专四阅读理解附带答案.doc

26)Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaidthewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.Wedontalwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdontmeananythingexcept“Imlettingoffsomesteam.IdontreallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatImsaying.JustpayattentiontowhatImfeeling.”Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner, “ThisstephastobefixedbeforeIllbuy.”Theownersays, “Itsbeenlikethatforyears.”Actually,thestephasntbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis: “Idontwanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycantyou?”Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedofexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactlythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheothercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriendsunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample,apersonwhosays“No!”toaserialsofchargeslike“Youredumb,” “Yourelazy,”and“Youredishonest,”mayalsosay“No!”andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementis“Andyouregoodlooking.”Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessagesarepresented.Thewords, “Ifsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover,”canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthelessimportanceitassumes.1.Effectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweentwoconversingpartners,if_.A.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas.B.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings.C.theytrytounderstandeachothersideasbeyondwords.D.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords.2.“Imlettingoffsomesteam”inparagraph1 means_.A.Imjustcallingyourattention.B.Imjustkidding.C.Imjustsayingtheopposite.D.Imjustgivingoffsomesound.3.Thehouse-ownersexampleshowsthatheactuallymeans_.A.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears.B.hedoesntthinkitnecessarytofixthestep.C.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault.D.thecostinvolvedinthefixingshouldbeshared.4.Someresponsesandbehaviorsmayappearveryillogical,butarejustifiableif_.A.linkedtoanabnormalamountofassertiveness.B.seenasoneshabitualpatternofbehavior.C.takenaspartofanorderingsequence.D.expressedtoaseriesofcharges.5.Theword“ritualistically”inthelastparagraphequalssomethingdone_.A.withouttrueintention.B.light-heartedly.C.inawayofceremony.D.withlessemphasis.25)Wecanbeginourdiscussionof“populationasglobalissue”withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss“thepopulationproblem”:toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute,Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto“along,thinpowderfusethatburnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes.”Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthatpopulationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8,000BC.tillapproximatelyAD. 1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9600years,thepopulationincreasedfromsome8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000BCand1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworldspopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.1.Whichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternismostsuitableforthelongthinpowderfuseanalogy?A.Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodandthenasuddenexplosionofpopulation.B.Aslowgrowthforalongtimeandthenaperiodofrapid,dramaticincrease.C.Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.D.Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedsbirthratesandthenashortperiodwithhigherfertilityandlowermortality.2.Duringthefirstperiodofdemographichistory,societieswereoftenindangerofextinctionbecause_.A.onlyoneintenpersonscouldlivepast40.B.therewashighermortalitythanfertilityinmostplaces.C.itwastoodangeroustohavebabiesduetothepoorconditions.D.ourancestorshadlittleenthusiasmformorechildren.3.Whichstatementistrueaboutpopulationincrease?A.Theremightbeanincreaseof2.2billionpersonsfromnowtotheyear2000.B.About50,000babiesareborneverysixhoursatpresent.C.Between8000BCandthepresent,thepopulationincreaseisabout80,000,000personseachyear.D.Thepopulationincreasedfasterbetween8000BCand1650thanbetween1650andthepresent.4.Theauthorofthepassageintendsto_.A.warnpeopleagainstthepopulationexplosioninthenearfuture.B.comparethedemographicgrowthpatterninthepastwiththatafter1650.C.findoutthecauseforrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyears.D.presentusaclearandcompletepictureofthedemographicgrowth.5.Theword“demographic”inthefirstparagraphmeans_.A.statisticsofhuman.B.surroundingsstudy.C.accumulationofhuman.D.developmentofhuman.24)Letchildrenlearntojudgetheirownwork.Achildlearningtotalkdoesnotlearnbybeingcorrectedallthetime;ifcorrectedtoomuch,hewillstoptalking.Henoticesathousandtimesadaythedifferencebetweenthelanguagesheusesandthelanguagethosearoundhimuse.Bitbybit,hemakesthenecessarychangestomakehislanguagelikeotherpeople.Inthesameway,whenchildrenlearntodoalltheotherthingstheylearntodowithoutbeingtaught-towalk,run,climb,whistle,rideabicycle-comparethoseperformanceswiththoseofmoreskilledpeople,andslowlymaketheneededchanges.Butinschoolwenevergiveachildachancetofindouthisownmistakesforhimself,letalonecorrectthem.Wedoitallforhim.Weactasifwethoughtthathewouldnevernoticeamistakeunlessitwaspointedouttohim,orcorrectitunlesshewasmadeto.Soonhebecomesdependentontheteacher.Lethimdoithimself.Lethimworkout,withthehelpofotherchildrenifhewantsit,whatthiswordsays,whatansweristothatproblem,whetherthisisagoodwayofsayingordoingthisornot.Ifitisamatterofrightanswers,asitmaybeinmathematicsorscience,givehimtheanswerbook.Lethimcorrecthisownpapers.Whyshouldweteacherswastetimeonsuchroutinework?Ourjobshouldbetohelpthechildwhenhetellsusthathecantfindthewaytogettherightanswer.Letsendthisnonsenseofgrades,exams,marks,Letusthrowthemallout,andletthechildrenlearnwhatalleducatedpersonsmustsomedaylearn,howtomeasuretheirownunderstanding,howtoknowwhattheyknowordonotknow.Letthemgetonwiththisjobinthewaythatseemssensibletothem.Withourhelpasschoolteachersiftheyaskforit.Theideathatthereisabodyofknowledgetobelearntatschoolandusedfortherestofoneslifeisnonsenseinaworldascomplicatedandrapidlychangingasours.Anxiousparentsandteacherssay, “Butsupposetheyfailtolearnsomethingessentialtheywillneedtogetintheworld?”Dontworry!Ifitisessential,theywillgooutintotheworldandlearnit.1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthebestwayforchildrentolearnthings?A.bycopyingwhatotherpeopledo.B.bymakingmistakesandhavingthemcorrected.C.bylisteningtoexplanationsfromskilledpeople.D.byaskingagreatmanyquestions.2.Whatdoestheauthorthinkteachersdowhichtheyshouldnotdo?A.Theygivechildrencorrectanswers.B.Theypointoutchildrensmistakestothem.C.Theyallowchildrentomarktheirownwork.D.Theyencouragechildrentomarktocopyfromoneanother.3.Thepassagesuggeststhatlearningtospeakandlearningtorideabicycleare_.A.notreallyimportantskills.B.moreimportantthanotherskills.C.basicallydifferentfromlearningadultskills.D.basicallythesameaslearningotherskills.4.Exams,grades,andmarksshouldbeabolishedbecausechildrensprogressshouldonlybeestimatedby_.A.educatedpersons.B.thechildrenthemselves.C.teachers.D.parents.5.Theauthorfearsthatchildrenwillgrowupintoadultswhilebeing_.A.tooindependentofothers.B.toocriticalofthemselves.C.incapabletothinkforthemselves.D.incapabletousebasicskills.23)ChineseAmericanstodayhavehigherincomesthanAmericansingeneralandhigheroccupationalstatus.TheChinesehaverisentothispositiondespitesomeoftheharshestdiscriminationandviolencefacedbyanyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesinthehistoryofthiscountry.Longconfinedtoanarrowrangeofoccupationstheysucceededinthoseoccupationsandthenspreadoutintootherareasinlateryears,whenopportunitiesfinallyopenedupforthem.TodaymuchoftheChineseprosperityisduetothesimplefactthattheyworkmoreandhavemore(usuallybetter)educationthanothers.AlmostoneoutoffiveChinesefamilieshasthreeormoreincomeearnerscomparedtooneoutofthirteenforPuertoRicans,oneoutoftenamongAmericanIndians,andoneoutofeightamongWhites.WhentheChineseadvantagesinworkingandeducationalareheldconstant,theyhavenoadvantageoverotherAmericans.ThatisinaChineseFamilywithagivennumberofpeopleworkingandwithagivenamountofeducationbytheheadofthefamily,theincomeisnotonlyaboutaverageforsuchfamilies,andofferalittlelessthanaverage.WhileChineseAmericansasagroupareprosperousandwell-educatedChinatownsarepocketsofpoverty,andilliteracyismuchhigheramongtheChinesethanamongAmericansingeneral.Thoseparadoxesareduetosharpinternaldifferences.DescendantsoftheChineseAmericanswhoemigratedlongagofromToishanProvincehavemaintainedChinesevaluesandhaveaddedacculturationtoAmericansocietywithremarkablesuccess.MorerecentHongKongChinesearefrommorediverseculturalorigins,andacquiredwesternvaluesandstylesinHongKong,withouthavingacquiredtheskillstoproperandsupportthoseaspirationsintheAmericaneconomy.Foreign-bornChinesemenintheUnitedStatesareone-fourthlowerincomesthannative-bornChineseeventhoughtheforeign-bornhavebeenintheUnitedStatesanaverageofseventeenyears.WhiletheolderHongKongChineseworktenaciouslytosustainandadvancethemselves,theHongKongChineseyouthsoftenreactwithresentmentandantisocialbehavior,includingterrorismandmurder.TheneedtomaintaintourisminChinatowncausestheChineseleaderstomuteordownplaytheseproblemsasmuchaspossible.1.Accordingtothepassage,today,ChineseAmericansowetheirprosperityto_.A.theirdiligenceandbettereducationthanothers.B.theirsupportofAmericangovernment.C.theirfightagainstdiscriminations.D.advantagesinworkingonly.2.