学术英语 科技文写作 摘要

AbstractWriting Introduction Anabstractisacondensedversionofalongerpieceofwritingthathighlightsthemajorpointscovered conciselydescribesthecontentandscopeofthewriting andreviewsthewriting scontentsinabbreviatedform PartsofanAbstract Motivation Whydowecareabouttheproblemandtheresults Problemstatement Whatproblemareyoutryingtosolve Whatisthescopeofyourwork Approach Howdidyougoaboutsolvingormakingprogressontheproblem Results What stheanswer Conclusions Whataretheimplicationsofyouranswer Length 100 150words 1 5 ofthefullpaperU S A 250wordsformasterthesisabstract 350wordsforDoctordissertationabstract 第一部分摘要的内容 一 说明性摘要 简明介绍论文涉及的议题和论点 主要概括论文的涉及范围 研究方向和研究目的 不涉及论据和结论 容易理解 但无法提供更多的详细信息 Sample1 RoleofPathwayinSelf AccessCentersAbstractThisarticlediscussessomerolesforself accesspathways particularlyincultureswhichhavenotraditionofself study Itsuggestshowpathwaysmightinfluence thedesignandrunningofself accesscenters andgivesanillustrationofhowpathwaysweredesignedandemployedinacenterinChina Feedbackisbasedonmini surveydistributedtothirtyusers Analysis 1 mainpoints 1 rolesforself accesspathway 2 influencetothedesignandrunningofself accesscenter 3 howpathwayweredesignedandemployedinacentreinChina2 originalmaterial Sample2 FromtheaspectsofEnglishtitle author ssignatureandaffiliation EnglishabstractandEnglishkeywords thepaperdescribesthewritingcharacteristics patternsandsomeerrorsthatshouldbeavoidedinabstractwriting Atthetime itstressespayingattentiontotheobjectiveness scienceandlanguagestyleofabstractwriting ThestandardizationofEnglishabstractwritingwillbebeneficialtothesci techpaperstobequotedbyInternationalabstractjournals andtotheimpactsofscientificresearchinChina 使用范畴 一般在科研论文中不予使用刊登在文献索引期刊中讨论性文章 综述性文章 图书或某些会议论文集 二 信息性摘要 是原文内容要点的总结 报道原文献中的具体内容 知识背景或文献回顾研究的主要目的和范围所使用的研究手段和方法主要研究结果和结论 以及建议等 要求 结构完整 语言简洁易懂 反映论文的基本面貌 一般情况下能够代替阅读论文全文 重点突出文中提及的新发现 新结论 要注解标题 给出答案 描述步骤 突出与传统研究的差异 此类文摘篇幅稍长 一般为100 250词 多者可达500词 1000词 Example 纳米ZnO生长及性质分析GrowthandPropertiesofNanoZnOAbstract Byusinglow pressuremetal organicchemicalvaporphasedeposition LP MOCVD technology ZnOnanorods 纳米柱 weregrownwithZnOparticlesascatalystonSi 111 substrate ssurface X raydiffraction XRD Raman spectroscopy scanningelectronmicroscopy SEM photoluminescence PL wereusedtocharacterizethecrystallinequality crystalstructure surfacepropertiesandopticalpropertiesoftheZnOnano rodsamples TheresultsshowthatZnOnano rodshaveapreferentialc axisorientation 轴择优取向性 Oxygenpartial pressurewasfoundtohaveimportantinfluenceonthegrowthofZnOnanorods Whenoxygenpartialpressureislow thegrowthofZnOisbasedonVLSgrowthmechanism whenoxygenpartialpressureishigh thegrowthofZnOisbasedonVSgrowthmechanism ZnOgrowthcan beoptimizedbychangingtheflowrateofN2O CurrentlytheuseofMOCVDandZnOcatalyst 催化剂 forthegrowthofnano ZnOarraysarelessreported ThepaperhasenrichedZnOnano materialssynthesizingmethods andthegrowthcontrolmechanismwasdiscussed 摘要 利用低压金属有机化学气相沉积 LP M0cVD 技术 在表面含有ZnO颗粒作为催化剂的si 111 衬底上制备了ZnO纳米柱阵列 采用X射线衍射 XRD 喇曼光谱 Raman 扫描电子显微镜 SEM 光致发光 PL 谱分析了样品的晶体结构质量 表面性质和光学性质 