对外经济贸易大学粉皮书合伙笔记

Merger A combination of two or more entities rights or estates 合并合并 指两个单位 两项权利或产业权的组合 Bills of exchange A method of discharging a bill of exchange by which the acceptor of the bill is or becomes its holder at or after its maturity in the acceptor s own right The reason for discharge is that the rights and liabilities on the bill have merged in one person there is no point in the holder suing himself or herself as acceptor 汇票汇票 指清偿汇票的其中一个方式 汇票的承兑人在到期日或到期日后 因其本身权利成为 或将成为该汇票的持有人 清偿的原因是汇票上的权利及法律责任已合并在一人身上 如 持有人以承兑人的身分对自己提出起诉是没有意义的 Corporations 1 A combination of two or more firms or companies usually one company is absorbed into the structure of the other s and loses its separate identity It involves one company acquiring shares or assets of another 2 Merging a company in a group structure under a holding company A merger may be horizontal or vertical 3 A euphemistic term for a takeover considered to be more tactful to the loser The Codes on Take overs and Mergers and Share Repurchases as codes of business ethics rather than codes of law has been adopted for the purpose of considering acceptable standards of commercial conduct and behaviour in the conduct of take overs and mergers 法团法团 1 指两间或以上的商号或公司的组合 一般是某公司 被另一间公司的结构所吸收而损失其独立身分 它涉及某一间公司收购另一间公司的股份 或资产 2 指将母公司集团结构的公司合并 此项合并可以是水平式合并或垂直式 合并 3 用以委婉地形容 收购 的用语 对失败者而言则比较得体 公司收购 合 并及股份购回守则 属商业道德守则而非法律守则 为顾及在收购及合并的商业处理方式 及行为的可接受标准的目的而使用此项守则 Deeds The process by which a lower security is absorbed into a security of a higher nature taken for the same debt An example is the merger of a simple contract debt into a specialty for the same debt where the obligations created by the deed are considered to be of higher value than those that existed under the simple contract The operation of the doctrine depends on the intention of the parties which is a question of factgathered from their documents Ordinarily where an obligor owing an existing simple contract debt gives security for its payment by a covenant under seal and a charge on property the simple contract debt is merged into the specialty unless there is an express provision to the contrary An obligation merged in this manner is said to be discharged by operation of law Also known as merger by higher remedy or merger in judgment 契据契据 指较低的抵押融入用作同一债项的较高抵押的过程 其中一个例子是一项简单合约 债项与同一债项的盖印文据合并 而由契据所设立的责任将被视为较根据简单合约而存在 的价值为高 此原则是根据各方的意图而实施 此意图指从他们的文件中所收取的事实问 题 通常 当义务人欠下已存在的简单合约债项 并就其缴款通过经盖章的契诺给予抵押 及就财产上的押记 简单合约债项与盖印文据即会合并 除非当中有明示的相反规定 以 此方式合并的责任被称为藉法律实施而解除责任 另称 较高赔偿合并 或 判决合并 Equity The joining of one right to another such that a lesser estate was vested in the same person as a greater estate without any intermediate estate the lesser estate merged in the greater and was extinguished without regard to the intention of the parties concerned In equity merger depends upon the intention actual or presumed of the person in whom the interests become united A court of equity so regulates the parties rights with reference to the doctrine of merger that it will not