. 前面是z ，后面是 s ，前面z 浊音清化，两个 s 合并成一个 s 。例如：Hes still in conference。h (s) s d l n k n f r n s He has said it. h h (s) s e d t has so h (s) s c.前面是z ，后面是 ， 合并成 ，在 之前有短暂的停顿。例如：is this Tom?; .because the thieves told him to open the safe.d. 前面是s ，后面是 ， 合并成 ，在 之前有短暂的停顿。例如：books the table例1：A: How soon would you like to have them done?B: Well, this one is pressing, but the other one can wait.A: When is this one due?B: Tomorrow afternoon.A: Oh, thats impossible.B: I understand, but could you please squeeze it in somewhere?is this中，z 受 的影响同化成 ，且和 合并成一个 ，在 之前有短暂的停顿(听起来只有 没有z )。例2：We just wanted to create a company that embodied the four principles that we felt mattered in any kind of community, be it a business, church, village, or whatever principles that中，z 和 发音同样如此。例3：What does the guard do when the man comes a second time?does the中，z 和 发音同样如此。例4：It seems that theyve run into difficulties with the tooling for the machines-youll have to talk to Brain about that.seems that 中，z 和 发音同样如此。2)另一种情况是：语流中前后两个音相互影响从而合起来成为第三个音。例如；前面是t 或d，后面是j ，则t 和j 变成 ，d和j 变成d 。例如：Did you? d du: ，而不是d d ju: ；What you like? w u: l a k而不是w t ju: l a k。A: How soon would you like to have them done?B: Well, this one is pressing, but the other one can wait.A: when is this one due?B: Tomorrow afternoon.A: Oh, thats impossible.B: I understand, but could you please squeeze it in somewhere?这段话中有4处两音合并现象：is this z 和 的合并，合并成 would you/could you d和j 合并A: whats the matter, Lisa? You look a bit depressed.B: I keep thinking of my parents. I dont get to see them as often as I should.A: Have they been complaining?B: Not really. I do call home regularly. But you know my mom. She has so many rules. Sometimes Im afraid to go home. Shell comment on my clothes, my life style.A: Parents are parents, Lisa. Theyre not parents just when were kids. Theyre parents forever.B: Ive decided, Michael. Im going to see them this weekend no matter what.get to 两个t 合并成一个t has so z 浊音清化成s ，和后面的s 合并成s stops settlement两个s 合并成一个s ，发s 之前p 失去爆破。4. 失去爆破“失去爆破”也叫做“不完全爆破”。“失去爆破”说法更通俗。如：empty e m t ，expected k s b e d d ，united nations j u: n a d 。它指：爆破音(p b t d k g )后面紧跟着辅音，即：1)爆破音 p b t d k g 2)摩擦音fvszrh3)破擦音d t sd zt rd r4)鼻辅音mn 5)边辅音l6)半元音jw 时，受到一定的影响，从而不发生爆破，即只有发音的时间而没有发出这个音；或者，即使有爆破，也非常轻微，轻微到几乎听不见，所以在技术上经常处理成不爆破。例如：Girl: Yes, Id like to report a mugging.Police Officer: Okay. Can you tell me exactly what happened?Girl: Well, I was walking home from work when this women knocked me right off my feet, seized my stuff, and ran off. I was so scared that I didnt go after her.Police Officer: Can you describe the woman for me?Girl: Yeah. He is quite tall, about six foot three.Police Officer: Wait. You said a woman robbed you.Girl: Well, I am not really sure. Hmm You see, the person was wearing a white dress, a light read sweater over it, and she or he was wearing a pair of basketball shoes.Police Officer: Hmm What else can you remember?Girl; Well, the person.had a beard.Police Officer: Ah! What was, uh, taken exactly?Girl: Well, just my left shoe. Strange, isnt it?Police Officer: Ah. The “Bearded Woman” has struck again!Girl: The “Bearded Woman”?Police Officer: Well, this “Bearded Woman” is a man. He dresses up like a woman and, for some unknown reasons, likes to take the left shoe from his victims. Hes really harmless and usually returns the shoe to the crime scene a couple of days later.Girl: Hey, he can keep my shoe, and Ill just take off my left shoe every time I walk through the park.这篇Dialogue里，有多处失去爆破现象。A: Im afraid the decision does not rest with me.B: I see. Who am I supposed to contact for getting a final decision on this matter, then?A: Theoretically Mr. Collins, chairman of the board, but practically it seems that Mr. Shreider has the last say.B; Could you arrange a meeting with him?A: Yes, of course.这段对话中，共有11个词尾爆破音，分别为afraid、 not、 rest、 supposed、 contact、 board、 but、 it、 that、 last、 could.其中，3处音有爆破，分别是rest、 contact和board. 原因：3处音处于音群的末尾，后面有停顿， 即与后面的音隔开了。其中boa