结果表明 生长出来的纳米ZnO具有较好的轴择优取向性 发现氧分压对ZnO纳米柱的生长有重要影响 当氧分压较低时 生长基于VLS机制 当氧分压较高时 生长基于VS机制 通过对N2O流量的控制可实现对ZnO纳米材料的可控生长 使用范畴 研究或试验报告研究论文及专题论文 第二部分摘要的撰写要求 WritingPrinciples行文原则 PrincipleA B C A AccuracyB BrevityC Clarity A Accuracy Accurateexpressionbyrightwordse g symtom sighsafety securitysafetyprecautions safetybelt safetyvalve safetyisland safetyoperation 安全 平安 SecurityCouncil securitycategory securityvan 安全 保障 保护 B Brevity Useshortsentencesmostlye g Theonsetofchronicleukemiaisfrequentlysoinsidiousthatitisaccidentlydiscoveredwhenabloodcountisobtainedforotherreasonsorwhenthepatientreportstohisphysicianthathehasnotedafewenlargedlymphnotesorfelt whilebathing afirmleftquadrantabdominalmass Changethelongoneintoshort Theonsetofchronicleukemiaisfrequentlysoinsidious itisaccidentlyfoundwhenabloodcountisobtainedforotherreasons Sometimesthepatient sowndiscoveryofafewenlargedlymphnotesandfirmleftquadrantabdominalmassmayleadtoitsdiagnosis Getridoftheunnecessarywordsinasentence e g Englishlanguageisaboutone halfredundant to Englishishalfredundant C Clarity Well structured notexaggerated specificallydescribede g Thecross sectionwas 6 25 0 26 10 24cm2 not thecross sectionwasmeasured BeobjectiveDonotusefollowingwords perhaps maybe likely possibly probablyDonotusetendentiouscomments 缩短摘要的方法 1 摘要中的第一句话尽量不要与题名重复 e g AWaveFunctionfortheHCenterinLiF AwavefunctionfortheHcenterinLiF 白血病抑制因子 isproposedassumingalinearcombinationofappropriatemolecularorbits 分子轨道 Alinearcombinationofappropriatemolecularorbitsisassumed The 2 取消一些不必要的词句 e g inthispaper itisreportedthat Extensiveinvestigationsshowthat Theauthordiscusses Thispaperconernedwith 3 减少或取消对过去研究情况的描述或者不必要的背景信息 可以对物理量单位及通用词语适当简化 e g 3kmforThreekilometers 5sforfivesecondsU S fortheUnitedStates 第三部分摘要的文体 语言特点 谓语动词很简单而句子其余成份相对复杂 大量使用be和have的变化形式做谓语动词 使用不提及人的陈述句 尽量使用短句子 但也应避免简单单调 e g Anenhancement whichisnamedasABC isproposedtogetamorepowerfulobject orientedmethod 改为 Anenhancement ABC isproposed Itisamorepowerfulobject orientedmethod 2 正确使用冠词 包括the a an3 用预置短语分开或者用连字符断开名词组 避免长形容词修饰名词 4 造句时尽量使动词靠近主语 e g Thede colorizationinsolutionsofthepigmentindioxane whichwereexposedto10hofUVirradiation wasirreversible 改成 Thede colorizationwasirreversibleafter10hofUVirradiationwhilethepigmentwasdissolvedindioxane 5 尽量应用重要的事实开头 避免短语或者从句开头e g Fromdataobtainedexperimentally fuelconsumptioninareactorcorewasdetermined 改成 Fuelconsumptioninareactorcorewasdeterminedfromdataobtainedexperimentally 6 删繁就简 用合适的短语代替从句 用合适的词代替短语e g hasbeenfoundtoincrease increasedwasconsideredtobe wasitwouldseemthat seemingly7 摘要中尽量避免使用第一人称we I为主语 e g Inthispaper wediscusstheapplicationconditionsofthismethod Theapplicationconditionsofthismethodarediscussed 摘要的时态 一般现在时 主要时态 一般过去时现在完成时 一般现在时 叙述研究方法和目的Example Thisarticlesetsoutfourofthemainmisconceptions discusseswhytheyhavearisen andwhytheycanbesodescribed 介绍研究背景中不受时间影响的普遍事实 ExampleCoffeehasseveralmetaboliceffectsthatcouldreducetheriskofgallstoneformation 咖啡具有几种可降低胆石形成的代谢作用 报道研究结果Example