allow a merger to take place if it sees equitable reasons for holding that it should not take place The doctrine of merger arises in equity in three contexts merger of estates merger of charges and merger in conveyance 衡平法衡平法 指某一项权利加入另一项权利 使较少产业权可以较大产业权的形式归属予同一人 当中没有中间产业权 较少产业权溶入较大产业权中 较少产业权会被取消 而无须理会 有关各方的意图 在衡平法上 合并须根据权益将会合并的人的意图 不论是真实或推定 而进行 衡平法法庭根据合并原则管限各方的权利 该原则不容许进行合并如显示合并的 衡平法理由并不支持进行合并 在衡平法上合并原则可应用于三项内容当中 产业权合并 押记合并及转易契合并 Inter alia 连同其他事宜 Lat among other things Sometimes misused with reference to persons 拉丁语 在其他事项中 就有关人的事宜 此词有时会被误用 Misrepresentation A representation which does not accord with the true facts past or present It may be fraudulent negligent or innocent Only if a discrepancy between the true facts and the misrepresented facts can be shown will a misrepresentation be established Contract A false material statement of fact intended to induce another person to enter into a contract and relied on by that person to his detriment A fraudulent misstatement of law has the effect of a misrepresentation Generally a representation will not be considered a misrepresentation if it was an opinion or a statement of intention unless in fact the party had no such intention If prior to contract the representee finds that representation was not wholly true the onus falls on the representor to show that the representation did not induce the contract This can be proved by showing that the representee relied on his or her own inquiries or observations 失实陈述失实陈述 指无法与真正事实 过去或现在 相符的陈述 它可以是欺诈性 疏忽或无意 只有证实当真正事实与失实陈述的事实有差歧 失实陈述方可成立 合约合约 指意图以虚假的具关键性陈述诱使另一人订立合约 而被该人援引而遭受损害 有欺 诈成分的错误陈述具有失实陈述的效果 一般而言 如某陈述属意见性质 或意图性质 则不会被视为失实陈述 除非该一方其实没有此等意图 如果在订立合约之前 表态对象 发现某陈述并非完全正确 表态者须承担举证责任 以证明该陈述并没有诱使另一人订立 合约 此可以证明表态对象以本身的查究或观察作验证 Quash To set aside overthrow or annul 推翻推翻 宣告无效 废除或取消 Relief The remedy sought by a plaintiff in a court action For instance the plaintiff could ask for specific performance of a contract and in lieu of specific performance damages It can be granted both at common law and equity 济助济助 原告在法院诉讼谋求的补救 例如原告可要求合约的强制履行及代替强制履行的损害 赔偿 可在普通法和衡平法授予济助 Process A document issued or filed with a court or tribunal in proceedings which requires a person to attend before the court 法律程序文件法律程序文件 在法律程序中 法庭或审裁处发出或提出要求某人出席法庭的文件 Resignation In company law the formal giving up of membership of an association upon which act membership ceases 辞职辞职 在公司法 正式放弃公司的成员身分 之后有关的成员身分会停止 Attorney 1 A person appointed by another to represent or act in place of that person An attorney does not have any right of audience 2 In English legal history a legal practitioner who was accepted by the courts of common law as being competent to act in the place of the principal or party to proceedings 受托代表人受托代表人 1 获他人委任代表或署理该人职位的人 受托代表人不具有任何出庭发言权 2 在英国法律历史中 指资格获普通法法院接纳 署理法律程序主事人或一方职位的法律 执业者 Underwriting 1 In the context of the issue of shares an agreement to take the number of shares which are not subscribed for by the public or other persons by a particular date 2 In the context of insurance underwriting