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith_.A.chineseAmericanstoday.B.socialstatusofChineseAmericanstoday.C.incomesandoccupationalstatusofChineseAmericanstoday.D.problemsofChineseAmericanstoday.3.Chinatownsarepocketsofpoverty,asisprobablyassociatedwith_.A.mostdescendantsofChineseAmericansarerebelling.B.mostdescendantsofChineseAmericansareilliterate.C.sharpinternaldifferencebetweenChinesecomingfromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.D.onlyafewChineseAmericansarerich.4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrueaccordingtothisarticleA.Aspartoftheminority,ChineseAmericansarestillexperiencingdiscriminationinAmericantoday.B.Nowadays,ChineseAmericansareworkinginwiderfields.C.Foreign-bornChineseearnlowerincomethannative-bornChineseAmericanswiththesimilaradvantagesintheU.S.D.Noneoftheabove.5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheolderHongKongChineseandtheyoungerA.Tenacious;rebellion.B.Conservative;open-minded.C.Out-of-date;fashionable.D.Obedient;disobedient.22)ComputersmonitoreverythinginSingaporefromsoilcompositiontolocationofmanholes.Attheairport,ittookjust15secondsforthecomputerizedimmigrationsystemtoscanandapprovemypassport.Ittakesonlyoneminutetobecheckedintoapublichospital.By1998,almosteveryhouseholdwillbewiredforinteractivecableTVandtheInternet,theglobalcomputernetwork.Shopperswillbeabletoviewandpayforproductselectronically.A24-hourcommunitytelecomputingnetworkwillallowuserstocommunicatewithelectedrepresentativesandretrieveinformationaboutgovernmentservices.Itisallpartofthegovernmentsplantotransformthenationintowhatitcallsthe“IntelligentIsland”.Insomanyways,Singaporehaselevatedtheconceptofefficiencytoakindofnationalideology.Forthepasttenyears,Singaporesworkforcewasratedthebestintheworld-aheadofJapanandtheU.S.-intermsofproductivity,skillandattitudebytheBusinessEnvironmentRiskIntelligenceservice.Behindthe“Singaporemiracle”isamanRichardNixondescribedasoneof“theablestleadersIhavemet,”onewho, “inothertimesandotherplaces,mighthaveattainedtheworldstatureofaChurchill.”LeeKuanYewledSingaporesstruggleforindependenceinthe1950s,servingasPrimeMinisterfrom1959until1990.Today(1995),at71,hehasnominallyretiredtotheofficeofSeniorMinister,wherehecontinuestoinfluencehiscountrysfuture.Leeofferedcompaniestaxbreaks,politicalstability,cheaplaborandstrike-freeenvironment.Nearly90percentofSingaporeanadultsnowowntheirownhomesandthankstostrictadherencetotheprincipleofmerit,personalopportunitiesabound. “Ifyouvegottalentandworkhard,youcanbeanythinghere,”saysaMalaysian-bornwomanwhoholdsahigh-levelcivil-serviceposition.LeelikestoboastthatSingaporehasavoidedthe“moralbreakdown”ofWesterncountries.Heattributeshisnationssuccesstostrongfamilyties,arelianceoneducationastheengineofadvancementandsocialphilosophythatheclaimsissuperiortoAmericas.InaninterviewwithReadersDigest,hesaidthattheUnitedStateshas“lostitsbearings”byemphasizingindividualrightsattheexpenseofsociety. “Anethicalsociety,”hesaid, “isonewhichmatcheshumanrightswithresponsibilities.”1.WhatcharacterizesSingaporesadvancementisits_.A.computermonitoring.B.workefficiency.C.highproductivity.D.valueonethics.2.FromNixonsperspective,Leeis_.A.almostasgreatasChurchill.B.notasgreatasChurchill.C.onlysecondtoChurchillinbeingaleader.D.justasgreatasChurchill.3.Inthelastparagraph, “lostitsbearings”maymean_.A.becomeimpatient.B.failedtofindtherightposition.C.lostitsfoundation.D.grownband-mannered.4.“Youcanbeanythinghere”(Paragraph5)maybeparaphrasedas_.A.Youcanhopeforaverybrightprospect.B.Youmaybeabletodoanythingneeded.C.Youcanchooseanyjobasyoulike.D.Youwillbecomeanoutstandingworker.5.InSingapore,theconceptofefficiency_.A.hasbeenemphasizedthroughoutthecountry.B.hasbecomeanessentialqualityforcitizenstoaimat.C.isbroughtforwardbythegovernmentinordertocompetewithAmerica.D.isknownasthebasisforbuildingthe“IntelligentIsland.”21)At some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you dont act on your impulse, but let it pass instea