Theresultsshowthattheperiodofinductionandthepatentperiodofstressorcanbeinitiallyconfirmedbytheelectricalconductivityofmediumandthevariabilityofsolubleproteinintomato 陈述结论 提出建议或是描述一般规律Example Indoingthis thearticleattemptstodefinesomeimportantcharacteristicsofcommunicativelanguageteachingasitispracticedatpresent 一般过去时 介绍研究过程 Example Inordertoseparateandextractthesubstance tomatowasfirstlyculturedintotallynutrientsolution thenshiftedtotheincompletelynutrientsolutiontilltheperiodof3leavesandcore 现在完成时 描述已做过的工作 以表达延续性Example Manhasnotyetdiscoveredaneffectivecureforthecommoncold 人类至今尚未发现一种有效治疗感冒的方法 介绍研究背景中某种研究动向Example Thepatientshavebeenfollowedfor15to32yearssincethebeginningoftheirdisease EI数据库建议 用过去时态叙述作者工作 用现在时态叙述作者结论 灵活选用不同时态 原则 以基本时态为基础 一般现在时和一般过去时 根据句子需要选用Example However littlehasbeendoneonhowtomaketheoperationschedulesafterthejobsequenceshavebeendetermined 摘要的语态 目前 英文摘要仍以被动语态具多 这种语态 可以在主语部分集中较多的信息 起到信息前置 语义鲜明突出的效果 主动语态有增长的趋势 认为 主动语态表达的语句文字清晰 简捷明快 表现力强 动作的执行者和动作的承受者一目了然 往往那给人一种干净利落 泾渭分明的感觉 摘要中的语法修辞 1 力求简捷atatemperatureof250 to300 at250to300 atahighpressureof2kPa at2kPahasbeenfoundtoincrease increasedfromtheexperimentalresults itcanbeconcludedthat theresultsshow 2 能用名词作定语的不用动名词作定语 那用形容词作定语的不用名词作定语measuringaccuracy measurementaccuracyexperimentresults experimentalresults 3 可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下 要少用of句型accuracyofmeasurement measurementaccuracystructureofcrystal crystalstructure 4 可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式Measurementofthicknessofplasticsheetwasmade Thicknessofplasticsheetwasmeasured 5 一个名词不宜用多个前置形容词来修饰 可改用复合词 兼用后置定语thermaloxidationapparentactivationenergy apparentactiveenergyofthermo oxidation 热氧化的表面活性能量 Exercise Adetailedstudyofthemeltingbehavioroforientedisotacticpolypropylenehasbeencarriedoutusingdifferentialscanningcalorimetry 用DSC研究聚丙烯的熔融行为 Theorientationinisotacticpolypropylenewasproduced byextrudingitinsolidphase 固体拉伸取向 Atextrusionratio ER greaterfour twomeltingpeakswereobserved WithincreasingER thelowertemperaturepeakwasfoundtoshifttohighertemperature Thecorrespondingshiftinthehighertemperaturepeakwasmuchless 两个熔融峰及其随拉伸比的变化 Itisshownthatthesepeaksoriginateinthemeltingofcrystallinespecieshavingdifferentdegreesofcrystaldisorderandstereo blockcharacter 存在不同晶体 此例回答了如下四个问题 回答做了什么 研究工作范围 用DSC研究聚丙烯的熔融行为回答怎样做的 实验要点 固体拉伸取向回答结果如何 主要结论 两个熔融峰及其随拉伸比的变化回答原因何在 结果的解释 结论 存在不同晶体 第四部分常用句型和表达方法 回顾某领域已取得的研究结果或介绍相关知识 常用动词 present summarize review outline句式 ispresentedinthispaper Thispaperreviewsthemethodfordealingwith Thisarticlesummarizesthetheoryon 阐明论文写作和研究目的常用词 名词 purpose aim objective goal动词 aim attemptto initiate intendto seek 句式 Thepurposeofthisstudyistoexplorenewmethodson Thepaperattempttodefine intermsof Thestudyisaimedatfindingoutthebasicsimilaritiesbetween and Themainobjectiveoftheworkistojustify Theprimarygoalofthisresearchis Themainobjectiveofourinvestigationhasbeentoobtainsomeknowledgeof Basedonrecentresearch theauthorintendstooutlinetheframeworkof Theauthorsarenowinitiatingsomeexperimentalinvestigationtoestablish 陈述论文观点和作者观点 常用词 argue accountfor address characterize concern