may be effected by taking a line of a broker s slip containing rough notes sufficient to indicate the terms of the proposed insurance which amounts to an offer to accept a proportion of the risk to be insured The presentation of the slip by the broker constitutes an offer and the writing of each line constitutes an acceptance of this offer by the underwriter pro tanto If an underwriter varies the terms of the slip with the consent of the broker before writing his line this would constitute a counter offer which is accepted by the broker on behalf of his client 包销包销 1 就股票发行而言 就承购未获公众人士或其他人士在特定日期前认购的股票数目 所订立的协议 承保 2 就保险而言 可藉承担经纪人承保条的保险额而使承保生效 该承保条载有足以显示拟采用的保险条款的粗略摘记 相当于接纳投保风险的份额的要约 该经纪人呈示承保条即构成要约 而签署承担每一项承保额即构成承保人以要约为限的承 约 如承保人在经纪人的同意之下 在签署承担承保额前改变承保条的条款 则会构成由 该经纪人代表其客户承约的反要约 Severance The act of dividing or breaking off into parts 分割分割分开或分割成部份的作为 Contract Removal from a contract of a term that is void or illegal so as to save the contract as a whole 合约合约 为保留整体合约 而把无效或违法的合约条款从合约上删除 Criminal law An application to separate the trials for different indictment or charges 刑法刑法 为不同的控诉或检控申请分开审诉 Real property The division of an interest in property into two or more parts 土地财产土地财产 财产的权益分为两个或以上的部分 Fiduciary A person who is under an obligation to act in another s interest to the exclusion of the fiduciary s own interest 受信人受信人 有责任为另一人的权益 而非受信人本身利益 而行事的人 Incorporate 成立为法团 To form a company 指成立一间公司 Audit 审计审计 The independent and systematic examination of and expression of opinion on the financial statements of an accounting entity by an appointed auditor with verification by reference to witnesses and vouchers in pursuance of that appointment and in compliance with any relevant statutory obligation The skilled examination of such books accounts and vouchers enables an auditor to verify the balance sheet and the accompanying revenue statements The purpose of an audit is to establish the accuracy and integrity or otherwise of the company s records It does not seek to pass judgment upon the direction of the company s activities or the competence of the management Audit includes an investigation or examination of accounts 获委任的核数师按其委任职责及遵守有关法定义务 对报帐的实体的财务报表作出独立及 有系统的审查 并就此发表其意见 以参照证人及付款单据而核实 对帐簿 帐目及付款 单据作出的技术性审查 使核数师能核实资产负债表及收支记录 审计之目的是建立准确 及完整的公司记录 而非对公司业务或管理层的权限范围作判决 Predecessor 前任人前任人 The person who held land assets an estate or an office before usually immediately before the present incumbent 在现任者之前 通常在紧接之前 持有土地 资产 财产或办事处的人 Neglect 疏忽疏忽 To pay no attention to 不给予专注 Social welfare and services In relation to a child failure to make adequate arrangements for the care and nurturing of the child such as the provision of adequate and proper food nursing clothing medical aid or lodging particularly where the child is in a person s care and the person is under a legal obligation to do so such as a parent or custodian of the child 社会福利与服务社会福利与服务 就有关儿童而言 指无法对儿童的照顾及培育作出充足的安排 如 提供充足及适当的食物 护理 衣服 医疗或住宿 尤其是当儿童被某人看管 而该人有 法律义务看管该名儿童 例如是儿童的父母或监护人 Tort 侵权法侵权法 To fail to perform a duty or obligation to omit or fail to do something through carelessness or negligence The term s precise meaning depends upon context 无法履行责任或义务 因不小心或疏忽而不作出或不能作出某 些作为 此词的确实涵义须依靠内容 Principal 本金 委托人 主债务人本金 委托人 主债务人 1 A sum of money owed as a debt upon which interest is calculated The sum is repayable upon maturity 2 The capital or main body of an estate or financial holding 3 A person who empowers another to act as that person s representative for example as an agent or broker 4 A person having prime responsibility for an obligation 债 项的金额 并就它计算利息 该款额在债务到期时应予偿还 2 遗产或财务持有的资本或 主体 3 授权另一人作为自己的代表 如代理或经纪 行事的某人 4 就一项义务负有 主要责任的人 Employment 雇佣雇佣 1 A person for whom a commission agent does work as a commission agent 2 A person for whom a contract worker does work under a contract between the contract worker s employer and the person 1 代理商 确实以代理商的身份为其工作的人 2 合约工人确实为其按照合约工人的雇主及合约 工人之间的合约工作的人 distasteful dis taste ful adj 使人不愉快的 不合口味的 讨厌的 味道差的 qua adv 以 的资格 作为 Agency 代理代理 1 A person who confers upon an agent the authority to act on the person s behalf for the purpose of creating or affecting legal rights and duties between the person and third parties The determining feature in an agency relationship is the fiduciary obligation owed by the agent to the person for whom he acts 2 A person giving a power of attorney also called a donor of the power 1 为制定或行使法律权利及责任 而赋予一名代理人权限从而代表自己行事的某人 代 理关系的决定性特征为代理人对他所代表行事的人负有受信义务 2 发给授权书的人士 亦称为 授权书的授权人 Contumelious 侮慢的侮慢的 Reproachful and tending to convey disgrace and humiliation Contumely is a variant of or confused with contumacy and is an insolent reproach or abuse of lawful authority insulting or contemptuous language or treatment 责备的及倾向于表示耻辱及屈辱 侮慢地 演变自 侮慢 或与之混淆使用 亦是侮慢的 谴责或合法权限的滥用 侮辱性或藐视性的语言或对待 Simpliciter 简单地简单地 Lat Plainly straightforward without reservation by itself Simply directly in a summary manner or by its own force 拉丁语 通过本身明显地 明确地 无保留地 简单地 直接地 以扼要的方式或藉自己的力量 adj Entity 实体实体 A thing with an existence recognised in law as having a separate identity and being autonomous It includes a natural person company partnership and governmental bodies 在法律上获认可为具有独立及自治身份的存在物体 包括自然人 公司 合伙和政府机构 n Citizenship 公民身份公民身份 The status of a citizen including rights and duties 公民的地位 包括权利及义务 Citizenship and migration See Permanent resident status Conflict of laws 法律冲突法律冲突 The legal nexus connecting a person with a state and generating rights privileges and duties on the part of the state and the individual Citizenship is governed by the rules of each state and the term has no commonly accepted international meaning All persons have a right to citizenship Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 art 15 将人与国家连结的法律关系 从而在个人 与国家上产生权利 特权和责任 公民身份由个别国家的规则管辖 此词未有国际公认的 涵义 所有人均有公民身份的权利 1948 年世界人权宣言 15 条 国藉及移居 Enforcement 强制执行强制执行 In relation to judgments orders and arbitration awards compliance or recognition 关于判决 命令及仲裁判给 遵行或认可 foreclose v 阻止 预先处理 排除 取消赎回权 Overrule 驳回驳回 A higher court s decision that the decision of another court which is at a