contribute describe disclose dealwith devoteto explain introduce present report 句式 Thispaperpresentsthemathematicalmodelanditsalgorithmusedfor Thecalibrationandexperimentdesignofmultivariateforcesensorsarediscussed Thispaperreportsthepreparationandquantumconfinementeffectsof Theprinciplesandmethodologyoflanguageteachingaredescribedinthisarticle Thispaperismainlydevotedto Weconcerntheassessmentsofthenewmethodfor 介绍研究过程和研究范围 常用词过程 analyze consider discuss examine study investigate state propose范围 contain cover include outline scope field domain 句式 Thecharacteristicof wasinvestigated Thepaperanalyzesthepossibilityof Westudytheone step synthesismethodfor inthispaper Thisarticlediscussesthemethodofcalculationof Theprincipleofconstructing isproposedThispaperstatesthereasonsfor Thisstudyidentifiessomeproceduresfor Thisarticleoutlinesthepreliminaryprocessof Thescopeofthestudycovers Ourstudyincludes Thepapercontainsthespecifictopicon 介绍计算 测量 常用词 calculate compute determine estimate measure workout句式 Thispaperdeterminesthepropertemperaturefor Thecoolingratewascalculatedbymeansof Therationalrageofpowerismeasuredby Inthepaper wemeasuredtheorientationandestimatedparameterfor Theauthorworkedouttheprobabilityof TheauthorhascomputedequilibriumconstantKand 阐明论证 常用词 confirm demonstrate find identify indicate monitor note observe pointout prove provide句式 Theresultofcalculationshowsthat Theinitialparticlesarefoundtobe Itisfoundthattheamorphoussiliconnitrideshowatendencyin Itisnotedthat canbefoundin Theresultprovidesasoundbasisfor Thestudyofthosepropertiesindicate Theexperimentalresultsdemonstratethat Theeffectsof wereobservedandmonitored 说明试验过程 常用词 experiment test sample句式 Thesamplesofpyroelectricceramics 电释热陶瓷 werecollectedby Wesampledthebloodandurineof ThebloodscreeningtestfortheAIDSantibodyhasbeencarriedouton Weexperimentedonthesinteringproperty 流延特性 of Thenewprotocolarchitecturefordistributedmultimediasystemshasbeentestedin 介绍应用 用途 常用词 application use及其动词形式句式 Inthispaper theczochralskicrystalgrowthmethodhasbeenappliedin techniqueisusedto Theapplicationofthenewdesignistodevelopandmaintain 展示研究结果 常用词 result cause increase lessen asaresult resultin arriveat句式 Asaresultwehavegotpureparticleof Theresultofobservationshowthat Thefindingofourresearchonmethodologiesin is Theresultsofcalculationshowthattheminimumvelocityarrivesat Therelationshipbetween and ischaracterizedby Theroomtemperatureresistivityislessenedto 介绍结论 常用词 conclude summary tosumup leadto inconclusion conclusion句式 Itisconcludedthattheabsorptionspectraoftwokindsofparticlesinclude Weconcludedthat Itisconcludedthat Theconclusionofourresearchis Onthebasisof thefollowingconclusioncanbedrawn Finally asummaryisgivenof Tosumup wehaverevealed Ourargumentproceedsin Theresearchhasledtothediscoveryof 进行评述 句式Therearehardlyanydataabout Middlemanagementisconsideredasthego betweenof Theshapesandlocationsoftheseinclusionsarebelievedtoberelatedto Thefindingisacknowledgedasessentialto Existingmethodsarenotsufficientfor Itisdifficulttoimprovethetherapyundertheco