lower or equal level in the hierarchy of courts has been wrongly decided and thus should not be followed 上级法院的决定 该决定认为下级或同级其他法院判定错误 故不应依循其判定 fortiori 何况 合伙法笔记合伙法笔记 Anderson Hay 节俭的 精明的 善于经营的 copartner n 合作者 合伙人 Criminal law 刑法刑法 Voluntary agreement freely given by a rational and sober person able to form a reasonable opinion upon the matter to which he or she consents In Hong Kong as in England and Wales consent is not a defence to assault occasioning actual bodily harm 由一理性及清醒的人士自主地提供的自愿同意 理 性及清醒是指该人对其所同意的事宜 有能力形成合理意见的 Environment Approval or authority 环境保护 批准或授权 Banking and finance 贷款或财务通融 贷款或财务通融 1 A person s reputation to meet financial obligations at some future time the ability of a business or person to borrow money or obtain goods on time in consequence of the favourable opinion held by the particular lender as to the borrower s solvency and history of reliability 2 Time allowed to the buyer of goods or services by the seller in which to make payment for them granting the use or possession of goods and services before requiring payment 3 The right granted by a creditor to a debtor to defer payment of debt or to incur debt and defer its payment To obtain credit by fraud there must be the creation of a debt 1 一个人能够在将来某一时间履行一定融资义务的信誉 商家或个人因特定借款人对其清 偿能力和信用历史有良好评价而按时获得借款和货物的能力 2 卖方对货物购买者或 服务接受者给与的付款宽限期 对付款前占有或使用货物或服务的许可 3 由债权人 赋予债务人延期偿还债务或者获得贷款并延期偿付的权利 通过欺诈取得贷款必然产生债 务 Equity 衡平法衡平法 A voluntary agreement or yielding of the will an accord of mind In equity consent represents making a voluntary choice that means the election has to be made freely without duress or deception of any form Coercion of will is vitiation of true consent 自愿同意或是意志作出顺从 自愿的精神 衡平法中 同 意代表作出了自愿性的选择 即该选择是自主的 在无任何形式的胁逼 欺骗下所作出的 威胁意志的行为致令真正的同意失效 Tort 侵权法侵权法 A defence to intentional torts It is also known as the defence of volenti non fit injuria there can be no injury to the willing There must be an express or implied agreement that the plaintiff voluntarily submitted to the risk of injury 就蓄意侵权的抗辩 它亦被称为自愿者不受损的抗辩理由 原告人必须明示或默示甘愿 冒受伤之险 Testimony 证供证供 Sworn or unsworn evidence either orally or in writing given by a person The oral testimony of a witness is inadmissible at common law unless the witness has been sworn to tell the truth See also Evidence Oath Testimonial evidence 由一人以口头或书面作出的经宣誓或未宣誓证据 除非有关的证人经宣誓承诺 会讨露实情 否则证人的口头证供在普通法不可接纳为证据 另见 Evidence Oath Testimonial evidence n uncorroborated adj 未确认的 Hold out 显示显示 To represent or pretend It is an offence for an unqualified unlicensed or unregistered person to hold out advertise or represent that he or she is qualified or licensed to provide professional or regulated services 代表他人或假装 任何不合资格 未领牌或未注册的人如作出显示 宣传或代他人作为提 供专业或受规管服务的合资格或已领牌的人 即属犯法 Representation 陈述 1 In contract law an oral or written statement made by one party the representor to another party the representee relating to a past event or existing fact by way of affirmation denial description or otherwise which induces a course of action such as entry into a contract It may be a representation of fact even though it involves and includes that which is also a matter of law 2 The substitution of one person for another by standing in their place for particular purposes An agent represents his or her principal an executor his or her testator and an heir his or her ancestor 3 The entitlement of a person to have another stand in his or her place to act for him or her legally for example for the purpose of presenting a case in court 1 在合约法 由一方 陈述人 向另一方 受陈述人 作出关于过去的事情或现在的 事宜的口述或书面的陈述 以肯定 否定 描述或其他方式诱使行动过桯例如订立合约 陈述可以是事实的陈述 即使有关的陈述牵涉及包括也是法律事宜的事实 代表 2 一人为特别的目的处于他人的位置以代替他人 代理代表其委托人 遗嘱执行人 代表其立遗嘱人 及继承人代表其先人 3 一人享有由他人处于其位置以合法地为其 行事的权利 例如在法院提出诉讼 Docket 判决摘要判决摘要 1 An abstract of a judgment order decree etc 2 A register of judgment issued by the court 3 A schedule of cases in brief notes by stating what actions was listed for trial in court A case is docketed when it is listed for trial 1 判决书 命令及判令等的摘要 诉讼摘录 2 由法院发出的判决登记册 备审案件目录 3 以摘记的方式说明在法院排期审讯的诉讼的时间表 如有关的案件已列入表内排期审 讯 则案件已被记入备审案件目录思 n 合伙法笔记合伙法笔记 Grissum v Reesman 案情简要案情简要 原告 Nora Grissum 被告 Reesman Elwood Grissum 的遗产管理人和密苏里州 案由案由 Nora Grissum 继承了兄长的遗产 但因为继承遗产需要缴纳州继承税 所以 Nora Grissum 主张自己和兄长曾经是合伙关系 在兄长死后的遗产中有一半应该是自己 的合伙财产 这样可以少缴纳一部分继承税 焦点焦点 合伙关系是否存在 初审法院判决 支持了 Nora Grissum 的第一项主张 而密苏里州质疑合伙关系的存在 上诉 上诉法院维持原判 原告观点原告观点 兄妹两人之间有口头的合伙协议 从 20 世纪 30 年代起他们开始共同管理土地 拥有 取得 积累财产 并平分利润 原告证据原告证据 1 在兄长死前 原告一直与兄长共同经营土地 2 原告持续长期承担了农场 很多事物 包括农活 资金管理等 3 农场的很多事务由两人共同协商完成 4 两人的卡 车 马具上都有两人共同的名号 5 兄长在各种场合都声称两人是五五开的合伙人 6 兄 长曾对自己的侄儿说 原告是自己的合伙人 7 侄子作证说他曾听到原告询问兄长说何时 两人能有正式的合伙关系 兄长说当时机成熟的时候 8 两人向他们的银行说自己是联合 经营关系 9 所有财产都由原告存入保险箱 10 两人在 1967 年建立以了一个共同账户以 存续农场的资金 虽然之前他们只有一个 Elwood Grissum 的账户 11 两人购买了共同 的农场保险 12 两人的开支是农场支付 而且没有其他收入来源 原告既不是雇员也不是 妻子 所有的收益进入联合账户是被用来经营农场 被告主张被告主张 1 上述证据不能有效的证明合伙关系的存在 2 法院错误的运用了 evidence of a collateral nature 3 原告行为违反了欺诈法案 被告证据被告证据 1 有一样东西不是原告存入保险箱的 2 1967 年之前的银行账户是由兄长名 义开的 3 借钱 报税表 土地 都是由兄长的名义 上诉法院 上诉法院 首先首先 上诉人为证明自己的第一点请求提出了很多案例支持 但都不适用于本案 以下是 这些案件中归纳的基本原则 法官予以一一反驳 1 联合拥有财产 或者积蓄并不能构成证明存在合伙的有力证据 法官采纳原告观点 2 合伙人之间应该有明确的书面的具体的合伙协议 合伙人的意思是衡量合伙是否存在 的首要标准 采原告观点 3 合伙可能可以由口头协议和行为建立 恰好支持了原告 4 合伙人之间分享利润和负担一般可以显现出合伙人之间合伙关系的意愿 但并不是有 力的证据 采纳原告观点 5 分享利润是可以推定合伙关系存在的一个条件 但是并不 是决定性的证据 因为这还涉及到当事人是否有管理权的问题 采原告观点 6 大多 案件要求当事人有 清晰而明确的证据 来证明合伙关系的存在 法官认为 但是至少有 一个案件是只需要 优势证据 罗列三个案例 7 之所以这些案件不需要跟高程度的证 据是因为不涉及到口头合同和不动遗产的转让 这些法院这样要求证据并不意味着不允许 有相反的证据的存在 而且考虑到当事人是平凡的乡下人 而并不是专业人士 所以要求 不应过高 其次其次 在原告举出的案例中我们也归纳了一些一般原则 合伙协议可以口头或者依行为做 出 合伙企业和合资企业没有区别 共同分享利润可以证明合伙关系的存在 当别的证据 缺失的时候 该证据就成为决定性证据 合伙当事人并不被要求了解所有合伙法律 两个 或两个以上共同经营一个企业的是可以组成事实上的合伙 合伙协议中少数细节的不明确 不能否认合伙关系的不存在 再次再次 法律规定合伙就是 两个或两个以上的人联合经营 共 同分享利润 所以共同分享利润是一个关键证据 法律还规定 合伙人的不动产是可以由一 个合伙人名义拥有的 被告证据不能有效的否定合伙的不存在 至此 案件主要焦点判决结束 Presence 在场在场 The attendance appearance or existence of a person at a particular place at an identified time 一个人在辩识的时间于特定的地方到场 出现或存在 Entry 进入 记项 通道进入 记项 通道 The act of entering entrance 进入的作为 入口 Citizenship and migration 公民身分及移民公民身分及移民 The act of entering or re entering a country for the purpose of migration Thus a legal resident who goes abroad on a temporary